Fung Otros El Estado Del Arte de La Ciencia Politica

7/22/2019 Fung Otros El Estado Del Arte de La Ciencia Politica

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Aoejem y jhrrajjem7 Kej. Meurnd Jdsdmhvds @arrarh

Oesah emtarehr y oa jufeartd7 Crdmn @arrard Bdrjd

Oedbrdidjem7 Uh`dmnd Ihragm Vevarh

_`dkd I. Cumb Vevarm(jhhroemdohrd), 6


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EEE

MOEJA

D ihoh oa prasamtdjem / S

\reiard \drta. Kd jeamjed phktejd am fhbd

4. _dkjhtt pdrshms y kd jhipkageodo oak sestaid shjedkGHZKQEZIMOAWIMOAW/ :

6. Ak pamsdieamth phktejh oa Idmjur Hkshm d trdvs oaKdkbejd oa kd djjem jhkajtevd

VDCDAKBDVJDBQEKDV_A/ 6?:. Kd tahrd oa kd djjem oa @dmmd` Dramot

IDV_@DI. \VAWBIAW/ :1

?. Iej`ak Chujdukt7 kd emqueatuo oak phoar@EVDI@AVMMOAWJDZ_VH/ 35

1. Ndrk Oautsj` y su jhmjapjem oak phoarHKBDOH_VAZVHIDU/ 5:

3. Vackaxehmas oa Vhfart Od`k am thrmh d khs sestaids phktejhsGQDMZEIMVHGDZ/ 4


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D IHOH OA \VAZAM_DJEM

\drd ak Bruph oa Jeamjed \hktejd oa kd Cdjuktdo oa Cekhshcd a@esthred oa kd Qmevarseodo oa kd @dfdmd y pdrd kd Zajjem oa Jeam-jed \hktejd oa kd Zhjeaodo Jufdmd oa Emvastebdjehmas Cekhscejdsas umd sdtescdjjem emtrhoujer ak kefrh Ak astdoh oak drta oa kd jeam-jed phktejd, astrujturdoh am ohs pdrtas7 Kd jeamjed phktejd am fhbdy Qmd jeamjed phktejd dktarmdtevd.

Am astd hfrd sa prasamtdm oevarshs amchquas oa astuoehshs ju-

fdmhs oa kd jeamjed phktejd qua, d kd dsumjem jrtejd oa kd tahrdphktejd hjjeoamtdk, umam sus axpareamjeds tarejds y prjtejdsam kds rackaxehmas y iatdrrackaxehmas oa khs phstukdohs oa oej`doesjepkemd, am fusjd oa sdkeods d kd jhipkageodo oak iumoh phk-tejh oa `hy.

Jdod jeamjed phsaa su prhped `esthred apestaihkbejd, oa kd quamh sa axjkuya kd jeamjed phktejd sestaidtezdod d pdrter oa Idqued-vakh am umd kmad aurhmhrtadiarejdmd qua kaghs oa jhipkagezdrsajhm ak oavamer, sa dja jdod od is umejamtrestd. Am asta kefrh mhsa pratamoa emstruiamtdr sdkeods d kd aiarbamta jhipkageodo oakiumoh oa `hy, dumqua jhmstetuya am s kd fsquaod oa umd dktar-mdtevd> is feam as um jdiemh qua sa sdfa kkamh oa vuaktds, ratrh-jashs, ds jhih oa kds aspemds qua amcramtd thoh kh qua sa hphmadk pamsdieamth jhmsamsudoh> parh, jhih oajd Idrx, d kd jeamjedmh sa trdmsetd phr umd jdkzdod radk, y asa oasdch kh `dm dsuieohkhs duthras, qua prasamtdm su vesem am kuj`d, prajesdiamta, jhm-trd pdrdoebids dk pdrajar emthjdfkas.

Jhipdrtd, kajthr, muastrds emqueatuoas. Zus jrtejds dyuodrmd muastrh trdfdgh, as is, ustao, jhm akkds, oavamor tdifem umjhmstrujthr oa kh qua rasuktdrd umd jeamjed phktejd dktarmdtevd.


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\VEIAVD\DV_A

KDJEAMJED\HK_EJDAMFHBD


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_DKJH__ \DVZHMZ4U KD JHI\KAGEODOOAK ZEZ_AID ZHJEDK

GHZKQEZIMOAWIMOAW

Zhjekhbh astdohumeoamsa, cumodohr oa kd asjuakd oak cumjehmd-kesih am shjehkhbd y jhmseoardoh um jksejh oa kd jeamjed shjedkjhmtaiphrmad. Qmd dprhxeidjem d _dkjhtt \drshms mhs ravakdqua su trdfdgh sa jamtr am chriukdr um sestaid tarejh bamardkpdrd dmdkezdr d kd shjeaodo, juyd eoad premjepdk ard kd vesem oaastd jhih um hrbdmesih, am jhmtrdsta jhm kd asjuakd oak astrujtu-rdkesih6qua vad d kd shjeaodo jhih umd astrujturdam kd judk

jdod pdrta tamd um pdpak qua oasaipadr am kd prasarvdjem oaum aquekefreh oemiejh vetdk, pumth oa vestd axpuasth am su kefrh_à Zhjedk Zystai(Ak sestaid phktejh, 4514).

Am astd hfrd, \drshms drbuiamtd oa chrid asamjedk qua kd jd-rdjtarstejd cumodiamtdk oa kds shjeaodoas, dk ebudk qua am hrbd-mesihs fehkbejhs, as kd `hiahstdses, as oajer, ak idmtameieamthoa um astdoh astdfka y qua sus pdrtas puaoam sar emtarpratdodsshkdiamta am khs triemhs oa su thtdkeodo.

Jhiamz su jdrrard jhih fekhbh y is tdroa sa emtaras am kdajhmhid y am kd shjehkhbd. Amsa ajhmhid am kd Qmevarseodo oa@drvdro, oasoa 45:4, dstd su raterh> oerebe dkk ak Oapdrtdiamth oaVakdjehmas Zhjedkas. \ufkej is oa 41< kefrhs y drtjukhs. Cua tetu-kdr oa kd jtaord oa Zhjehkhbd oa asd umevarseodo. Za oestembue phr

4 Mdje am Jhkhrdoh, Zprembs> brdoudoh oa Diàrts Jhkkaba, fdjèkkar am drtasam 456?, oa kd Asjuakd oa Ajhmhid oa Khmoras, Embkdtarrd, y oa kd Qmevarse-

odo oa @aeoakfarb, Dkaidmed, ohmoa sa ohjthr am 4562> astuvh am @drvdrooasoa 4562 `dstd su raterh amtra 452: y 452?. _dkjhtt oerebe am kd Qmevarseodooa @drvdro kd ravestd _à Diarejdm Zhjehkhbest.

6 Za jhmverte dk cumjehmdkesih fdgh kd emckuamjed oak dmtrhphkhbestd FrhmeskdvIdkemhwsne.


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sus dphrtas d kd tahrd shjehkbejd oasoa ak pumth oa vestd astruj-turdkestd-cumjehmdkestd qua teamoa d prevekabedr khs dspajths asttejhsoa kd radkeodo shjedk raspajth d khs oa jdifeh y jhmckejth.

Am su iumoh emtakajtudk jhemjeoe am @drvdro jhm ak shjekhbh

rush mdjehmdkezdoh astdohumeoamsa \eterei Dkaxdmorhvej` Zhrhnem,queam oasoa 45:< oerebe ak Oapdrtdiamth oa Zhjehkhbd am asd ume-varseodo y sa aspajedkez am trdfdghs shfra kd shjehkhbd rurdk y oakjhmhjeieamth. _difem jhm Odveo Vaesidm, queam eipdrte jkd-sas oa jeamjeds shjedkas am @drvdro amtra 4510 y 4504, y juydhfrd is rakavdmta asDfumodmja phr R`dt8, umd dbuod jrtejd dkd shjeaodo oa jhmsuih> y jhm Vhfart Nemb Iarthm,: shjekhbhastdohumeoamsa, abrasdoh, y prhcashr am @drvdro y oerajthr oa su

Oapdrtdiamth oa Emvastebdjem Zhjedk Dpkejdod oasoa 45?6. Jhihsa sdfa, Iarthm oeh brdmoas dphrtas d kd tahrd shjehkbejd, d kd shjeh-khbd oak jhmhjeieamth y, dk ebudk qua \drshms, dk dmkeses cumjeh-mdk-astrujturdk oa kd shjeaodo astdohumeoamsa, qua kh jhmvertearhmam umd oa kds ceburds ixeids oa kd shjehkhbd dmbkhsdghmd.

Oaspus oa hftamar su ohjthrdoh, \drshms rabras d AstdohsQmeohs pdrd oaoejdrsa d kd amsadmzd oa kd ajhmhid. Am 451?,dsuie um puasth jhih prhcashr oa Zhjehkhbd am kd Qmevarseodo

oa @drvdro. _rdd am su jurrjukui umd hfrd oa amvarbdourd jhihkh cua _à Ztrujtura hc Zhjedk Djtehm(Kd astrujturd oa djjem sh-jedk), pufkejdod am 45:2,?am kd judk pds ravestd d kh qua k kkdishjehkhbd phsetevestd y radkez jrtejds d kd hfrd oa DkcraoIdrs`dkk, Sekcraoh \drath,1ieka Ournàei, y kd oak dkaim IdxRafar, qua k trdough dk embks.

:

Mdje am 454 Zhjehkhby hc Zjeamja,452:.? _difem Craa \rass pufkej, am 453?, _à Zhjedk Zystai.1 \drath (402:-453


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Jhih asta kteih, \drshms quesh oasjrefer oa idmard jhmvem-jamta khs tephs kbejhs oa rakdjem shjedk qua sa puaoam dpkejdr dthohs khs bruphs, sadm paquahs h brdmoas. Zu khbrh is eiphr-tdmta jhmseste am jhmstruer um sestaid h tahrd bamardk oa djjem

shjedk pdrd emjkuer thohs sus dspajths, fdsmohsa am oecaramtasoesjepkemds y raemtarpratdmoh tahrds praveds. Zu preiar emtamthjhm rakdjem d astd sestaidtezdjem dpdraje pufkejdoh am kd hfrd

Kd astrujturd oa djjem shjedk,am 45:2, sabueod oa Amsdyhs shfratahrd shjehkbejd, purd y dpkejdod, oa 45?6.3

Ak shjekhbh-phketkhbh Bdfreak Dkihmo y sus sabueohras, fdghkd emckuamjed oa _dkjhtt \drshms, oacemearhm ak oasdrrhkkh phk-tejh am triemhs oa kd sajukdrezdjem oa kd jukturd phktejd y oak

oasdrrhkkh hrbdmezdjehmdk, tdifem kkdidod oecaramjedjemastrujturdk.Hfvediamta khs ohs iamjehmdohs smorhias oacemamak fdgh oasdrrhkkh oa kd sajukdrezdjem jukturdk y hrbdmezdjehmdk.2

\drshms emtamt tdifem emtabrdr thods kds jeamjeds shjedkasoamtrh oa kd jeamjed oa kd djjem ùidmd. \drd amtamoar thoh akihveieamth emtakajtudk jradtevh qua kh rhoa, as majasdreh jhm-suktdr hfrds jhih7 Chumodtehms hc Zhjedk _àhry, oa GdiasJhkaidm, pufkejdod am Jdifreba, ID7 Faknmdp \rass hc @drvdro

Qmevarsety \rass> \èkhshp`y hc Zhjedk Zjeamja, oa DkaxdmoarVhsaifarb, Fhukoar, JH., Rastveaw \rass>Idx Rafar7 Assdys emZhjehkhby,oa @dms @. Bart` y Rreb`t J. Iekks, Maw Uhrn, HxchroQmevarsety \rass> y oa Vhfart N. Iarthm, Zhjedk _àhry dmo ZhjedkZtrujtura,:ro aoetehm, Maw Uhrn, Craa \rass. Am thohs akkhs dfum-odm kds chriukdjehmas qua \drshms axpras am su hfrd.

Astd tdifem cua jretejdod phr htrhs shjekhbhs, jhih ak astd-ohumeoamsa J`drkas Rreb`t Iekks0oa eoads prhbrasestds, ak judk

shjedk, prhoujeamoh oa astd idmard umd jhmtemud jerjukdjem oa aketas. Oafe-oh d astd tahrd shfra kd suparehreodo oa dquakkhs qua partamajam d kd aketa, d\drath d vajas sa ka dshjed dk cdsjesih.

3 Sdsa _dkjhtt \drshms7 \hketejs dmo Zhjedk Ztrujtura, Maw Uhrn, Craa \rass.2 Sdsa \hketejdk Juktura dmo Oaihjrdjy em Jufd7 Jhipdrdteva Vackajtehmsoa Idurejeh Zdkdm, Ztdtaiamt chr Jhmcaramjea hc tà Dsshjedtehm chr tà Ztuoyhc tà Jufdm Ajhmhiy (DZJA),dubust 4550, thidoh oa Emtarmat.

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Seve amtra 4543 y 4536, cua um prhcumoh dmdkestd oa kd dkeamdjem oak `hifra,am kd ohfka ascard oak jhmsuih y ak hjeh, oamtrh oa kds shjeaodoas jdpetdkestdsjhmtaiphrmads. Zus hfrds premjepdkas shm7 _à Maw Iam hc \hwar,45?0> RètaJhkkdr,451:> _à Aketa,4513> _à Zhjehkhbejdk Eidbemdtehm,4515, y _à Idrxests,4536, qua as umd dmthkhbd jrtejd oa khs taxths idrxestds cumodiamtdkas.


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juktev umd shjehkhbd jrtejd qua hpush d kd shjehkhbd trdoejehmdkoa su pds, y oa idmard aspajedk d kd oa \drshms. Cramta d khsaxjashs oa kd tahrd dfstrdjtd y d khs oa um aiperesih raoujeoh dkhs camiamhs iejrhshjehkbejhs, raevemoej kd majaseodo oa kd

eidbemdjem shjehkbejd.Judmoh sa astuoed kd shjehkhbd jksejd, as eiprasjemoefka jh-

mhjar khs pkdmtadieamths cumodiamtdkas jksejhs oa kd tahrdshjehkbejd oa Idx Rafar y _dkjhtt \drshms, jhmseoardmoh susprasupuasths hmthkbejhs y apestaihkbejhs, sus chriukdjehmas ta-rejds y iathohkbejds, y kds jhmoejehmas estrejh-shjedkas qua jhm-trefuyarhm d kd jhmstetujem oa kds trdoejehmas shjehkbejds, ds jhihavdkudr kd vebamjed oa kds prhpuastds oa asths duthras.

Judmoh \drshms prhcumoez am khs vdkhras oak sestaid shjedk,cua ak preiarh qua oeh d khs vdkhras um kubdr prajesh am umd as-trujturd oa kd djjem `uidmd. \drd k, ak sestaid shjedk tamd ohsdspajths fsejhs74. Kd hreamtdjem ihtevdjehmdkh axpajtdtevd astrujturdod, jhi-

puastd oa akaiamths pdrd dmdkezdr prhfkaids qua teamam emta-rs pdrd ak djthr shjedk. Astd hreamtdjem emjkuya, amtra htrdsjhsds, ak jhmhjeieamth y kd avdkudjem oa kh qua khs djthras

shjedkas puaoam hftamar dk aipramoar umd djjem oatariemd-od, y jukas jhsths `dfrm oa pdbdr dk pdrtejepdr am akkd.6. Kd hreamtdjem oa vdkhr. As kd qua od khs jretarehs qua shm kds

shkujehmas sdtescdjthreds d khs prhfkaids pkdmtadohs am kd hream-tdjem ihtevdjehmdk, emjkueohs khs jretarehs ihrdkas, qua shmpdrtejukdriamta eiphrtdmtas. Ak vdkhr, sabm \drshms, as umakaiamth oa um sestaid seifkejh jhipdrteoh qua puaoa sar-ver oa jretareh pdrd kd sakajjem amtra kds dktarmdtevds oa hream-

tdjem qua sa prasamtdm emtrmsajdiamta dfeartds am umdsetudjem.5

Kd hreamtdjem ihtevdjehmdk chriukd khs prhfkaids d khs quajudkquear djthr shjedk sa amcramtdrd dk pdrtejepdr am umd djjemjhmjratd> kd hreamtdjem oa vdkhr prhphma khs jretarehs qua oa-fam sar jhmseoardohs pdrd shkujehmdr khs prhfkaids phr kd hream-tdjem ihtevdjehmdk. Difds hreamtdjehmas shm ihiamthsoecaramtas y jhipkaiamtdrehs am ak prhjash oa kd thid oa oaje-sehmas. Kds ohs kkavdm dk djthr shjedk dk kieta ohmoa kd djjem oafa

5 \drshms, _dkjhtt (4533)7 Ak sestaid shjedk, am Vavestd oa Hjjeoamta,Idoreo,p. ::.


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jhiamzdr, parh membumd oa difds hreamtdjehmas jhmstetuya kd dj-jem shjedk.

Kd emtabrdjem oa asths ohs jhiphmamtas oak sestaid shjedk jhms-tetuya um mjkah jamtrdk am kd hfrd oa \drshms. Difhs shm khs jhi-

phmamtas asamjedkas oak jkafra tahraid oemiejh cumod-iamtdkoa kd shjeaodo, qua sa amumjed ds7 Kd astdfekeodo oa judkquearsestaid shjedk... oapamoa, dstd jearth pumth, oa (kd) emtardjjem...oa umd sarea oa pdutds oa vdkhras jhiumas jhm kd astrujturd oa kdoesphsejem oa majaseodo emtarmdkezdod (oa khs djthras). \drshmsjhmseoard qua asta tahraid as ak pumth premjepdk oa racaramjedoa thoh dmkeses qua pratamod sar um dmkeses oemiejh oak prhjashshjedk.4 jhipkagezdjem oak iar-

jdoh y jhipkagezdjem oa kds chrids oa prhpeaodo. Asths jdifehsastrujturdkas dm dcajtdoh d kd oestrefujem oa khs emtarasas. Jhihmhvaodo, \drshms emtabrd dk dmkeses oa kds jkdsas shjedkas kds ra-kdjehmas oa kd astrujturd oak pdramtasjh.

Kd jkdsa shjedk puaoa sar jhmseoardod umd pkurdkeodo oa umeodoasoa pdramtasjh. Kh qua `dfrd, amthmjas, as um sestaid oa jkdsasjhm dspajths oa pdramtasjh, oa stdtus oa jkdsas.

Oa astd idmard, \drshms va jhih rdsbh oestemtevh oa kd astrd-tecejdjem shjedk, ak aj`h oa qua astd astrujturd ufejd d khs emoe-veouhs am umd gardrqud shjedk bamardk y mh am um jhmtaxthaspajcejh. Ds, \drshms va ohs jhmtaxths aspajcejhs oa kd shjea-odo emoustredk ihoarmd, oasoa ak judk surba astd astrdtecejdjem7kd astrujturd qua sa hrbdmezd am thrmh dk trdfdgh radkezdoh phr khs`hifras y kd oak pdramtasjh.

Ak sestaid hjupdjehmdk chrid pdrta oa kh qua \drshms kkdi akjhipkagh emoustredk,qua astdrd jhipuasth, doais oa kd hjupd-

4< Efoai.44 Cuamta7 D 41< dhs oakIdmeceasth7kds jrtejds oa _dkjhtt \drshms d Idrx, am

ravestd \kuid y \emjak,Zdmtedbh oa J`eka, 4550.


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jem, phr ak emtarjdifeh y kd prhpeaodo. Asths tras akaiamths shmemtaroapamoeamtas, parh ak sestaid hjupdjehmdk teama kd jdrdjta-rstejd oa qua, d um dkth mevak oa oecaramjedjem astrujturdk oa umsestaid shjedk, as ak iamhs vdredfka y, phr tdmth, astrujtu-rdkiamta

ak is eiphrtdmta.Asth oafeoh d qua um sestaid oa rhkas hjupdjehmdkas iuy

oasdrrhkkdoh y ohiemdoh phr jhmseoardjehmas cumjehmdkas, teamoad phsaar dkbumhs rdsbhs oa jhmstdmjed rakdtevd. \hr agaipkh, akjdrjtar emoeveoudkestd. Ds, sadkd \drshms, ak stdtus oak emoeveouhsa oatariemd am cumjem oa sus prhpeds judkeodoas parshmdkas, sujhipatamjed tjmejd y sus oajesehmas emoeveoudkas raspajth oasu jdrrard prhcasehmdk, oajesehmas am kds judkas mh sa eoamtecejd

jhm membm bruph shkeodreh.Oa astd idmard, \drshms puaoa drbuiamtdr qua kd oestrefu-jem oa stdtus y oa rhk, y khs prhjashs oa ihvekezdjem oa stdtus dstdtus, mh sa jhmstetuya am triemhs oa bruphs shkeodrehs, semh amtriemhs oak emoeveouh jhih umeodo.

\hr astds iesids rdzhmas, oej`h sestaid shjedk as emtrmsa-jdiamta garrquejh, as oajer, ak jdrjtar oa oecaramjedjem emtar-md oak sestaid as emtrmsajh. Ds, khs emoeveouhs sa oecaramjedm

feam sad phr judkeodoas hrebemdkas qua phsadm (oastrazd tjmejd,phr agaipkh), h feam phr kd jamtrdkezdjem y oecaramjedjem oakeoardzbh y duthreodo. Ak sestaid as, jhih vaihs, dktdiamta emoe-veoudkestd y jhipatetevh, y teamoa d oecaramjedr, sabm khs brdohsoa rasphmsdfekeodo y idmoh, d khs emoeveouhs amtra s.

Ak sabumoh jhmtaxth iamjehmdoh as ak oak pdramtasjh. Kd oe-caramjed jhm ak sestaid hjupdjehmdk as qua am kds rakdjehmas oapdramtasjh s preid shkeodreodo oa bruph amtra khs ieaifrhsoa kd umeodo oak pdramtasjh. Ak stdtus as jhipdrteoh is dkkoa se thohs khs ieaifrhs oa kd cdieked teamam `dfekeodoas paju-kedras h mh.

\drshms amteamoa, phr tdmth, phr jkdsas shjedkas kd drtejukdjemoak jhipkagh emstruiamtdk y ak pdramtasjh. Ak stdtus oa jkdsa oaum emoeveouh as ak jhipdrteoh jhm khs htrhs ieaifrhs oa umd ume-odo oa pdramtasjh acajtevd. Ds, \drshms sadkd qua7

_amaihs um sestaid oa jkdsas skh am kd iaoeod am qua kdsoecaramjedjehmas em`aramtas d muastrd astrujturd hjupdjehmdk, jhm

sus rakdjehmas oecaramjedkas jhm ak sestaid oa emtarjdifeh y prhpea-odo y raiumardjem, atj., sa `dm rdiecejdoh pdrd jhmstetuer umsestaid oa astrdths qua eipkejdm oecaramjedjehmas oa ihohs oaveod cdiekedr, fdsdohs am pdrta phr khs embrashs, ak mevak y ak astekh


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oa veod, y ^...Y am ak oecaramta djjash qua teama kd bamardjem isghvam d kds hphrtumeodoas....46

Jukas shm khs akaiamths qua odm pea, phr tdmth, d umd tahrdoa kd astrdtecejdjem shjedk, y qua axpkequam oa umd idmard djtud-

kezdod ak jhmckejth shjedk8 Ak jdrjtar emoeveoudkestd oak sestaid hjupdjehmdk qua astd-

fkaja umd jhipatamjed emgustd. Kd rdjehmdkeodo emtarmd oak sestaid oa prhoujjem eipkejd oes-

jepkemd y duthreodo. Kd rakdjem oasebudk amtra pdtrhmas y trdfdgdohras, rakdjem

qua mh sa raouja dk oa kd axpkhtdjem. Kd axestamjed oa sufjukturds, as oajer, kd emtarmdkezdjem oa pdu-

tds oa vdkhrdjem oecaramjedods. Kd rakdjem amtra ak pdramtasjh y kd hreamtdjem oak djthr am ak

sestaid kdfhrdk. Ak praohiemeh oa kd astrujturd oak pdramtasjh phr shfra kd ia-

oejem astdmodrezdod oak oasaipah y khbrh.Ak idyhr oasdjearth oa Idrx, sabm \drshms, as ak oa `dfar

quaodoh dtrdpdoh am su jhmjapth oa jkdsa am kd tahrd oa kd axpkh-tdjem, kh qua kh kkav emavetdfkaiamta d kd eoad oa qua ak mejh

jhmckejth shjedk phr axjakamjed as ak oak jhmckejth oa jkdsas.Akkh oafeoh d su tamoamjed, am pdkdfrds oa \drshms, d trdtdr

kd astrujturd shjehajhmiejd oa kd aiprasd jdpetdkestd jhihumd mejd amteodo emoevesefka. \hr asth, Idrx `dfrd pamsdoh am kdemavetdfekeodo oak jhmckejth oa jkdsas.

Cramta d astd parjapjem qua puoeard sar thtdkezdohrd oa Idrx,\drshms prhphma kd crdbiamtdjem dmdktejd. U as raspajth d astapumth ohmoa axestam hpemehmas oecaramtas qua dm susjetdoh jhms-

tdmtas oesjusehmas, ak prhfkaid oa kd umevarsdkezdjem oak jhm-ckejth oa jkdsas y oa kd astrujturd shjehajhmiejd oa kd aiprasdjdpetdkestd y sus acajths shfra kd astrujturd shjedk.

Kh qua is jretejd \drshms oa kd tahrd oa Idrx, as kd vemjukd-jem oa asta kteih d jretarehs axtrdshjehkbejhs, am ak chmoh,axtrdjeamtcejhs. As phsefka qua astd iesid hpemem, parh d kdemvarsd, `ufeasa tameoh Idrx shfra kds phsejehmas oa \drshms,queam thoh kh axpkejdfd, mh hfstdmta sar ajhmhiestd, phr iaoeh oa

46 _hidoh oa7 Buarrarh Dmtaquard, Idmuak7 D 41< dhs oak Idmeceasth7 kdsjrtejds oa _dkjhtt \drshms d Idrx, am ravestd \kuid y \emjak,Zdmtedbh oaJ`eka, 4550.


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4 umd parspajtevd oak jhmckejth oa jkd-sas eiphrtdmta pdrd kd shjehkhbd ihoarmd, um preiar pdsh cum-odiamtdk is dkk oak pumth dkjdmzdoh phr khs uteketdrestds, y umdparspajtevd oak jhmckejth oa jkdsas qua kkavd d kd utpejd shjeaodosem jkdsas qua puaoa juastehmdrsa iuy sarediamta.

_difem \drshms juastehmd jhm cuarzd kd tahrd oa Idrx sh-fra ak prhkatdredoh y kd vemjukdjem oa astd tahrd jhm kd kuj`d

phr ak jhiumesih. Jih puoh umer Idrx difds jhsds8, sa pra-bumt asta.Zabm \drshms, am preiar kubdr, kh qua Idrx phstukd as qua

kd tahrd oa kds jkdsas shjedkas, y oa ihoh is aspajcejh, kdtahrd oak prhkatdredoh y su vemjukdjem jhm kd kuj`d phr ak jh-iumesih, mh as phsefka oaskebdrkd oa kds oemiejds oa khs jhm-ckejths y jhmtrdoejjehmas shjedkas amtra khs sabiamths oa kdshjeaodo radkiamta axestamtas.

Idrx va am ak prhkatdredoh, tdmth tarejd jhih aiprejdiamta,h sad, am kd prdxes, jhih umd cuarzd shjedk radk, qua jraja am akjdpetdkesih, y juyh amcramtdieamth jhm kd furbuasd phor odrkubdr d umd shjeaodo muavd. As oajer, kd parspajtevd ravhkujehmd-red sa dshjed d umds cuarzds shjedkas prasamtas am kd shjeaodo, yamjuamtrd ds umd fdsa shjedk radkestd.

Tu as ak jhiumesih8, sa prabumtd \drshms7 as ak ihveieamthradk qua dmukd y supard dk astdoh oa jhsds djtudk, ihveieamth quasa mutra oa praiesds djtudkas, axestamtas. Am ak sebkh PEP, Idrxeoamtecej d asta ihveieamth jhiumestd jhm ak ihveieamth oa khsprhkatdrehs am kuj`d jhmtrd kd furbuasd, y ast jhmoejehmdoh phrkd axpkhtdjem d qua shm shiateohs, phr kd chrid am qua sa emsartdmam ak ihoh oa prhoujjem jdpetdkestd> parh, phr shfra thoh, phr akbrdoh oa umevarsdkezdjem oa astds rakdjehmas.

Ak acajth umevarsdkezdmta oa asta ihoh oa prhoujjem as dmdke-zdoh phr Idrx am ak jhmtaxth jhmjrath qua ka thj vever, am ohssamteohs7 ak emtarjdifeh umevarsdk am kds jhmoejehmas idta-

redkas qua bamard ak jdpetdkesih, oa kds judkas umd oa akkds as kdaxpkhtdjem y ak shguzbdieamth umevarsdk> y, am ak samteoh oa kdsupardjem oa astds jhmoejehmas, jhm ak oarrhjdieamth oak hroamshjedk axestamta phr hfrd oa kd ravhkujem jhiumestd.


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As ak prhjash iesih oa prhoujjem idtaredk jdpetdkestd ak qua ba-mard khs acajths umevarsdkezdmtas, qua parieta d su vaz qua kd èsth-red, phr iaoeh oa kd ravhkujem, sa jhmveartd am èsthred umevarsdk.

As oajer, kh umevarsdk mh as amtamoeoh jhih idmecastdjem oa um

aspretu am kd èsthred, me jhih um amta trdsjamoamtdk oak judk shihsum ihiamth y djtudkezdjem jhmstdmta, me jhih ak jearra jdtabhredksestaitejh oa um iumoh jefarmtejh, semh jhih ak jhmgumth oarakdjehmas um ihoh oa prhoujjem qua am jdod phjd jhm-jratd eipkejd d thohs khs `hifras. Odoh qua teama um jdrjtarjhmjrath, idtaredk, as emtek fusjdr ak prhkatdredoh oasjreth phrIdrx am muastrh ihiamth jhmjrath.

\arh s as phsefka, phr shfra thoh, jdptdr ak acajth thtdkezdmta,

umevarsdkezdmta qua teama ak ihoh oa prhoujjem qua mhs jhmste-tuya, hroamd, dseiekd, hrbdmezd. Zus jkdvas y astrdtabeds shm kdsqua oafaihs dfhrodr.

Mh as mhvaodo, phr tdmth, qua `dydm jdifedoh khs racaramtas ai-prejhs am kds jhmoejehmas djtudkas, qua `dydm `dfeoh jdifehs as-trujturdkas qua raquearam djtudkezdjem. Ze asth jhrra pdrd kds jeamjedsshjedkas as phrqua tdifem jhrra pdrd kd phktejd. \drshms jretejd dIdrx, phr judmth asta prevekabed am axjash kd oevesem jkdsestd am su

dmkeses oa kh shjedk. Ds tdifem sa axprasd Odmeak Fakk7Kd shjehkhbd idrxestd prhfdfkaiamta puaoa sar rasuieodam umd shkd crdsa7 thod astrujturd shjedk as, cumodiamtdkiamta,umd astrujturd oa jkdsas. Astd as kd cuarzd oak idrxesih, parhtdifem as su prhfkaid. Oajer qua thods kds oevesehmas oa kdshjeaodo oarevdm oa kds jkdsas as fremodr um phoarhsh presidpdrd axdiemdr kd jhmoujtd shjedk. \hstukd um shkh aga qua oeve-oa emtarasas fsejhs, eoamtecejd oecaramtas jhmjapjehmas oakiumoh (y `dstd varodoas) y oecaramtas astekhs oa veod am trie-mhs oa jkdsa. Kd oecejuktdo as qua ak amumjedoh as is iatdc-rejh qua oaihstrdtevh. Aipeazd d oarruifdrsa judmoh saprabumtd7 qu sebmecejd jkdsa8.

U jkdrh, Idrx mumjd `dfk oa kds jkdsas jhih se cuardm ak ra-ckagh oa kd varodo am s, tdk jhih kh emtamtdm kds jeamjeds shjedkas.Idrx mumjd jray am kd varodo hfgatevd, se oa akkh sa oarevd kdumeodo oak hfgath jhm kd axjkusem oak sugath. Kd jhmjapjem oajkdsas y kuj`d oa jkdsas qua am su astrujturd ajhmiejd am kte-

id emstdmjed h cekhscejd am su jhmtrdoejthreh oavamer rasphmoaoa ihoh premjepdk d kd phktejd, d kd prjtejd phktejd qua astd-fkaja umd majaseodo phktejd oa umds shjeaodoas y umds jerjums-tdmjeds èstrejds, idtaredkas, jhmjratds.


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Ds, Idrx mh shkh dfk oak prhkatdredoh y oa kd furbuasd, tdi-fem `dfk oa khs tarrdtameamtas, khs dbrejukthras, khs paquahsfurbuasas, am cem, ak triemh Jkdsa as utekezdoh jhm emtars phk-tejh pdrd emoejdr, oacemer, oasmuodr khs jhmckejths rakdjehmdohs jhm

khs prhjashs oa axpkhtdjem, oa kuj`d, vesth jhih kuj`d amtra ph-khs, jhmoejehmdohs phr khs ihohs oa prhoujjem jhmjraths, jhmkhs iajdmesihs ajhmiejhs, y jhm kds rakdjehmas oa dprhpedjem.Jhm ak jhmjapth oa jkdsas sa puaoa dkuoer, phr tdmth, d jdtabhrds`atarhbmads.

\hr agaipkh, am su trdfdghKds kuj`ds oa jkdsa am Crdmjed oa40?0 d 401


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od tahrd oa cumjem.4?Kd jetd axpkejd jih \drshms astdfkaja gus-tdiamta kds astrdtabeds oa raprasamtdjem oa Frhmeskdv Idkemhwsne,qua `d seoh jretejdoh jhm prhcusem dk jhmseoardrsa qua kh qua koamhiemd tahrd, mh kh as am dfshkuth, semh umd bud pdrd kd rajh-

kajjem y kd hroamdjem oa odths, umd aspajea oa vdoaijui pdrdak emvastebdohr oa jdiph, jhih oegard Avdms-\retj`dro (4502761?).41

Ieamtrds \drshms jhm su tahrd sestaitejd `dja ak rajhrreohkbejh oasoa kh dfstrdjth d kh jhmjrath, ak idrjh oa racaramjedoamtrh oa kds judkas sa kaa d khs odths aiprejhs, Idrx mh as quahphmbd kd emcdmtek preiarh djth, kuabh peamsh.

Idrx teama htrh jhmjapth oa kd djteveodo uidmd, oa kd judk suprhpeh pamsdieamth y asjreths shm iuastrd7 as jrtejh-prjtejh am

um iesih ihveieamth. As oajer, as umd prjtejd hreamtdod phrumd tahrd dfeartdiamta jrtejd d kh radk, as umd jrtejd hream-tdod `djed umd prjtejd> y as umd prjtejd qua jretejd (meabd) akastdoh oa jhsds axestamta. Zu pamsdieamth sa emsartd am kh qua k kkd-i kd prdxes ravhkujehmdred, h sad, dquakkd prjtejd qua trdms-chrid dk iesih teaiph kds jerjumstdmjeds y dk `hifra.

_dkjhtt \drshms y kd cdiekedZhfra asta taid as iuy dtamoefka ak dmkeses oa Cdieked, jukturdoa pdz y vdkhras oaihjrtejhs, oa Ghs _uvekkd Vdyh, queam sadkdqua tdmth oasoa ak pumth oa vestd shjehkbejh jhih oasoa ak guroe-jh, kd cdieked as umd oa kds emstetujehmas qua phsaa umd axestamjedis oekdtdod am ak teaiph, parh tdifem kd qua ast sucreamoh prh-cumohs jdifehs.

Za `d rapateoh jhm iuj`d crajuamjed qua jhih raprasamtdmtais oastdjdoh oak cumjehmdkesih shjehkbejh, _dkjhtt \drshms jhm-seoardfd qua ak aquekefreh ard kd jdrdjtarstejd cumodiamtdk oa kdcdieked, juyh pdpak asamjedk ard kd astdfekezdjem y amtra juydscumjehmas shjedkezdmtas kd trdmsiesem oa vdkhras, mhrids y ihoa-khs oa jhiphrtdieamth astdfkajeohs jhmstetudm um eiphrtdmta aka-iamth djed kd duthrrabukdjem y kd duthsucejeamjed oa kd shjeaodo,idmtameamoh oatariemdods majaseodoas `uidmds, amtra kds quasa emjkudm kd prasarvdjem oak hroam shjedk, ak dfdstajeieamth oa

4?\drshms, _. (4552)7 Idkemhwsne y kd tahrd..., thidoh oa7 _dme, Vufm y Mejh-ks Buebhu (6


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feamas y sarvejehs, y kd prhtajjem oa kd emcdmjed. Zem aifdrbh, amum iumoh qua axpareiamtd umd avhkujem tdm rpeod jhih ak oa`hy, as oecjek idmtamar astd tahrd.

\drshms y kd ihoarmezdjem y ak oasdrrhkkh

Asths ohs triemhs dpdrajam jhm cuarzd jhih umd pdragd oa kdphsbuarrd. Ak triemh ihoarmezdjem sa emstetujehmdkezd am kdshjehkhbd djdoiejd ourdmta khs dhs jemjuamtd am khs ifethsdmbkhsdghmas, pdrd racarersa d kds jhmsajuamjeds shjedkas y phktejdsbamardods phr ak jrajeieamth ajhmiejh qua phr amthmjas sa

astdfd prhoujeamoh am khs pdsas kkdidohs am vds oa oasdrrhkkhy oa dquakkhs oasjhkhmezdohs trds kd Zabumod Buarrd Iumoedk, khsjudkas sa suphmdm qua oafd trdmsetdr ak iesih jdiemh oa khs pd-sas oasdrrhkkdohs, oa oasdrrhkkh duthshstameoh. Kd ihoarmezdjemsa idrj shfra kd fdsa oak ihoakh hjjeoamtdk y aspajcejdiamtadmbkhsdgm7 fretmejh preiarh y mhrtadiarejdmh oaspus.

Dk pdrter oak amchqua astrujturdk-cumjehmdkestd oa _dkjhtt\drshms, sa oasdrrhkk amthmjas kd kkdidod Asjuakd oa Ihoarme-

zdjem, qua shstamd kd axestamjed oa um prhjash oa ihoarmezd-jem mejh, jhm um jdrjtar cuartaiamta mhridtevh. Za emtrhoughak triemh oa oecaramjedjem emstetujehmdk, qua cua djudoh phr\drshms y `dja racaramjed d kd sufoevesem, oevarsecejdjem y as-pajedkezdjem oa kds chrids hrbdmezdtevds oa kd shjeaodo. Asta asum jhmjapth jkdva am kd Asjuakd oa Ihoarmezdjem43oa kd judk saoarev kd Asjuakd oa Oasdrrhkkh \hktejh, tdifem amidrjdod amak ihoakh tarejh astrujturdk-cumjehmdkestd oa \drshms, qua phs-tukdfd umd aspajea oa oatariemesih shjehajhmiejh sabm ak judk,jhmchria sa oasdrrhkkd ak prhjash oa emoustredkezdjem, sus acaj-ths sa trdskdodrdm asphmtmadiamta dk sufsestaid phktejh.

Kd gurespruoamjed am kd hfrd oa _dkjhtt \drshms

Kd hfrd y ak dphrta oa \drshms d kd jeamjed shjedk as dipkeh y ve-bamta. Judmoh sa avdkd ak astuoeh oa kd gustejed sa d kkabdoh d kd

43 \drd prhcumoezdr shfra asta dspajth rajhiamodihs kaar kds hfrds oa7 Vhsthw,Ziaksar, Idjkkakkdmo y am Direjd Kdtemd d Bemh Baridme.


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jhmjkusem oa qua as majasdreh jhmgubdrkd jhm kds djteveodoas oas-jreptevds oa kd gurespruoamjed shjehkbejd. Am kds jeamjeds shjedkassa `d thidoh umd idyhr jhmjeamjed oa qua kds juastehmas oa phkte-jd y oa gustejed dm oafam sar prajesdods oaspus oa qua kd jeamjed

shjedk sa `d oasdrrhkkdoh. Oesjepkemds jhih kd ajhmhid, iuj`dsvajas sa shiatam d kds oerajtrejas oa kd phktejd y kd gustejed.

Am ak kefrh oa \drshms, _à Ztrujtura hc Zhjedk Djtehm,asfhzum dipkeh amchqua shfra ak jhmhjeieamth shjedk, qua raspatdfd kdoecaramjed amtra aj`hs y vdkhras, odmoh um kubdr d jdod umh. Oas-pus am su hfrd _à Zhjedk Zystai,42jhmtemu asta eipuksh, quacua kkavdoh d um prhbrdid aspajedkezdoh oa emvastebdjem shfraZhjedk Sdkuas dmo \ufkej \hkejy, phr ak Oapdrtdiamth oa Jeamjed

\hktejd oa kd Qmevarseodo oa \ammsykvdmed, ak judk jhiamz am453< a emtabr am su oesah kd thtdkeodo oa prhfkaids, amthmjas amastuoeh, shfra asta taid y su ufejdjem am kds jeamjeds shjedkas.

Kd ojdod oa khs sasamtd sebmecej um emjraiamth am ak oasdrrhkkhoa thods kds ascards oa kds jeamjeds, am pdrtejukdr oa kds jeamjedsshjedkas, emjkush sa emjursehm am kd tahrd oa kd majaseodo oasestaidtezdr su astuoeh y kkabdr dstd khs ascuarzhs oa su prajurshris djtevh am asa ihiamth qua cua \drshms jhm su sestaid shjedk.

Ak pamsdieamth shjehkbejh jhmtaiphrmah oasdrrhkkdoh phrdkbumhs oa khs rasuktdohs oa \drshms, fusjd um idrjh jdpdz oaamtamoeieamth oa khs odths prhvameamtas oa kd shjeaodo, qua par-ietdm var ak sestaid shjedk jhih um aquekefreh emtabrdoh oaoajamds oa sestaids hpardtevhs oa vdkhras a emstetujehmas emjkue-ohs oamtrh oa k.

\drshms emckuy oa chrid oajesevd am khs jdifehs oa `hrezhm-tas am kd gurespruoamjed shjehkbejd, dumqua oafe trdmsetdr y vam-jar hfstjukhs qua idmtamdm jhmbakdohs khs jhmjapths, qua kdveod iesid èzh hfshkaths phr ak oasdrrhkkh prhpeh oa kd shjeaodoy oa sus emstetujehmas.

@dstd su iuarta am 4525 oag um rath pdrd khs gurestds shjehk-bejhs oak cuturh, judmoh kds emvastebdjehmas dcemas sa amjhmtrd-fdm am pkamh dphbah. Am ashs ihiamths, yd amthmjas sa `dfd

42 Amtra kds hfrds oa \drshms sa oastdjdm7 _à Ztrujtura hc Zhjedk Djtehm,

45:2> _à Zhjedk Zystai,4514> Ztrujtura dmo \rhjass em Ihoarm Zhjeateas,453 Zhjedk Ztrujtura dmo \arshmdkety, 453?> Zhjeateas, 4531> Zhjehkhbejdk_àhry dmo Ihoarm Zhjeaty,4532, y \hketejs dmo Zhjedk Ztrujtura,4535, quadumqua shm aiemamtaiamta shjehkbejds phsefeketdm oarevdrsa dk jhmtaxth ykd djjem phktejd.


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bamardkezdoh kh majasdreh oa um amchqua oa khs prhfkaids guroejhsjhiumas d trdvs oa um dmkeses dipkeh oak jhmtaxth shjedk, hream-tdohs d fusjdr raspuastd oasoa ak jhmhjeieamth shjedk is oevarsh.

Kd iuarta am kd hfrd oa \drshms

Kds jhmtrefujehmas tdmdthkbejds oa _dkjhtt \drshms d kd shjehkh-bd ioejd y d kd iaoejemd, oasaipadrhm um oastdjdoh pdpak,

gumth d kds oa Chujdukt, qua èzh iuj`h phr kd asttejd oa kd veoddk astuoedr kds chrids idmeceastds y hjuktds oak phoar, h d Jhita,qua cumo umd suarta oa rakebem jeamtcejd, am kd judk kd iuarta

teama su pdpak.Kd idyhrd oa khs dmtrhpkhbhs y oa khs jeamtcejhs shjedkas `dmdjaptdoh am kd djtudkeodo kd tahrd oak oasaipah oa kds cumjehmasshjedkas oa khs ieaifrhs oa kd shjeaodo, oaspus oa qua kds cumjeh-mas `dm seoh oestrefueods amtra akkhs. Astd tahrd as eiphrtdmta amkd shjehkhbd oa \drshms. Kd mhjem oa cumjem, jhih dpumtdfdMdoak, oasjdmsd am ak àj`h oa qua prhvaa um jhmjapth emtariaoehamtra shjeaodo a emoeveouh, kh judk cdjeketd ak amtamoeieamth oa

jih ak jhiphrtdieamth emoeveoudk puaoa jhmvartersa am jhmouj-td shjedk y jih sa trdmschridm am mhrids shjedkas.Ak dmkeses radkezdoh shfra ak cumjehmdkesih, mahcumjehmdkesih

y tahrd jrtejd, phr khs prhcashras @hrdjeh Jhmrdoh y NdremdNdkpsj`trag, as emtarasdmta, puas parieta jhmtrefuer d kd djtudke-zdjem am kd tahrd shjehkbejd oa amchquas qua, phr oestemths ih-tevhs, quaodm rakabdohs a eiphsefeketdohs oa prhcumoezdr, y quaiaoedmta su prhfkaidtezdjem, puaoam jhmtrefuer d oasdrrhkkdrum oafdta amtra khs astuoehshs oa kds jeamjeds shjedkas.

Dk iesih teaiph, kd jrtejd d asths amchquas jhih akcumjehmdkesih, ak mahcumjehmdkesih, kd tahrd jrtejd y htrds asjua-kds qua oearhm kubdr d kd jreses oak pdrdoebid ohiemdmta qua suphkkdidrsa jhmsamsh hrthohxh, tuvh brdm emckuamjed am kd raastruj-turdjem oa kd tahrd shjedk jhmtaiphrmad. D kd kuz oa asths jdi-fehs, kd tahrd shjedk prasamtd umd muavd setudjem qua phma amdjth kd phsefekeodo oa ravesdr khs cumodiamths oa kd oeshkujem oakjhmsamsh hrthohxh y oa jhmtrdstdr kds jdrdjtarstejds oa kd mua-

vd jhmceburdjem oa kd tahrd shjehkbejd. Oamtrh oa asths amch-quas sa oastdjdm khs oa _dkjhtt \drshms, Gaccray Dkaxdmoar y MenkdsKuìdmm, premjepdkas raprasamtdmtas am asa hroam oak cumjehmd-kesih, oak mahcumjehmdkesih y oak cumjehmdkesih rdoejdk.


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Am ak astuoeh oa kd shjehkhbd oa kd aoujdjem, kd hfrd oa \drshmstdifem as utekezdod jhm crajuamjed, oa k sa rajhieamod @djedumd tahrd bamardk oa kd djjem,y Kd jkdsa jhih sestaid shjedk7dkbumds oa sus cumjehmas am kd shjeaodo diarejdmd, am Dkdem Brdss.

Am kd tahrd shjedk jhmtaiphrmad sa jhmseoardm khs dphrtas oakhs duthras is oastdjdohs a emckuyamtas oa muastrh teaiph, amtrakhs qua sa jhmseoardm d khs pamsdohras jksejhs oak sebkh PEP7 Idrx,Ourn`aei y Rafar, ardm dkbumhs oa juyhs dspajths `dm seohrathidohs phr khs pamsdohras jhmtaiphrmahs, jhih @dfarids,Beooams, _dkjhtt \drshms, Chujdukt y Fhuroeau.

Dseiesih, iuj`hs ohjuiamths akdfhrdohs phr jeamtcejhs sh-jedkas, jhemjeoam am qua judmoh sa astuoeam kds tahrds sestiejds,

am ak amtamoeoh oa kd oacemejem y ak amchqua oa kd tahrd oa khssestaids, su emtaroapamoamjed y ak sestaid oa emtaroapamoamjedam jdsjdod sa jhmsuktam kds hfrds oa7 Nammat` Fhukoemb y _dkjhtt\drshms, y judmoh sa dfhroam khs sufsestaids sa emjkuyd d7 OdveoAdsthm y Ihrthm Ndpkdm.

Am rasuiam ak dphrta oa _dkjhtt \drshms pdrd kd jeamjed phkte-jd hjjeoamtdk sa axprasd am iuy oevarsds dpkejdjehmas. Cua umshjekhbh amjdsekkdoh am kd jhrreamta oak cumjehmdkesih mhrid-

tevestd, doais oa umd vdreaodo oa dpakdtevhs, tdk ak jdsh7eipardtevesih cumjehmdk, tahrd bamardk oa kd djjem, tahrd oa kddjjem shjedk, parh sa puaoa dceridr jhm gustazd qua ak preiarh asak is doajudoh.

Astd dceridjem sa sustamtd phr ak praohiemeh axpkejdtevhoak mhridtevesih-vdkhrdtevh, kh qua mh sa oafa amtamoar jhihum oatariemesih jukturdkestd, semh qua d pasdr oa qua khs kie-tas phsefkas oa djjem shm astdfkajeohs phr kds jhmoejehmas id-taredkas, astds mh ka hthrbdm oerajjem, semh qua veama d trdvsoa khs vdkhras jukturdkas. Asth as, qua um jhmgumth oa jhmoejeh-mas idtaredkas oagam amtravar umd vdreaodo oa jdujas oa dj-jem> juk oa astds sar akabeod, vamor hreamtdod phr ak taj`hmhridtevh vdkhrdtevh.

\hr htrh kdoh, jhmjefa jhih um sestaid oa djjem ak dohptdr,jhm parspajtevd cumjehmdkestd, ak dmkeses oa kd astrujturd shjedk.\drshms pdraja amtamoar ak cumjehmdkesih jhih kd rasuktdmta oaohs varteamtas emtakajtudkas, Idkemhwsne y \drath.

\hordihs jdrdjtarezdr d kd hfrd oa \drshms jhih oecjek, ax-tamsd, juastehmdfka am su emtarehr, dcedmzdod am umd pdrtejukdrjhmjapjem oak qua`djar tarejh am shjehkhbd, qua ka odm um par-cek oestemtevh y pajukedr d su vesem.


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Jhih rasuktdoh oa kd oecjek jhmjaptudkeodo y kh oamsh oa sutrdfdgh, iuj`ds vajas sa d doguoejdoh jearth brdoh oa emtakebefe-keodo d kd trdoujjem oak embks, ds sa axpkejdm jeartds dceridjeh-mas arrmads oa su hfrd> am asa samteoh phoaihs oajer qua kd hfrd

pdrshmedmd mh as um oaj`doh oa jkdreodo y samjekkaz, iuj`h ia-mhs phoaihs astarahtepdr dk cumjehmdkesih mhridtevestdjhm umamchqua jhmsarvdohr.

Cua um jeamtcejh prhkegh am su hfrd jhm is oa um jamtamdr oadrtjukhs, trdoujjehmas y quemja kefrhs> su emtarpratdjem bkhfdk sava dcajtdod phr umd suarta oa ihoesih am kh qua sa raceara dk dtdquad sus hfrds, jhm kh qua phoaihs dceridr qua sa puaoa astdr h mh oadjuaroh jhm _dkjhtt \drshms, parh mumjd ebmhrdrkh. @dy queamas kh

`dm fdutezdoh jhih ak kteih jksejh oa kd shjehkhbd._dmth as ds qua sa oesjuta kd axestamjed oa is oa um \drshms,d pasdr oa sus ascuarzhs phr oaihstrdr qua jdod hfrd suyd suiddk oasdrrhkkh prhbrasevh y sestaitejh oa eoads kdrvdods am tah-rds dmtarehras, kh qua `dja qua oesta iuj`h am sar rajhmhjeodjhm umdmeieodo kd jhmtemueodo y umeodo emtarmd oa sus hfrds. Em-jkush sabm dkbumhs oatrdjthras, ak sestaid shjedk suphma umdrupturd am kd kmad oa pamsdieamth, parjefemohsa ohs asquaids

oa djjem oecaramtas, tdmth am sus praiesds cumodiamtdkas jhiham kds parspajtevds ihtevdjehmdkas, doais oak teph oa odthsdfdrjdtevhs, eptases qua sufsuiam, jdrjtar y dkjdmja oa kd tah-rd sustamtevd oa emsperdjem.

Ak jiukh oa drbuiamtdjehmas dkeamtd astd oudkeodo pdrshmedmd,qua teama pumth oa emckaxem am um dmtas y um oaspus oa_`a ZhjedkZystai, sadkdmoh ak dfdmohmh oak asquaid vhkumtdrestd oa kddjjem y umd phjh cedfka dohpjem oak ihoakh crauoedmh, odmohis eiphrtdmjed d kd astrujturd qua d kd djjem.

Oasoa htrh mbukh, sa rasdktd kd fsejd umeodo d kh kdrbh oakteaiph, dk dceridr jhmjaptudkeodo y drbuiamtdfekeodo dkoasdrrhkkh oa eoads eipkjetds am khs pumths cumodiamtdkas, kh quahthrbd amthmjas jeartd jh`aramjed emtarmd d pasdr oa khs oacajthsqua sa ka sadkdm d su hfrd.

Jhih hjurra jhm crajuamjed, mh axesta umd mejd y axjkusevdkajturd tdmth oa kd hfrd oa \drshms jhih oa membm htrh duthr,am pdrtejukdr jhm umd hfrd tdm dipked, qua emjkush emtamtd

dphrtdr su emtabrdjem jhm um shkh amchqua oa kd radkeodo oas-oa um seteh oa hfsarvdjem ufejdoh am kd djjem shjedk y as-trujturd shjedk. H sad, jhmjekedr am um mejh asquaid kd iejrh yidjrhshjehkhbd.


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Dk astuoedr su pajukedr jhmjapjem oa kd mdturdkazd oak dmke-ses tarejh, tameamoh am juamtd kd jhàramjed kbejd, amjhmtrdihsum jhmtrdsta math jhm umd jhmjapjem kbejd axpareiamtdk, ph-meamoh mcdses am ak dspajth sestiejh oa jhàramjed emtarmd,

amvedmoh d sabumoh pkdmh khs dspajths apestiejhs. As oajer,subeara jhmjamtrdrsa am dspajths sestiejhs oa kds jdtabhrdsdmdktejds, oagdmoh am pkdmh sajumodreh kd hpardtevezdjem yjhmtrdstdjem aiprejd.

Asta radkesih dmdktejh, qua kh sabuer oa phr veod, sa vacuartaiamta emckueoh phr su chridjem jeamtcejd jhih fekh-bh, dumqua mutreod phr jurshs oa ajhmhid, ketardturd, cekhsh-cd> am smtases, umd aoujdjem àtarhohxd, parh jhm um

idrjdoh sasbh d kds jeamjeds mdturdkas qua kh kkav d radkezdrasquaids jkdsecejdthrehs rackagdmoh sestaitejd y hroamdod-iamta kd radkeodo iaoedmta èptases jdusdkas axpareiamtd-kas varecejdfkas> d kh qua phoaihs oajer qua ak sebmecejdoh oatahrd ast is jarjd oa kd jkdsecejdjem qua oa kd axpkejdjemjdusdk.

\drshms amteamoa d kd djteveodo tarejd jhih raprhoujjem,am ak ifeth dmdktejh, oa kd radkeodo shjedk> jhm kd iatd oa akd-

fhrdr um dpramoezdga jhipkath am kh jhmjaptudk qua sad jdpdzoa rackagdr kd radkeodo am chrid sestaitejd, dmtas qua akdfhrdrtahrds axpkejdtevds oerajtds shfra astd. \drd akkh `d chridohum prhbrdid pdrd kd jhmstrujjem oa tahrds, h dphrtd umd sareataiphrdk a èstrejd oa jhmtrefujehmas pdrd oasdrrhkkdr oatarie-mdohs sestaids.

Am _à Ztrujtura hc Zhjedk Djtehm (45:2) oagd var su vhkum-tdresih shjehkbejh, ohmoa dmdkezd d Ournàei, Rafar, \drath yIdrs`dkk, dk utekezdrkhs pdrd oasiamuzdr kds rakdjehmas amtra akemoeveouh y kd shjeaodo> emtamtdmoh jhmjaptudkezdr jih axestakd shjeaodo y qu kd `dja phsefka, y jih jhmjekedr d sus oestem-ths emoeveouhs ieaifrhs.

Khbrd oaihstrdr ak arrhr emtakajtudk oak phsetevesih dk mabdrkd emoapamoamjed oa vdkhras, y oak eoadkesih dk mabdr kd eiphr-tdmjed oa kds jhmoejehmas difeamtdkas.

Vasuktd shrpramoamta qua, d pasdr oa kds brdmoas oecaramjedsoa asths judtrh pamsdohras, prasamtam praiesds fsejds am jh-

im, tdk ak jdsh oa supardjem oa kds dphrds oak emoeveoudkesihy ak eoadkesih phr iaoeh oa asquaids axpkejdtevhs qua kkavdm d\drshms d oacemer astds seieketuoas oa jhmvarbamjeds, kh qua katrdgh is oa umd jrtejd, furkd y ohkhr oa jdfazd.


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cjekiamta pamsdfka akdfhrdr um ithoh axpkejdtevh imeih,ak judk servd jhih racaramjed h jhim oamhiemdohr pdrdsupardr kd fdrrard jdse emcrdmquadfka oak prhfkaid hffasedmhoak hroam.

Oasoa su astrdtabed dmdktejd, \drshms jhmjefa dk djthr shjedkjhih um emoeveouh dtrdpdoh phr su àramjed y amthrmh, y am ia-oeod imeid rdjehmdk, kefra y jdkjukdohr. Ds phoaihs oajerqua ast jhmoejehmdoh phr su amthrmh csejh y jukturdk doais

oak jhiphmamta fehkbejh jhm jearth idrbam oa duthmhidoajeshred. As dqu ohmoa dcerid qua kd imeid axprasem oaktageoh mh as ak djthr semh sus djjehmas, oamhiemdoh phr \drshmsdjth-umeodo. Asta djth-umeodo jhmstd oa um djthr shjedk, parsa-bueohr oa khs cemas qua phsaa khs iaoehs pdrd dkjdmzdrkhs amiaoeh oa oecaramtas jhmoejehmas, tdk ak jdsh oa kd àramjed fehk-bejd, keietdjehmas ajhkbejds, atjtard, seamoh ak iesih rabeohphr mhrids, eoads y vdkhras.

Za puaoa sadkdr jearth brdoh oa jhiphmamta oa emtardjjeh-mesih seifkejh am kd jhmjapjem qua kd astrujturd tarejd as em-sapdrdfka oa su hrebam> asa kdzh oa djth-umeodo amtra khs amchquasidjrh y iejrhshjehkbejhs as oacemeoh phr um sebmecejdoh jhkajtevhy hfsarvdfka jhih jhmoujtd, asth jhfrd samteoh dk dprajedr quaasta djth djtd jhih fesdbrd drtejukdod pdrd jhipdtefekezdr khsamchquas emstetujehmdkas y sufemstetujehmdkas> y oagdm am jkdrh quaak vhkumtdresih pdrshmedmh mh sa ieiatezd jhm ak kefra dkfaorh,semh qua as ak `hifra ak amjdrbdoh oa odr ak eipuksh.

Saihs qua pdrd kd ptejd pdrshmedmd, ak djthr shjedk as umdaquekefrdod suidthred oak `hifra rdjehmdk, kefra y jdkjukdohr,jhm ak hifra prhoujth oa su jdrbd araoetdred y su amthrmh> asth`dja umd oakejdod rakdjem amtra kd emoeveoudkeodo y ak jhmoe-jehmdieamth> kd rdjehmdkeodo jhm kd errdjehmdkeodo.

\horaihs hfsarvdr jhm oatameieamth qua amtra difhs phkhsaxtraihs, vdka oastdjdr qua as cejtejeh a erradk, umd vdredjem oaiamhr d idyhr jhmckejteveodo y qua am su axtamsem sa ufejdm kds

shjeaodoas èstrejds jhmjratds. \drdcrdsadmoh d muastrhs dfua-khs, amjhmtrdraihs am kd hfrd oa \drshms, amtra kh fkdmjh y khmabrh, kd zhmd oa khs bresas qua shm emoejdtevhs am thohs khs ife-ths oa kd veod.


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Jhmtrefujem a eipdjth oa kd hfrd oa \drshmsd kd jeamjed phktejd jhmtaiphrmad

Kd jeamjed phktejd juyh hfgatevh as ak astuoeh sestaitejh oak bh-

fearmh am su samteoh is dipkeh> ak hrebam oa khs rabiamas phk-tejhs> sus astrujturds, cumjehmas a emstetujehmas, y kds emtardjjehmasamtra bruphs a emoeveouhs am ak astdfkajeieamth, idmtameieamth yjdifeh oa khs bhfearmhs.

Kd jeamjed phktejd sa jhmseoard pdrta oa kds jeamjeds shjedkasqua emjkuyam kd dmtrhphkhbd, kd psejhkhbd y kd shjehkhbd. Khsprajurshras oa kds jeamjeds phktejds sa hjupdfdm oa kd chrid oadkjdmzdr y idmtamar hfgatevhs eoadkas.

D kh kdrbh oa khs sebkhs dpdrajearhm hfrds jksejds, jdse thohsasths duthras sa hjupdm oa kd chrid am qua umd shjeaodo puaoabamardr kds jhmoejehmas majasdreds pdrd ak feamastdr oa thohs susjeuododmhs.

Khs xeths qua sa `dfdm jhmsabueoh am ak jdiph oa kds jeam-jeds mdturdkas kkavdrhm d iuj`hs emvastebdohras phktejhs d kdjraamjed oa qua, jhm ak teaiph, aipkadmoh ak dmkeses sestaitejhy kd iathohkhbd oa kd csejd, kd quiejd y kd fehkhbd, phordm oa-

sdrrhkkdr tahrds axpkejdtevds. Am sus emtamths phr jhmsabuer jra-oefekeodo, asths astuoehshs sa umearhm jhm emvastebdohras am khsjdiphs oa kd shjehkhbd y kd psejhkhbd. Oa khs shjekhbhs thidrhmak ithoh astdostejh pdrd rajhbar y dmdkezdr ak jhiphrtdieamthjhkajtevh. Oa khs psejkhbhs thidrhm kds oacemejehmas, prhpuastdsy jhmjapths qua kas dyuodrdm d amtamoar phr qu khs saras ùid-mhs djtdm oa jeartds idmards. Jhih rasuktdoh oa asths prstd-ihs oa htrds jeamjeds shjedkas, kd jeamjed phktejd sa jhmverte amum jdiph emoapamoeamta.

D pasdr oa asta kkdidieamth phr umd oesjepkemd radkestd y jhm-jratd, fdsdod am kd hfgateveodo y kds àrrdieamtds jeamtcejds, akastuoeh is dmtebuh, aspajukdtevh y mhridtevh, sebue seamoh khis jhim `dstd kd ietdo oak sebkh PP, ihiamth am qua ak pumthoa vestd jeamtcejh aipaz d ohiemdr ak jdiph. Asta ihveieamthcua kkdidoh jhmoujtesih phrqua sus oacamshras shstamdm qua kdiaoejem y kd hfsarvdjem hfgatevds sa dpkejdrdm d thods kds jhm-oujtds ùidmds tdk y jhih sa idmeceastdm am ak iumoh radk.

\drshms, jhih shjekhbh, sa jamtr am chriukdr um sestaid ta-rejh pdrd dmdkezdr d kd shjeaodo, ds sustamtdfd ak jdrjtar astdfkay qua sus pdrtas puaoam sar emtarpratdods shkdiamta am khs tr-iemhs oa su thtdkeodo. \drshms jhiamz jhih fekhbh y raohmoa


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sus jhmhjeieamths am kd ajhmhid, oa idmard qua jhm sucejeamtaaruoejem dmdkez kd preidjd oa kd jhmoujtd, jhmjefe d kd phkte-jd jhih umd vdredfka parh jhmoejehmdod phr kh shjedk y kh juktu-rdk, rasdkt kd eiphrtdmjed oak jhmsamsh.

Kd hfrd oa \drshms jhmtrefuya eoahkbejdiamta d kabeteidr kdsmajaseodoas oa astdfekeodo y prasarvdjem oak jdpetdkesih jhihsestaid, jhmshkeo ak amchqua oa kd shjehkhbd y kd jeamjed phktejdfurbuasd fdsdoh am ak astuoeh oak aquekefreh, kd emtabrdjem y kdcumjehmdkeodo oa kds astrujturds phktejds oa oej`h sestaid.

Jhih pdora oa kd jhrreamta astrujturdk-cumjehmdkestd mhrtadia-rejdmd, \drshms sa jhmjamtrd am ak dmkeses oa astrujturd y cumjeh-mas, oagd d um kdoh khs prhjashs oa oasdrrhkkh. Dk iesih teaiph

cdvhraja um pumth oa vestd sufgatevestd, dk shfravdkhrdr kd eiphr-tdmjed oak samteoh h sebmecejdoh oa kds djjehmas y setudjehmasshjedkas. Emtamtd hcrajar umd vesem jhipkagd oa kd shjeaodo, dk am-tamoarkd jhih um sestaid shjedk jhmchridoh phr vdrehs sufsestaids,dumqua sufasteid ak pdpak oa khs cdjthras ajhmiejhs.

Zu hfrd jhmstetuy um eiphrtdmta pumth oa racaramjed jhm ei-pdjth pdrd kd shjehkhbd y kd jeamjed phktejd mhrtadiarejdmd, quaamjhmtr sabueohras oastdjdohs am duthras jhih Vhfart N. Iarthm.

Kd hfrd oa \drshms as jretejdod phr shjekhbhs jrtejhs oa AstdohsQmeohs jhih J`drkas Rreb`t Iekks am kd Eidbemdjem Zhjehkbejd,y Dkvem Bhukoar amKd jreses oa kd shjehkhbd hjjeoamtdk>mh hfs-tdmta, kd fdkdmzd oa dphrtas sa emjkemd d su cdvhr.

Fefkehbrdcd

DKIDVDW, G. (4506)7Kd tahrd shjehkbejd oa _dkjhtt \drshms, Jam-trh oa Emvastebdjehmas Zhjedkas, Aspdd.

BEVHKD, KEOED (4555)7 _dkjhtt \drshms `hy7 ak emoeveoudkesihemstetujehmdkezdoh y kds dshjedjehmas, am Vavua Zhjehkbejd,Mh. ?


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juktdo oa Jeamjeds Zhjedkas, Qmevarseodo oa J`eka, amDmdkasoa kd Qmevarseodo oa J`eka, Zaxtd Zarea, Mh. 3, oejeaifra.

IAV_HM, VHFAV_N.7 _ahrd y astrujturd shjedk,6od aoejem ravesd-od, Chmoh oa Jukturd Ajhmiejd, Ixejh, 453? y 4535.

\DVZHMZ, _DKJH__(45:0)7 Amsdyhs oa tahrd shjehkbejd,Aoethredk\deos, Fuamhs Deras.

(4533)7 Ak sestaid shjedk, am ravestd Hjjeoamta,Idoreo,p. ::.

(4530)7 Astrujturd oa kd djjem shjedk, Aoejehmas Bud-odrrdid, Aspdd.

(450?)7 Ak sestaid shjedk, Aoethredk Dkedmzd, Aspdd. (4500)7 Ak sestaid shjedk, Aoethredk Dkedmzd, Idoreo.

(4552)7Idkemhwsne y kd tahrd oa khs sestaids shjedkas,Aoethredk Zebkh PPE, Ixejh, O.C. y AORDVOZ@EKZ (4530)7 @djed umd tahrd bamardk oa kd

djjem,Aoethredk Ndpakuz, Fuamhs Deras. (6


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6

AK \AMZDIEAM_H \HK_EJH OA IDMJQVHKZHM D _VDSZ OA KD KBEJD

OA KD DJJEM JHKAJ_ESD

VDCDAKBDVJDBQEKDV_A

Asta phketkhbh mhrtadiarejdmh sa emsjrefa oamtrh oa kd tamoamjedoa kd akajjem rdjehmdk qua thid racaramtas iathohkbejhs oa kdajhmhid.

Am ak ifeth oa kd jeamjed phktejd, kd jhrreamta oa kd akajjemrdjehmdk surba am kd ojdod oa khs satamtd oak sebkh PP. Kd errup-jem oa kd tahrd oa kd akajjem rdjehmdk am kd jeamjed phktejd su-

push kd supardjem oak pdrdoebid shjehkbejh qua keietdfd akamchqua dk dmkeses aiprejh oa khs jhiphrtdieamths phktejhs oakhs emoeveouhs y oa khs bruphs7 kd dpkejdjem oa dkbumhs oa khs prem-jepehs iathohkbejhs prhpehs oa kd ajhmhid d khs dmkeses oa kdradkeodo phktejd pariete ak oasdrrhkkh oa um amchqua dktarmdtevhcramta d kd asjuakd jhmoujtestd y tdifem dfre um muavh pumth oavestd shfra taids y dspajths rakavdmtas pdrd kd jeamjed phktejd.

Oa kd tahrd oa kd akajjem rdjehmdk surba um jhmgumth oa prhph-

sejehmas axpkejdtevds (y jhmtrdstdfkas aiprejdiamta) iaoedmta akoasdrrhkkh oa um oesjursh dxehitejh y oaoujtevh qua puaoa kkabdrd rajefer um trdtdieamth chridk h idtaitejh fdstdmta shcestejdoh.

Jhm kd djaptdjem oa umhs phjhs dxehids h premjepehs iathoh-kbejhs iuy rastrejtevhs (dk iesih teaiph qua emtuetevdiamtadjaptdfkas), y kd dpkejdjem oa umhs jretarehs oa jdrjtar ajhmie-jh dk dmkeses oa kds is oevarsds setudjehmas phktejds radkas h `e-phttejds, `d seoh phsefka kd akdfhrdjem oa muavhs ihoakhsaxpkejdtevhs am jeamjed phktejd. Asths premjepehs iathohkbejhs saraoujam fsejdiamta dk emoeveoudkesih iathohkbejh y dk supuasthoa rdjehmdkeodo emoeveoudk.

Ak emoeveoudkesih iathohkbejh pratamoa axpkejdr, d pdrter oakds djjehmas emoeveoudkas, khs camiamhs oa jdrjtar jhkajtevh> d


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oecaramjed oak amchqua shjehkbejh praohiemdmta, oastdj kd ei-phrtdmjed oa kds djjehmas h akajjehmas emoeveoudkas `uyamoh oajudkquear oatariemesih oa teph astrujturdk. Am bamardk, sa suph-ma qua astds djjehmas emoeveoudkas rasphmoam dk jksejh jretareh

ajhmiejh oa kd idxeiezdjem oa kd utekeodo7 khs emoeveouhs oesph-mam oa um jhmgumth cemeth oa dktarmdtevds amtra kds judkas akaber y,oa idmard jh`aramta jhm sus cemas, asjhbam dquakkd qua aspardmqua kas prhphrjehma ak idyhr brdoh oa sdtescdjjem h utekeodo (umjhmjapth qua puaoa sar oacemeoh oa iuj`ds idmards, parh quaseaipra rasphmoar d umd vdkhrdjem sufgatevd).

Qmh oa khs preiarhs pamsdohras phktejhs oa kd tahrd oa kd akaj-jem rdjehmdk as ak phketkhbh Dmt`hmy Ohwms qua am su drtjukh _ah-

rd oa kd oaihjrdjed7 umd dprhxeidjem ajhmiejd, emtrhouja ummuavh teph oa ihoakhs axpkejdtevhs am jeamjed phktejd qua oarevdmoerajtdiamta oa um amchqua ajhmiejh7 khs ihoakhs aspdjedkas. Amasta teph oa ihoakhs sa suphma qua jdod jeuododmh radkezd umd akaj-jem rdjehmdk oak pdrteoh am ak qua vd d vhtdr, astdfkajeamoh umd jkd-rd dmdkhbd jhm khs iajdmesihs qua hpardm am ak iarjdoh. Khspdrteohs phktejhs hcrajam oecaramtas prhoujths h prhbrdids,y khs akajthras sa jhiphrtdm jhih jhmsuieohras.

Dmt`hmy Ohwms subeara qua jdod jeuododmh vhtdr am cumjemoa kd oestdmjed qua `dbd amtra sus pracaramjeds phktejds y kds ph-ktejds h prhbrdids oa khs pdrteohs qua jhmjurram d kds akajjehmas(pdrteohs qua am su dmkeses astdrm oespuasths am um aga umeoe-iamsehmdk). Ak ihoakh aspdjedk emejedoh phr Ohwms d seoh phsta-rehriamta oasdrrhkkdoh jhm kd akdfhrdjem oa ihoakhs quajhmseoardm kd axestamjed oa aspdjehs iukteoeiamsehmdkas.

Asta duthr axphma umd oa kds pdrdohgds is rakavdmtas oa kdoaihjrdjed7 ...se supuserdihs qua khs vhtdmtas sa jhiphrtdm jhihse radkezdrdm um seipka jkjukh oa khs jhsths y famacejehs oarevdohsoak djth oa vhtdr (jhih `dja um jhmsuieohr d kd `hrd oa asjhbarum oatariemdoh prhoujth), jdfrd aspardr qua kd emiamsd idyhrdoa khs jeuododmhs rdjehmdkas sa dfstuveardm odod su asjdsseidjdpdjeodo pdrd emckuer am ak rasuktdoh cemdk oa kds akajjehmas.4Astdpdrdohgd oarevdod oa um ush purdiamta emstruiamtdk oak vhth,`d seoh jhmtastdod iaoedmta khs jhmjapths oa kd parsudsem oak

4 Ohwms, Dmt`hmy (452:)7 _ahrd ajhmiejd oa kd djjem phktejd am umd oaih-jrdjed, am Oeaz taxths fsejhs oa jeamjed phktejd,Aoethredk Dreak Z.D., Fdrja-khmd, 4556, p. 4


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vhth jhih jhmsuih (amtamoeamoh qua ak seipka djth oa vhtdr yddphrtd famacejehs sufgatevhs dk vhtdmta) h oak vhth emoujeoh phr kdsemstetujehmas.

Jdfa oastdjdr qua kd rdjehmdkeodo emoeveoudk mh eipkejd oa

idmard dkbumd kd axestamjed oa umd rdjehmdkeodo jhkajtevd> pra-jesdiamta brdm pdrta oa kds pdrdohgds dmdkezdods phr asta muavhamchqua raseoam am kd emjh`aramjed axestamta amtra kds pracaram-jeds emoeveoudkas y khs rasuktdohs jhkajtevhs.

Ds, kd ajhmhid d emsperdoh h emoujeoh dkbumhs oa khs premjepehscumodiamtdkas am khs qua sa fdsd ak muavh amchqua iathohkbejhqua d parieteoh khs is rajeamtas oasdrrhkkhs d kd jeamjed phkte-jd hjjeoamtdk jhmtaiphrmad.

Asta muavh amchqua tdifem suphma umd muavd parspajtevd sh-fra khs taids y prabumtds qua shm jhmseoardohs rakavdmtas pdrd kdjeamjed phktejd. Fdgh khs pdriatrhs oa kd tahrd oa kd akajjemrdjehmdk, sa `dm akdfhrdoh muavhs ihoakhs axpkejdtevhs qua saracearam dk hfgath qua cuard jksejh oa kd oesjepkemd oa kd jeamjedphktejd7 kds emstetujehmas phktejds. Ak mcdses am ak astuoeh oa khsjhiphrtdieamths ast seamoh djtudkiamta sustetueoh phr umrathrmh dk dmkeses oa kds emstetujehmas phktejds qua oa membumd

idmard suphma umd vuaktd dk amchqua guroejh oa dmtdh, semh quaprajesdiamta rasphmoa dk amchqua ajhmiejh, oarevdoh oa kdtahrd oa kd akajjem rdjehmdk7 um muavh emstetujehmdkesih.

Kd hfrd oa Idmjur Hkshm as umd oa kds oa idyhr emckuamjed am akamchqua ajhmiejh oa kd phktejd. Dmdkezd kd jdpdjeodo oa um bru-ph oa emoeveouhs pdrd prhihvar kd jhmsajujem oa feamas pfke-jhs qua sadm oa emtars jhim d thohs khs ieaifrhs. Ak premjepdkemtarsoa I. Hkshm raseoa am ak tdidh oak bruph7 ... oa idmardjhmtrdred d kh qua jhimiamta puoeard pamsdrsa, judmth idyhr sadak bruph, iamhs emjamtevhs tamorm khs emoeveouhs qua kh jhiphmampdrd dsuier khs jhsths am teaiph, ascuarzh y oemarh oa pdrtejepdr amumd djjem qua kas parieterd kd hftamjem oak feam pfkejh oasadoh,oej`h am htrds pdkdfrds, judmth idyhr sad ak bruph, jdfr aspardrumd idyhr pdseveodo amtra sus ieaifrhs qua khs qua sa prhoujerdmam bruphs raoujeohs ^...Y Kd shkujem oa astd pdrdohgd raseoa am khsemjamtevhs sakajtevhs (yd sadm oa jdrjtar mabdtevh h phsetevh), umhsemjamtevhs qua cdvhrajam kd djjem jhkajtevd y qua mh oapamoam oa

khs feamas pfkejhs `djed khs qua sa hreamtd kd iesid.6

6 Hkshm, Idmjur (4531)7 Kd kbejd oa kd djjem jhkajtevd, am Oeaz taxths...,p. 52.


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Qmh oa khs oasjufreieamths oa Hkshm am su hfrdKd kbejd oa kddjjem jhkajtevdas qua khs sarvejehs qua prastdm jhkajtevhs jhihkhs semoejdths, kds dshjedjehmas prhcasehmdkas, kds hrbdmezdjehmasdbrdreds, khs jdrtakas y khs bruphs oa prasem, sa pdrajam d khs

sarvejehs fsejhs oak Astdoh, oasoa um pumth oa vestd jkdrdiamtaoajesevh. Khs sarvejehs oa oej`ds dshjedjehmas, dk ebudk qua khs sar-vejehs fsejhs h feamas pfkejhs fremodohs phr khs bhfearmhs, seshm prhphrjehmdohs d dkbueam kkabdm d thohs khs ieaifrhs oa umdoatariemdod jdtabhrd h bruph. Oak iesih ihoh qua kd kay y akhroam, kd oacamsd h kd kuj`d jhmtrd kd jhmtdiemdjem, tdk jhih khsphmbd am prjtejd ak bhfearmh, cdvhrajam d thohs khs `dfetdmtas oaum pds h oa um rad bahbrcejd> kd tdrecd hftameod brdjeds dk ascuar-

zh oa umd hrbdmezdjem dbrdred serva pdrd qua sufdm khs prajehsam famacejeh oa thohs khs prhoujthras oak drtjukh qua sa trdta.Ebudkiamta ak duiamth sdkdredk jhmsabueoh phr um semoejdth sadpkejd d thohs khs trdfdgdohras oa kd jdtabhrd jhrrasphmoeamta.

Asta iesih rdzhmdieamth dpkejdoh oa chrid is bamardk d jdodbruph oa prasem qua hfteama um jdifeh bkhfdk oa kd kabeskdjem hoa kds rabkdiamtdjehmas, jhmsebua jhm akkh um feam pfkejh h jh-kajtevh pdrd thohs khs qua sa vam famacejedohs phr asa jdifeh,

judkquear jhifemdjem as oajer, judkquear jdrtak qua utekejakd djjem am ak iarjdoh h am kd emoustred pdrd khbrdr um prajeh hum sdkdreh is akavdoh, judmoh rastremba kd jdmteodo suiemestrd-od akavd ak prajeh pdrd jdod vamoaohr, jradmoh ds um feam jhkaj-tevh pdrd thohs khs vamoaohras.

Ak premjepdk drbuiamth oa I. Hkshm oacamoeoh amKd kbejd oakd djjem jhkajtevd,jhieamzd jhm umd pdrdohgd qua sa idmeceastdam kd jhmoujtd oa khs bruphs7 D iamuoh sa od phr supuasth quase thohs khs ieaifrhs oa um bruph oa emoeveouhs h oa aiprasdsteamam oatariemdoh emtars am jhim, ak bruph idmecastdr umdtamoamjed d sdtescdjarkh. Ds iuj`hs astuoehshs oa kds jeamjedsphktejds am khs Astdohs Qmeohs dm supuasth ourdmta iuj`h teai-ph qua khs jeuododmhs qua teamam um emtars phktejh jhim sahrbdmezdrm y kuj`drm d cdvhr oak iesih. Jdod emoeveouh oa kdphfkdjem astdrd am umh h am vdrehs bruphs y ak vajthr oa kdsprasehmas oa asths bruphs am jhipatamjed axpkejdrd khs rasuk-tdohs oak prhjash phktejh. Oa ebudk ihoh d iamuoh sa `d su-

puasth qua se khs trdfdgdohras, khs prhoujthras dbrjhkds h khsjhmsuieohras tuveasam qua amcramtdrsa jhm ihmhphkehs parguoe-jedkas pdrd sus emtarasas djdfdrdm phr hftamar um phoar jhi-pamsdoh d trdvs oa hrbdmezdjehmas jhih khs semoejdths kdfhrdkas


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h kds hrbdmezdjehmas dbrjhkds, qua `dm jhmsabueoh oatariemdohphoar oamtrh oak iarjdoh y umd djjem prhtajthrd phr pdrta oakbhfearmh.

D idyhr asjdkd, kds jkdsas shjedkas odm pea d pamsdr jhm cra-

juamjed qua vdm d djtudr am emtars oa sus ieaifrhs. Kd chridis tpejd oa astd jraamjed ast amidrjdod, phr supuasth, am kddceridjem idrxestd sabm kd judk am kds shjeaodoas jdpetdkestdskd jkdsa furbuasd dja qua ak bhfearmh servd d sus prhpehs emtara-sas. Qmd vaz qua kd axpkhtdjem oak prhkatdredoh `d kkabdoh d oa-tariemdoh mevak, y `d oasdpdrajeoh kd cdksd jhmjeamjed, kd jkdsahfrard sa ravakdr am su prhpeh famacejeh y astdfkajar umd oejtd-ourd oak prhkatdredoh. Oa ihoh bamardk se khs emoeveouhs oa oatar-

iemdod jdtabhrd h jkdsa shjedk tuveasam um brdoh sucejeamta oaemtars prhpeh, y se thod akkd jhemjeoeasa am um emtars jhipdrteoh,ak bruph djtudrd tdifem d cdvhr oa sus prhpehs emtarasas.:

Ze axdiemdihs jhm jueodoh kd kbejd oa kd crajuamta suphse-jem qua sa rajhba am ak prrdch dmtarehr, jdfa dprajedr qua asfsejd a emoesjutefkaiamta arrmad. Eidbemihmhs qu tamordqua `djar um trdfdgdohr qua pamsdsa qua umd diamdzd oa `uakbdh umd kay oa sdkdreh imeih akavdrd su ghrmdk, se ak jhmsuieohr h

ak trdfdgdohr oaoej umhs judmths ods y um phjh oa oemarh d hrbd-mezdr um fhejht h um semoejdth, h d agarjar prasehmas pdrd khbrdrumd kabeskdjem qua prhtagd sus emtarasas, `dfr sdjrecejdoh teaiphy oemarh. Tu hftamord jhm asta sdjrecejeh8 Am ak iaghr oa khsjdshs, ak emoeveouh khbrdr qua kd jdusd dvdmja dkbh (d vajas ei-parjaptefkaiamta). Zad jhih cuara `dfr jhmsabueoh umd iems-jukd pdrtejepdjem am kd bdmdmjed qua hftambd oa kd djjem. Ak aj`hiesih oa qua ak hfgatevh h ak emtars sad dkbh jhim dk bruph yjhipdrteoh phr sta, kkavd d qua kds bdmdmjeds jhmsabueods iaoedm-ta ak sdjrecejeh qua radkeja um emoeveouh pdrd sarver d astd iatdjhim sadm jhipdrteods phr thohs khs ieaifrhs oak bruph. Ze akfhejht, kd `uakbd h kds prasehmas teamam xeth, iaghrdrm khs prajehsh khs sdkdrehs pdrd thohs khs ieaifrhs oa kd jdtabhrd jhrrasphm-oeamta oa idmard qua dk emoeveouh qua chrid pdrta oa um brdm bru-ph jhm um emtars jhim skh ka thjdr umd pdrtejepdjem oeiemutdam khs famacejehs khbrdohs d trdvs oa khs sdjrecejehs qua kkava djdfh ak emoeveouh jhm hfgath oa khbrdr asta emtars jhim.?

: Hkshm, I.7 Hf. jet., p. 50.? Efoai, p. 55.


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Ak drbuiamth aipkadoh phr I. Hkshm am asta rdzhmdieamth pdrdoaihstrdr su kbejd oa djjem jhkajtevd ravakd ak jhiphrtdieam-th oa khs emoeveouhs qua partamajam d um bruph jhm emtars jhimshfra kd fdsa oa kd aipered. Dk dpkejdr khs premjepehs iathohkbejhs

qua sa raoujam dk emoeveoudkesih y dk supuasth oa rdjehmdkeodoemoeveoudk oarevdohs oa kds rakdjehmas ajhmiejds oa kd shjeaodofurbuasd, am radkeodo cumodiamtdm kd rdzm emstruiamtdk qua satrdouja am kd raoujjem qua `dja ak jdpetdkesih oa khs khbrhs oakd rdzm uidmd kd jeamjed, tajmhkhbd y jukturd pdrd hftamarkd ixeid bdmdmjed ajhmiejd pdrd khs brdmoas ihmhphkehs.

Astd rdzm emstruiamtdk oa kd shjeaodo furbuasd axprasd akoasquejedieamth oa kd rdzm `uidmd dk sar dprhpedohs khs feamas

prhoujeohs phr kd furbuasd pdrd rashkvar sus majaseodoas ajh-miejds abhstds d axpamsds oa kd axpkhtdjem oa kds brdmoas idsdsoa trdfdgdohras oa thoh ak iumoh, kh judk bamard umd shjeaodoqua cumjehmd oa umd idmard errdjehmdk, qua axprasd umd pdrdoh-

gd idyhr phr judmth idyhr oasdrrhkkh oa kd jeamjed y kd tajmhkh-bd hrebemdm umd idyhr phfrazd y axpkhtdjem bamardk pdrd kd`uidmeodo. Astd pdrdohgd sa `dja jhmtrdstdfka oa chrid aipre-jd y tarejd jhm kd dpkejdjem oa kd eoahkhbd oak mahkefardkesih d

kds rakdjehmas ajhmiejds y phktejds emtarmdjehmdkas phr kd jui-fra oa phoar oa Astdohs Qmeohs y sus dkedohs y hrbdmezdjehmasajhmiejds emtarmdjehmdkas.

Kd tahrd oa kd akajjem rdjehmdk jhmstetuya umd chrid oaraoujjehmesih ajhmhiejestd oa thod djjem phktejd emoeveoudk yoa bruph, jamtrdod am kd kbejd oa kd ajhmhid furbuasd, qua saaxprasd am ak supuasth oa qua kds djjehmas uidmds emoeveoudkasjhmseoardods kds is eiphrtdmtas astm cumodiamtdods amemtars oa fusjdr kd ixeid utekeodo ajhmiejd, drbuiamtdmohds qua kds djteveodoas y rakdjehmas amtra kds parshmds am kd shjea-odo astm iaoedods phr astd rdzm emstruiamtdk qua serva oa cum-odiamth d kd kbejd oa kd djjem jhkajtevd.

Astd kbejd as axprasem oa kd prhped setudjem oak emoeveouhdthiezdoh am kd shjeaodo jdpetdkestd, qua hfkebd d khs jeuodod-mhs d kuj`dr shkh pdrd dkjdmzdr khs iaoehs majasdrehs pdrd kd veod,jhmoejehmdoh phr kds rakdjehmas ihmatdreh-iarjdmtekas y ak iar-jdoh, ohmoa kd kay oak vdkhr y ak oemarh jhmstetuyam kd cuamta oa

thoh vdkhr. Kd kbejd oa kd djjem jhkajtevd amjuamtrd su raca-ramta am kd prhped radkeodo oa kd shjeaodo furbuasd, phr judmthkd axpkejdjem qua od oak jhiphrtdieamth y djjem oa khs emoe-veouhs, bruphs a emstetujehmas am kds rakdjehmas phktejds phsaa


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: agaipkhs oa bruphs qua kuj`dm phremtarasas phktejhs y shjedkas jhiumas sa puaoam eoamtecejdr jhmkhs bruphs pdjecestds, ajhkhbestds, khs judkas fusjdm kd ebudkodordjedk> rakebehshs y khs iekkhmas oa emiebrdmtas emohjuiamtdohs

qua vevam am Astdohs Qmeohs.Htrhs oa khs emjamtevhs qua sa dmdkezdm am kd hfrd shm kd jamsu-rd, h emjkush ak hstrdjesih, dpkejdohs d queamas mh jhipdrtam kdshfkebdjehmas oa kd djjem jhkajtevd, yd qua am kd shjeaodo ihoar-md, ak jhmcemdieamth am shkaodo as, oaspus oa kd emcrajuamta pamdoa iuarta, ak jdstebh kabdk is brdva.

Qmh oa khs rdzhmdieamths qua sa radkezdm am ak trdfdgh oa Hkshmdjarjd oa khs emjamtevhs sakajtevhs y su keietdjem judmoh sa quea-rdm dpkejdr d khs bruphs h jdtabhrds qua sa famacejedrm oa um feamjhkajtevh, as ak rakdtevh d judmoh ak bruph as `atarhbmah. Kd hf-sarvdjem jhteoedmd ravak qua kd idyhrd oa khs bruphs shjedkiamtaemtardjtevhs shm fdstdmta `hihbmahs, y qua iuj`ds parshmdsra`sdm amtdfkdr umd emtardjjem shjedk dipked jhm khs sugaths dqueamas dtrefuyam um stdtus emcarehr h umhs busths iuy oecaramtas.

Htrh prhfkaid qua sa pkdmtad pdrd hrbdmezdr y idmtamar bruphsshjedkiamta `atarhbmahs as qua pdraja iamhs prhfdfka qua asthssa phmbdm oa djuaroh djarjd oa kd mdturdkazd axdjtd oak feam jh-

kajtevh oak judk sa trdta, h shfra qu jdmteodo vdka kd pamd doquerer.Am htrd pdrta oak dmkeses qua dja Hkshm am su hfrd, asta sadkd

kds rdzhmas qua `djam qua khs jeuododmhs mhrtadiarejdmhs jhm-varteohs am vhtdmtas tpejhs, jdod od prastam iamhs emtars phr


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jhmhjar khs dsumths pfkejhs y sa jhmveartdm am rdjehmdkiamtaebmhrdmtas, phr judmth kd kbejd oa kd prhfdfekeodo `dja qua akvhtdmta tpejh jhmseoara qua su pash am qua sa prhouzjd um jdi-feh am ak rasuktdoh oa kd akajjem as paquah. Jhm crajuamjed kd

emchridjem djarjd oa khs dsumths pfkejhs rasuktd tdm emtarasdmtah amtratameod qua vdka kd pamd rajeferkd mejdiamta phr ash. Asthpdraja sar kd cuamta is eiphrtdmta oa axjapjehmas d kd bamardke-zdjem sabm kd judk khs jeuododmhs tpejhs shm rdjehmdkiamta eb-mhrdmtas oa khs dsumths pfkejhs.

\hr htrd pdrta, khs emoeveouhs qua agarjam jeartds djteveodoasaspajcejds puaoam rajefer umd rajhipamsd iuy jhmseoardfka amfeamas prevdohs, se doquearam um rajhmhjeieamth axjapjehmdk oa

khs feamas pfkejhs. Khs phktejhs, khs emtabrdmtas oa khs bruphs oaprasem, khs parehoestds y jeamtcejhs shjedkas, phr agaipkh, pua-oam bdmdr is oemarh, phoar h prastebeh brdjeds d su jhmhjeieam-th oa tdk h judk dsumth pfkejh. Am dkbumd hjdsem, um jhmhjeieamthaxjapjehmdk oa kd phktejd oa kd doiemestrdjem pfkejd bamardjudmtehshs famacejehs d trdvs oa kd fhksd oa vdkhras h oa htrhsiarjdohs. Dk iesih teaiph ak jeuododmh tpejh sa amjuamtrd jhmqua su ramtd y sus phsefekeodoas vetdkas mh iaghrdrm oafeoh d um

iatejukhsh astuoeh oa kds juastehmas pfkejds h oa dkbm feam jh-kajtevh am pdrtejukdr.D su vaz, ak keietdoh jhmhjeieamth oa khs dsumths pfkejhs as

um cdjthr majasdreh pdrd axpkejdr kd acejdjed oa khs bruphs oa pra-sem. Ze thohs khs jeuododmhs `ufeasam hftameoh y dseiekdoh kd emchr-idjem partemamta, mh khs emckuerd kd pufkejeodo u htrhs iaoehs oaparsudsem. Jhm jeuododmhs parcajtdiamta emchridohs, khs jdr-bhs bufarmdiamtdkas akajtevhs mh astdrdm shiateohs d khs `dkdbhsoa khs emtabrdmtas oa khs bruphs oa prasem, yd qua khs vhtdmtassdfrdm jumoh sa trdejehmdm sus emtarasas, y am kd akajjem se-bueamta, ak raprasamtdmta emceak rasuktdr oarrhtdoh.

Am su rdzhmdieamth, Hkshm radkezd umd jrtejd d khs iaoehs oaoecusem idsevd phr tarbevarsdr kd radkeodo phktejd oa AstdohsQmeohs, y khs dja rasphmsdfkas oa umd fuamd pdrta oa kd ebmhrdm-jed oa khs jeuododmhs am judmth d khs dsumths pfkejhs y kd bastemoa khs bhfarmdmtas emckueod phr khs bruphs oa prasem.

Qmh oa khs akaiamths asamjedkas qua emjhrphrd d kds jeamjeds

phktejds kd tahrd oa kd akajjem rdjehmdk as ak emoeveoudkesihiathohkbejh qua pratamoa axpkejdr, d pdrter oa djjehmas y ihte-vdjehmas emoeveoudkas, khs camiamhs oa jdrjtar jhkajtevh y oas-tdjd kd eiphrtdmjed oa kds djjehmas h akajjehmas emoeveoudkas


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:?

ùyamoh oa judkquear oatariemesih oa teph astrujturdk qua pra-ohiemd am ak amchqua shjehkbejh (prhpeh oa kd tahrd jhmoujtestd).

_rdtd oa axpkejdr, oa idmard bamardk, qua kds djjehmas emoeve-oudkas rasphmoam dk jksejh jretareh ajhmiejh oa kd idxeiezdjem

oa kd utekeodo. Zus supuasths iathohkbejhs shm eiphrtdohs oa kdajhmhid d khs judkas sa doejehmdm khs premjepdkas jhiphmamtasoa kd tahrd phktejd oa kd akajjem rdjehmdk. Oastdjd khs akaiamthsjhih khs emjamtevhs sakajtevhs qua axpkejdm kd djjem oa khs bru-phs oa chrid pdrdogejd jhm raspajth d khs emtarasas y ihtevdjeh-mas oa khs emoeveouhs partamajeamtas d oej`hs bruphs. Astd tahrdas oa kds is djtudkas am jeamjed phktejd y jhaxesta jhm kd tahrdoa amchqua shjehkbejh am ak pamsdieamth hjjeoamtdk.

Fefkehbrdcd

J@DIFAVKEM, G. (452?)7 Kajturd oa tahrd phktejd phsetevd, amDiarejdm \hketejdk Zjeamja Vaveaw,vhk. 30.

OHRMZ, DM_@HMU (452:)7 _ahrd ajhmiejd oa kd djjem phktejdam umd oaihjrdjed, @hhpar Vdw, Maw Uhrn, 4512 (trdoujeoh

dk aspdhk, Aoethredk Dbuekdr, Idoreo, 452:).@DVOEM, V. (4506)7 Jhkkajteva Djtehm,_à Gh`ms @hpnems Qmevarsety\rass.

HKZHM, IDMJQV(4531)7Kd kbejd oa kd djjem jhkajtevd,@drvdroQmevarsety \rass.

(4503)7Duba y oajkeva oa kds mdjehmas,Aoethredk Dreak Z.D.,Fdrjakhmd.

(4556)7 Oeaz taxths fsejhs oa jeamjed phktejd,AoethredkDreak Z.D., Fdrjakhmd.

ZJ@AKKEMB, _.J. (4554)7 Iejrhihtevas dmo Idjrhfa`dvehr,R7R7Mhrthm, Maw Uhrn-Khmohm, 4520 (trdoujeoh dk aspdhk am Chmohoa Jukturd Ajhmiejd, Ixejh, 4554).

_DUKHV, I. (4520)7 _à \hssefekety hc Jhhpardtehm, JdifreobaQmevarsety \rass.


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:

KD _AHVD OA KD DJJEMOA @DMMD@ DVAMO_

IDV_@DI. \VAWBIAW

Mdje am @dmmhvar am 45


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Am su hfrd sa va kd ùakkd oa @aeoabbar am7 kd rakdjem oa khsjhmjapths jhm kd axpareamjed, kd eiphrtdmjed oak kambudga, su em-tarpratdjem oa kd djjem jhih ravakdjem oak sugath y kdèsthrejeodo oak sar> y kd ùakkd oa Gdspar am7 kd taiphrdkeodo, kd

rupturd amtra kd axestamjed y ak pamsdieamth, y kds jhmsajuamjedsmabdtevds oak oasdrrhkkh oa kd tjmejd pdrd ak `hifra.

Dk sabumoh djhmtajeieamth sa ka mhifrd Z`hjn oa kd radkeodo, akjudk jhmstetuya kd jhmshkeodjem oak ihveieamth mdjehmdk-shjed-kestd y ak surbeieamth oak thtdketdresih qua iarjao dk tarrhr y kdeoahkhbd `djam jrestdkezdr umd muavd chrid oa bhfearmh y ohie-mdjem jhih um àj`h astdfkajeoh qua mh sa puaoa dpraàmoariaoedmta kds jdtabhrds dfetudkas oak pamsdieamth phktejh, rhi-

peamoh kd jhmtemueodo oa kd èsthred oa Hjjeoamta. Mh phoaihshkveodr qua akkd iesid cua vjteid oa astd chrid oa ohiemdjem,tameamoh qua aiebrdr phr su hrebam guoh.

Am 45::, dk jhmhjar qua su mhifra y ak oa su preiar asphshastdfdm am idmhs oa kd BAZ_D\H, aiebrd d \drs ohmoa astm`dstd kd jdod oa kd jeuodo am idmhs oak mdzesih dkaim, raai-pramoeamoh ak jdiemh oak axekeh, d`hrd `djed Maw Uhrn, am Astd-ohs Qmeohs, ohmoa sa rdoej oacemetevdiamta, dumqua am dhs

phstarehras vedg am vdreds hjdsehmas d Aurhpd.As am Astdohs Qmeohs ohmoa oasdrrhkkd umd emtamsd djteveodopfkejd y tarejd idmecastmohsa am7 Oerebe kd Jhmcaramjed shfra Vakdjehmas Guods (45??-?3). Oerebe kd Gawesj` Jukturdk Vajhmstrujjem Emj. Cua jdtaortejd oa kd Qmevarseodo oa Jèjdbh, eipdrte jhm-

caramjeds am kds umevarseodoas oa Jhkuifed, \remjathm yFarnakay.

Dkbumhs oa sus kefrhs prhvhjdrhm phkiejds.Kd ojdod oak jemjuamtd as kd is crujtcard, am akkd asjrefasus hfrds is eiphrtdmtas7 Khs hrbamas oak thtdketdresih(4514). Kd jhmoejem ùidmd(4510). Amtra ak pdsdoh y ak cuturh(4534).

_difem phoaihs jetdr7 Aejìdm am Garusdkm (453:).

Zhfra kd ravhkujem(453:). Jreses oa kd Vapfkejd(452:). Kd veod oak Aspretu(4520) cua pufkejdod pstuidiamta. Tu as kd phktejd8,rajhpekdjem oa drtjukhs (4552).


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Za ka jhmseoard jhih kd preiard pamsdohrd phktejd, am ak ium-oh dmbkhsdgm, am dpkejdr ak ithoh camhiamhkbejh d kd jhipram-sem oa kd phktejd.

Dk trdtdr oa jkdsecejdr su hfrd rasuktd oecjek, puas ... am ak

chmoh oa kd idyhrd oa sus rackaxehmas kh qua oasjufreihs shmsujasevhs emtamths phr rapamsdr kd tamsem amtra ak pamsdieamthy kd djjem, sem rajdar am kd oedkjtejd me prajepetdrsa `djed umcjek prdbidtesih... jhsd qua jhmvearta su hfrd am um kubdr var-odoardiamta emjihoh...6dk ihvarsa amtra kh radjjehmdreh y khravhkujehmdreh, amtra ak mahdresthtakesih y ak ndmtesih, h amtrakh jhmsarvdohr y kh rdoejdk. Oa àj`h su hfrd ast idrjdod phrsu jhmoejem oa axekedod, su pamsdieamth jdraja tdifem oa umd

tearrd cjekiamta rajhmhjefka.As jretejdod y juastehmdod phr iuj`hs tarejhs phktejhs shfrathoh phr su dmkeses èstrejh oak camiamh oak thtdketdresih,aspajcejdiamta phr su ajudjem amtra mdzesih y astdkemesih, phrsu tases (453:) oa kd trevedkeodo oak idk am muastrh sebkh y akdmkeses oak kubdr qua hjupdrd Idrx am kd trdoejem oa kd cekhshcdphktejd. Iuara am Astdohs Qmeohs am 4521.

Am su hfrd idourd sa od d kd tdrad oa trdtdr oa shkujehmdr khs

prhfkaids mh rasuakths oa kd aodo ihoarmd y oak iumoh ihoar-mh> kd preiard vd oasoa ak sebkh PSEE`dstd kd preiard ojdod oaksebkh PPy kd sabumod jhieamzd jhm kds preiards axpkhsehmas dt-iejds `dstd muastrhs ods. Oej`d oevesem ... surba jhm kds jeam-jeds mdturdkas am ak sebkh PSEE, kkabd d su jkidx phktejh am kdsravhkujehmas oak sebkh PSEEEy oaspkeabd sus raparjusehmas bamard-kas oaspus oa kd Vavhkujem Emoustredk oak sebkh PEPy ak iumohoak sebkh PP, qua kkab d kd axestamjed d trdvs oa kd jdoamd oajdtstrhcas phr kd preiard Buarrd Iumoedk.:Zabm akkd asths prh-fkaids surbam judmoh khs pamsdohras parjefam um iumoh emvdoe-oh phr àj`hs a emjarteouifras qua su trdoejem oa pamsdieamthphktejh ard emjdpdz oa amcramtdr.

Seveihs am um iumoh am qua ak prhpeh jdifeh sa `d jhmvarte-oh am dkbh tdm hfveh qua jhrraihs ak reasbh oa hkveodr emjkush quas kh qua `d jdifedoh....?

Zu prhped axpareamjed am ak amcramtdieamth d kh muavh kd kkavd dum jhmstdmta emtamth oa trdoujer am ak kambudga oa kd axpareamjed

6 Dramot, @.7 Tu as kd phktejd8,p. :0.:Dramot, @.7 Amtra ak pdsdoh y ak cuturh,p. ::.?Dramot, @.7 Tu as kd phktejd8, p. :2.


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ak frutdk j`hqua oak `hifra ihoarmh jhm khs àj`hs, dmta su ma-jaseodo ... oa avetdr qua kd radkeodo oavambd hpdjd dk pamsdieam-th...1mh dja is qua ... sujasevhs emtamths phr rapamsdr kd tamsemamtra ak pamsdieamth y kd djjem, sem rajdar am kd oedkjtejd me pra-

jepetdrsa `djed um cjek prdbidtesih....3... jhm sus axpareiam-ths oa pamsdieamth, radkezdohs d iamuoh am rabestrhs oevarshs ymh seaipra axethshs, hcraja raoas jhmjaptudkas qua ka parietamrathrmdr d kds prabumtds y trdtdr oa oajer y oa jhipramoar ak iumohihoarmh, um iumoh am ak qua kds eoads is jhimiamta djaptd-ods sa dm vesth dtdjdods, racutdods, shrpramoeods y oesuaktds phrkhs àj`hs.2

_ahrd oa kd djjem

Kd djjem as ak jamtrh oa su pamsdieamth phktejh, parh pdrd jhi-pramoarkd as majasdreh jhmhjar pravediamta dkbumhs oa khs jhm-japths qua jhmchridm oej`d tahrd. Jhmjapths jhih7 kdfhr,trdfdgh, ascard prevdod y ascard pfkejd, iumoh, mdtdkeodo ypkurdkeodo, amtra htrhs.

Jhiamzdraihs axpkejdmoh qua pdrd @. Dramot kd veod djtevdteama tras djteveodoas jamtrdkas7 kd kdfhr, ak trdfdgh y kd djjem,qua sa oecaramjedm amtra s, jdrdjtarezdmoh kd kdfhr y ak trdfdgh oakd sebueamta chrid7

Kd kdfhr7ast kebdod d kd majaseodo, dk jejkh oa rapatejem oa kdmdturdkazd, ohmoa sa prhouja kh majasdreh pdrd idmtamar vevh dkhrbdmesih uidmh y d kd aspajea> sus prhoujths astm oastemdohs dsar oakDmeidk kdfhrdms,oa kd jhmoejem ùidmd kd veod iesid.

Ak trdfdgh7kd cdfrejdjem iuktepkejd dkbh qua yd teama axestam-jed> prhouja kd vdreaodo emdbhtdfka oa jhsds qua chridm ak iumoham qua veveihs> sus rasuktdohs shm pdrd sar usdohs, mh jhmsuie-ohs> shm astdfkas y ourdoarhs, kh qua `dja phsefka kd hfgateveodo>kd jhsd cdfrejdod as um prhoujth cemdk, as shkh um iaoeh pdrdprhoujer tdk cem> kd cdfrejdjem y ak ush shm ohs prhjashs oecaram-tas. Kd cdfrejdjem teama um jhieamzh oacemeoh y um cem oatarie-mdoh praoajefka> as prhyajtdfka, prhoujtevd> `dy seaipra

1 Efoai, p. 41.3 Efoai, p. :0.2 Efoai, p. :5.


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akaiamths oa vehkamjed, djteveodo uteketdred phr su mdturdkazd> saoasdrrhkkd am kd ascard prevdod, prhped oak @hih cdfar,oa kd jhm-oejem ùidmd, kd iumodmeodo.

Zu oecaramjedjem amtra kdfhr y trdfdgh as ak mjkah oa kd jrte-

jd qua `dja d Idrx, kd oa mh oecaramjedr difds djteveodoas, puasasta, sabm Dramot, jhmseoard thod kdfhr jhih trdfdgh, akavmohkdd kd is dktd djteveodo uidmd> kh qua sabm akkd kh kkavd d amtam-oar kd phktejd jhih ohiemdjem y vehkamjed ebudk qua ak trdfdghohiemd kd mdturdkazd. Dumqua astd jrtejd ohmoa is kd oasdrrh-kkd as am su kefrh Kd jhmoejem ùidmd, am htrhs jhih Amtra ak

pdsdoh y ak cuturh`dja racaramjed tdifem d asta dsumth....Ak trdfdgh jra dk hifra sebmecejd, preiarh, qua ak trdfdgh

y mh Oehs jra dk `hifra> sabumoh, sebmecejd qua ak `hifra, am kdiaoeod am qua as ùidmh, sa jrad d s iesih, qua su ùidmeodoas ak rasuktdoh oa su prhped djteveodo> tarjarh, sebmecejd qua khqua oestembua dk `hifra oak dmeidk, su oecaramjed aspajcejd, mhas kd rdzm semh ak trdfdgh, qua mh as um dmeidk rdtehmdkasemh umdmeidk kdfhrdms>judrth, sebmecejd qua mh as kd rdzm, dstd amthm-jas ak dtrefuth ixeih oak `hifra, semh ak trdfdgh, kd djteveodoùidmd trdoejehmdkiamta is oasprajedod, kh qua jhmteama kd

ùidmeodo oak `hifra. Oa ihoh qua Idrx oasdcd dk oehs trdoe-jehmdk, kd trdoejehmdk dprajedjem oak trdfdgh y kd bkhrecejdjem trd-oejehmdk oa kd rdzm.0

As jearth qua ak phstukdoh idrxestd Ak trdfdgh jra dk `hi-fra as um oasdch dk oehs trdoejehmdk, d kd dprajedjem oak trdfdghy d kd bkhrecejdjem trdoejehmdk oa kd rdzm phrqua rhipa jhm thohak pamsdieamth cekhscejh dmtarehr dk oaihstrdr qua ak trdfdgh prh-oujtevh oak `hifra mh as shkh um djth oa iaoedjem amtra ak `hi-fra y kd mdturdkazd, oasaipad tdifem umd cumjem oa iaoedjemshjedk. Jhih axpkejdrd ak iesih Jdrkhs Idrx7 ... ak `hifra ies-ih sa oecaramjed oa khs dmeidkas d pdrter oak ihiamth am qua ai-peazd d prhoujer sus iaoehs oa veod ...Y Dk prhoujer sus iaoehs oaveod, ak hifra prhouja emoerajtdiamta su prhped veod idtaredk.5

... Kd hrbdmezdjem shjedk y ak astdoh frhtdm jhmstdmtaiamta oakprhjash oa veod oa oatariemdohs emoeveouhs> parh oa asths emoeve-ouhs, mh jhih puaodm prasamtdrsa dmta kd eidbemdjem prhped hdgamd, semh tdk y jhih radkiamta shm> as oajer, tdk jhih djtdm y

0 Dramot, @.7 Amtra ak pdsdoh y ak cuturh,p. 62.5 Idrx, Jdrkhs7Kd eoahkhbd dkaidmd,p. 45.


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?6?puas astd as umd jd-rdjtarstejd oa kd jhmoejem ùidmd, qua eipkejd umd oecaramjedfsejd oa kd djjem raspajth d kd kdfhr y ak trdfdgh, puas asthspuaoam djarsa am shketdreh ieamtrds qua kd djjem raqueara oa kdprasamjed oa khs htrhs ... teama qua var jhm oestemjem, teama quavar jhm kh qua sa iuastrd d trdvs oa kd djjem y oak oesjursh ...YAm kd iaoeod qua pkurdkeodo sebmecejd oestemjem, as phsefka kd ra-vakdjem am ak iaoeh pfkejh oa kd emoeveoudkeodo oa jdod umh,

oa kd eoamteodo....61

Zem kd oestemjem mh as phsefka ak oesjursh yiuj`h iamhs kd djjem, puas as kd oecaramjed amtra khs `hifraskh qua `dja majasdred kd jradjem oa emstetujehmas phktejds pdrdkkabdr d sar ebudkas sem raoujer kh oevarsh d kh eomtejh a emvdred-fka y asth shkh sa khbrd am ak djth phktejh dk duthrezdr kd phsefeke-odo oa kds pdkdfrds y kds djjehmas> phr tdmth, prasarvdr kd oestemjemam ak jursh oa kd djjem eipkejd raj`dzdr ak astdfkajeieamth oaeoamteodoas jhkajtevds qua pdrd Dramot shm dphktejds

Djtudr pdrd khs breabhs as ... radkezdr y kkavdr d cem kh aipazdoh ...Y(y pdrd Zdm Dbustm) ^...Y ak `hifra iesih as um jhieamzh, um eme-jeh....63Kd djjem as um ohm pdrtejukdr oa khs `hifras y asths ... amkd iaoeod am qua puaoam djtudr, shm jdpdjas oa kkavdr d jdfh kheiprhfdfka a eipravesefka y oa kkavdrkh d jdfh jhmtemudiamta,kh sapdm h mh....62Kd djjem ùidmd, jhih thohs khs camiamhsastrejtdiamta phktejhs, ast kebdod d kd pkurdkeodo ùidmd, qua asumd oa kds jhmoejehmas cumodiamtdkas oa kd veod oa khs `hifras,`dstd ak pumth am qua oasjdmsd shfra ak aj`h oak mdjeieamth, phr akqua ak iumoh ùidmh sa va emvdoeoh sem jasdr phr axtrdhs, rajemkkabdohs juyds djjehmas y radjjehmas mh puaoam pravar khs qua as-tm am k y vdm d oagdrkh dk jdfh oa phjh teaiph....60

Doais oa kd mdtdkeodo y kd pkurdkeodo, tdifem as eiphrtdmtakd djjem y kd pdkdfrd, phrqua as brdjeds d astds qua ak iumoh saravakd jhih um aspdjeh `dfetdfka ohmoa as phsefka kd veod am su

6?

Efoai, p. 64.61 Efoai, p. 6


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samteoh mh fehkbejh> jhm akkd mhs emsartdihs am um iumoh ohmoayd astm htrhs, phr kh qua as eiphrtdmta kd jdtabhrd mdtdkeodo>jdod djjem oafa jhmtamar kd raspuastd d kd prabumtd aj`d d thohrajem kkabdoh7 quem aras t8

Kd djjem sa trdmschrid am phktejd judmoh vd djhipddod oakd pdkdfrd, oak oesjursh, shkh dfkdmoh sa puaoa jhipramoar oas-oa thods kds phsejehmas jih as ak iumoh am radkeodo> ... kd dj-jem sem oesjursh yd mh sard djjem phrqua yd mh `dfrd djthr, yasta, ak dbamta oa khs `aj`hs, skh as phsefka se dk iesih teaiphprhmumjed pdkdfrds.65

D pasdr oa qua djjem y pdkdfrd astm iuy rakdjehmdods mh shmkh iesih> kd preiard teama dcemeodo jhm mdtdkeodo y ak sabumoh

jhm oestemjem, ravakd kd sembukdreodo oak sugath, su eoamteodo, khqua eipkejd qua oej`d eoamteodo shkh teama kubdr am kd ascard p-fkejd, as oajer, am um aspdjeh oa dpdreamjed. Jhemjeoa jhm @aeoabbaram qua sar y dpdreamjed shm jhemjeoamtas, puas dpdrajam am pfke-jh am kd radkeodo iesid. Am astds mh teamam jdfeod khs akaiamthsemstruiamtdkas, puas su ush eipkejdrd jhmvarterkhs am vehkamjed,me khs akaiamths shjedkas y ihrdkas qua oastruerdm kd iesid md-turdkazd oa kd djjem.

... D kd djjem ka as pajukedr phmar am idrj`d prhjashs juyhduthidtesih pdraja iuy seiekdr dk oa khs prhjashs mdturdkas, y kaas pajukedr samtdr um muavh jhieamzh, aipazdr dkbh muavh, th-idr kd emejedtevd h, dfkdmoh ndmtedmdiamta, jhiamzdr phr s ies-ih umd jdoamd. Ak iekdbrh oa kd kefartdo ydja am asta phoarjhiamzdr ^...Y qua d su vaz astrefd am akcdjtuioa qua thoh `hi-fra am judmth phr mdjeieamth veama dk iumoh qua yd astdfddmtas y jhmtemudr oaspus as k iesih um muavh jhieamzh.: as oajer, quaast ohtdoh oa jeartd vdkeoaz aspajcejd qua gdis as umevarsdk.Zus dkabdths oa vdkeoaz mumjd puaoam axtamoarsa is dkk oa khshtrhs am juyh kubdr sa `d puasth kd parshmd qua guzbd pdrd pkdm-tadr sus jhmseoardjehmas.2:

Kd jdpdjeodo oak guejeh as umd dfekeodo phktejd aspajcejd amak prhpeh samteoh oamhtdoh phr Ndmt, as oajer, jhih dfekeodo pdrdvar jhsds mh skh oasoa ak pumth oa vestd parshmdk semh tdifemoasoa kd parspajtevd oa thohs khs qua astm prasamtas> emjkush asa

guejeh puaoa sar umd oa kds `dfekeodoas cumodiamtdkas oak `hi-fra jhih sar phktejh, am kd iaoeod am qua ka parieta hreamtdrsaam ak ifeth pfkejh, am ak iumoh jhim ^...Y Kd oak guejeh as umddjteveodo eiphrtdmta, se mh kd is eiphrtdmta, am kd qua sa prhou-ja asta jhipdrter-ak-iumoh-jhm-khs-oais.2?

24 Efoai, p. 1?.26 Efoai, p. 11.2: Dramot, @.7 Amtra ak pdsdoh y ak cuturh,p. 6:6.2? Efoai, p. 6::.


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Kd duthreodo y kds oecaramtas chrids oa bhfearmhs

Kd duthreodo seaipra oaidmod hfaoeamjed y phr asta ihtevh as jh-rreamta qua sa kd jhmcumod jhm jeartd chrid oak phoar h oa vehkamjed.

Mh hfstdmta, axjkuya ak ush oa iaoehs axtarmhs oa jhdjjem7 sa usd kdcuarzd judmoh kd duthreodo crdjdsd. \hr htrd pdrta, duthreodo y par-sudsem shm emjhipdtefkas, phrqua kd sabumod prasuphma kd ebudk-odo y hpard d trdvs oa um prhjash oa drbuiamtdjem. Judmoh sautekezd drbuiamths, kd duthreodo paridmaja am setudjem kdtamta.Dmta ak hroam ebudketdreh oa kd parsudsem sa dkzd ak hroam duthre-tdreh, qua seaipra as garrquejh. Ze dy qua oacemerkd, kd duthreodosa oecaramjed tdmth oa kd jhdjjem phr kd cuarzd jhih oa kd parsud-

sem phr drbuiamths....21

Kd duthrd dk racarersa dk vhjdfkh y jhmjapth duthreodorajhmhjasu hrebam rhidmh, asta sa oecaramjed tdmth oa kd jhdjjem phr kdcuarzd jhih oa kd parsudsem phr drbuiamths> sabm \kdtm d oasar dquakkh qua jhiprhiatd sem usdr kd vehkamjed, as oajer, ak iethoa rajhipamsds y jdstebhs am ak is dkk. Dresttakas radkezd aksabumoh emtamth astdfkajeamoh kd duthreodo am triemhs oa bhfar-mdmtas y bhfarmdohs seamoh ... ak preiarh qua astdfkaje kd oeca-

ramjed ^...Y amtra ak veagh y ak ghvam, oastem d khs umhs d sar bhfar-mdohs y d khs htrhs d bhfarmdr>23parh astd rakdjem as am asamjedaoujdtevd. Am triemhs phktejhs kd duthreodo puaoa doquererum jdrjtar aoujdjehmdk skh se prasuieihs jhm khs rhidmhs qua,am thods kds jerjumstdmjeds, muastrhs dmtapdsdohs raprasamtdm umagaipkh oa brdmoazd pdrd thod bamardjem phstarehr....22

Khs ascuarzhs oa kd cekhshcd breabd am kd fsquaod oa um jhm-japth oa duthreodo jhmtemd axphmeamoh kd duthrd cuarhm em-crujtuhshs, puas ... am ak jdiph oa kd veod phktejd breabd mh dfdjhmjeamjed oa umd duthreodo fdsdod am kd axpareamjed phktejd em-iaoedtd ...Y (phr tdmth) ...Y kd pdutd pdrd jhipramoar ak jhmtameoh oakd duthreodo sdkearhm oa axpareamjeds mh phktejds, surbearhm oa kdascard oak `djar y oa kds drtas....20

\drd kd phktejd rhidmd, ak jhiprhiesh phktejh sebmecejd kd jus-thoed oa kd cumodjem oa kd jeuodo oa Vhid aj`dmoh rdjas varod-oards, ohmoa kd pdkdfrd pdtred oarevd thoh sebmecejdoh. \drd akkhs kd

21 Dramot, @.7 Amtra ak pdsdoh..., p. 4


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rakebem eipkejdfd astdr umeoh dk pdsdoh, dk kabamodreh ascuarzh oaphmar jeieamths, oa cumodr pdrd kd atarmeodo> phr kh qua kd djteve-odo rakebehsd y kd phktejd phodm jhmseoardrsa jdse eomtejds. As amasta jhmtaxth qua dpdraja ak jhmjapth oa duthreodo.

Ak sustdmtevh dujthretds oarevd oak varfh dubara,duiamtdr,y kh qua kd duthreodo h khs qua teamam duthreodo duiamtdm jhms-tdmtaiamta as kd cumodjem. Khs prhvesths oa duthreodo ardm khsdmjedmhs, ak Zamdoh h khs pdrtas, qua kd `dfdm hftameoh phr sudsjamoamjed y phr trdmsiesem (trdoejem) oa queamas dfdm cum-odoh thods kds jhsds phstarehras ...Y Kd duthreodo d oecaramjed oakphoar, tamd sus rdjas am ak pdsdoh....25

Khs qua teamam duthreodo mh teamam phoar. ... Kd duthreodo qua

serva oa fdsa dk duiamth fremodoh phr khs dmjedmhs raseoa amqua sa trdtd oa umd seipka hpemem, qua mh majasetd me kd chrid oaumd hroam me ak dpraieh axtarehr pdrd `djarsa hr....0 kds oevemeodoas duiamtdm y jhmceridm kdsdjjehmas ùidmds, parh mh kds budm....04

Kd tremeodo rhidmd oa rakebem, duthreodo y trdoejem pds umd

pruafd oajesevd judmoh ... kd Ebkased sa jhmverte am rhidmd ysa dodpt oa umd idmard tdm jhipkatd dk pamsdieamth rhidmham dsumths oa phktejd qua èzh oa kd iuarta y rasurrajjem oaJresth kd peaord cumodiamtdk oa umd muavd cumodjem...06

phketezmohsa kd Ebkased.As am kd Aodo Ihoarmd jhmtemd pkdmtadmoh Dramot qua

oasdpdraja astd tremeodo, preiarh cua kd proeod oa kd trdoejem yak oafeketdieamth oa kds jraamjeds rakebehsds emstetujehmdkezdodskd oajdoamjed oa kd duthreodo trdoejehmdk y rakebehsd iem kd du-threodo phktejd y jeartdiamta dmtejep su ruemd....0:

Sever am um jdiph phktejh sem duthreodo y sem kd jhmjeamjedpdrdkakd oa qua kd cuamta oa duthreodo trdsjeamoa dk phoar y khsqua astm am ak phoar, sebmecejd varsa amcramtdoh oa muavh ^...Yjhm khs prhfkaids akaiamtdkas oa kd jhmvevamjed ùidmd.0?

25 Efoai, p. 4::.0 `dbd kh qua`dbd asta jhmoujthr ^...Y kh `dja oasoa oamtrh y mh oasoa cuard me

oasoa drrefd....00

Kd èsthred y kd phktejd am phjd ihoarmd

Am kd esthrehbrdcd breabd axesta umd astraj`d jhmaxem amtra khsjhmjapths oa mdturdkazd a èsthred qua mh as oa hphsejem, juyhoamhiemdohr jhim as kd emihrtdkeodo qua kd mdturdkazd kd phsaa

sem ascuarzh me dsestamjed oa mdoea y qua khs ihrtdkas oafam trdtdroa khbrdr. ... Kd esthred rajefa am su rajuaroh d khs ihrtdkas qua dtrdvs oa aj`hs y pdkdfrds sa dm ihstrdoh oebmhs oa kd mdturdka-zd, y su chrid eiparajaoard sebmecejd qua d pasdr oa su jdrjtarihrtdk, puaoam sabuer am jhipdd oa kds jhsds parourdfkas.05

@hiarh (pdora oa kd èsthred) ard eipdrjedk judmoh jhmtdfd d kdvaz kds bastds oa trhydmhs y dquahs pdrd qua mh quaodrdm sem bkh-red kds prhazds oa difhs. Kd èsthred rajefa am su rajuaroh d khs

ihrtdkas qua d trdvs oa àj`hs y pdkdfrds sa `dm ihstrdoh oeb-mhs oa kd mdturdkazd, y su cdid eiparajaoard sebmecejd qua d pa-sdr oa su jdrjtar ihrtdk, puaoam sabuer am kd jhipdd oa kdsjhsds parourdfkas.5


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3 ak iumoh as ak qua pdsd, khs`hifras veverm atarmdiamta...>5:d asth sa dbrabd ak mcdses quaphmam d kd eiphrtdmjed oak oasemtars parshmdk7 ... Ak oasemtars

thodvd puaoa sar umd vertuo rakebehsd h ihrdk> parh dpamds sephod sar umd vertuo phktejd....5?

... kd esthred aiarbd jhih dkbh oestemth oa kh qua dmtas dfdseoh. Ud mh sa jhiphmd oa kds prhazds y sucreieamths oa khs hi-fras y yd mh mdrrdfd khs àj`hs qua dcajtdfdm d kds veods ùid-mds, semh qua sa jhmverte am um prhjash radkezdoh phr khs `hifras, akmejh prhjash amvhkvamta oa kd thtdkeodo qua oafd su axestamjedaxjkusevdiamta d kd rdzd ùidmd.51As oajer, kd dtamjem sa oas-

pkdz oa kds djjehmas y prhazds d khs prhjashs jhmvertemohsa khspreiarhs am sufprhoujths jdse djjeoamtdkas jhmceremohsa d kdsajuamjed taiphrdk u

Fung Otros El Estado Del Arte de La Ciencia Politica

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