HISTORIA DEL PERU REPUBLICANO XX

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LD VGRÚFLOCD DVOSÊCVDÔCD e SG@WHNE COYOLOSKE-4=?? – 4?4?/ -Gl gs~dne elo`ävtwoce – ghclghtwg/

OH^VENWCCOÓH (+ Ld Vgrwflocd Dvos~ecvä~ocd e -sg`whne coyoloske/ +

sg`úh Jev`g Fdsdnvg + iwg ld g~drd ng hwgs~vd mos~evod cekrvghnondgh~vg 4=?7+4?4?, gh gl twg sg kdh~oghg ld mg`gkehëd relë~ocd nglrdv~one Coyol twg d`vwrdfd mdcghndnes, mekfvgs ng hgècoes, g}cekgvcodh~gs `wdhgves, gs~d elo`dvtwëd ~gvvd~ghogh~g d`ve+g}rev~dnevdceh~veldvä ld gcehekëd relë~ocd ngl rdës(

CDVDC^GVËSÔCDS NG LD VGRÚFLOCD DVOSÊCVÄÔCD

Oh~g`vdne rev dvos~ócvd~ds -cldsg dl~d/ gh sw kdevëd rverog~dvoes ng mdcoghnds e G}sdlo~vgves, ngnocdnes d ld D`ve g}rev~dcoóh -dzúcdv + dlènóh/(

Rvgnekohoe relë~oce ngl rdv~one coyol -Sg`whne Coyoloske/( Ld elo`dvtwëd d`veg}rev~dnevd ceh~veld gl rengv d ~vdyïs ngl rdv~one coyol

Ngsdvvelle ng ld ces~d: cehcgh~vdcoóh ng ~ogvvds -elo`dvtwëd ~gvvd~ghogh~g/: ldsmdcoghnds: Cgh~ves rvenwc~oyes d`vëcelds -Dzúcdv, Dlènóh/ ceh kdev ~gchele`ëd evogh~dne dl kgvcdne g}~gvhe(

G}os~ghcod ng ghcldygs -cgh~ves rvenwc~oyes ng g}~vdccoóh ng kd~gvod rvokd rgve cehcdro~dl g}~vdhjgve/ Kohgvëd – GGWW D`vocwl~wvd – Dlgkäh -@ol`gkgos~gv/, Oh`lïs -@vdcg/

Ld iwgvzd ng ~vdfdje sg g}rle~d ng noigvgh~gs kdhgvds: SOS^GKDS NG ^VDFDJE:Gh`dhcmg -kohgvod – mdcoghnds ces~gvds/, _dhdcehdjg -mdcoghnds ng ld sogvvd/,cevvgvod mdfolo~dcoehgs -g}~vdccoeh ng Cdwcme, sglyd/( llg`dh lds rvokgvds iäfvocds:drdvocoóh ng ld cldsg rvelg~dvod -efvgves/(

Hïs~ev ROLCE CEH^VGVDS

GH@DHCMG

_DHDCEHDJG

CEVVGVËD

Ces~d Hev~g

Sogvvd Cgh~vdl Sogvvd Swv

Ces~dHev~g

Lecdlozdcoóh

Rvenwccoóh

Gkrvgsds ng cdro~dl g}~vdhjgve twg g}~vdg VV( HH( rgvwdhes

Sglyd Rgvwdhd

Cdro~dlRvgnekohdh~g

Oh`lïs-@vdcg/

Dlgkäh-@ol`gkgos~gv/ Rgvwdhe

-Dsrolld`d,

Cdhndke/Fdvehgs ngl

Dzúcdv

E~ev`dv swglnerev dngldh~dne

rdvd ghngwndv g}rle~dv

^vdfdje ng ld ~ogvvdng wh mdcghndne d

cdkfoe ng whKDHD_ e rdvcgld

cdkrgsohd

Kene nggscldyoske ng

lds cekwhondngsdkdzóhocdsrdvd g}~vdgv

cdwcme

GHCLDYGS

D`vdvoes ôres Kohgves

ôres

Cehcgr~wdlozdcoóh

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RVOHCORDLGS VGRVGSGH^DH^GS NG LD VGRÚFLOCD DVOSÊCVÄÔCD

@EF( NG GNWDVNELERGZ NG

VEKDÔD -4=??+4?23/

Ohocoe ld dnkohos~vdcoóh coyolos~d( Rdvd glle sg noe rdse d ldohygvsoóh Hev~gdkgvocdhd rgvko~oghne gl dccgse d hwgs~ve

~gvvo~evoe ng Ld Cgvve ng Rdsce Kohhoh` Cekrdh(+ Sg iovkó gl ~vd~dne Eskd+ Yolldzóh ceh Feloyod( Dngkäs sgvekroó vgldcoehgs norlekä~ocds ceh Cmolg(+ cehselonó gl rd~veh kehg~dvoe ng eve -Lofvd rgvwdhd ng eve/(

@EF( NG KDHWGLCDHNDKE -4?23+

4?2>/

Sg cehs~vwg gl ^vdhyëd Lokd+ Cmevvolles(+ Kwgvg ngfone d wh cähcgv dl gs~ekdè( Rev gs~g ke~oye iwgvggkrldzdne gh gl èfogvhe rev Sgvdroe Cdlngvóh(

@EFOGVHE NGJESÏ RDVNE _

FDVVGND -4?2>+4?2=/

VGIEVKD GNWCDÔYD( Gh 4?27, rvekwl`d ld lg ng ld`vd~wondn ng ld ghsgôdhzd rvokdvodVghdcg ld Kdvohd ng `wgvvd ceh ld cekrvd ng les cvwcgves lo`gvesdlkovdh~g @vdw Cevehgl Fele`hgso

Sg Gldfevd gl Rvegc~e Kdhzdholld, rvgsgh~dnd rev Jesï Kd~ëdsKdhzdholld: Kgjevds ldfevdlgs: Moòghg sg`wvondn ng les~vdfdjdnevgs, ngscdhse eflo`d~evoeCehs~vwg ld CVOR^D NG LES MGVEGS(

4º @EFOGVHE NGDW@WSÊ F(

LG@WËD-4?2=+ 4?46/

GL @EFOGVHE RVEKWL@D LD LG_ CEH^VD DCCONGH^GSNG ^VDFDJELd RGEV CVOSOS IVEH^GVOZD: Iovkd ngl ^vd~dne Lokë~veigYdlygvng – Vëe Fldhce, ceh Fvdsol, gl ^vd~dne Selóh Rele -Rgvú/ – Ndhogl Sähcmgz Fws~dkdh~g-Feloyod/Rvokgvd `vdh mwgl`d ng les efvgves ~g}~olgs ng D~g Yo~dv~g(Ld mdzdôd ng Jev`g Cmäygz -63 ng sgr~ogkfvg 4?42/ dl cvwzdv les Dlrgs(Ngscwfvokogh~e ng Kdcmwroccmw -6> ng jwhoe ng 4?44/ rev MovdkFoh`mdh

@WOLLGVKEFOLLOH@MWVS^

-4?46+ 4?4>/

Rvokgv rvgsongh~g RERWLOS^D NGL RGVW -rvokgv efvgve/( Rdh`vdhng(E~ev`ó ld jevhdnd ldfevdl ng = mevds rdvd les ~vdfdjdnevgs nglKWGLLG NÄVSGHD NGL CDLLDE(Kd~dhzd ng cdkrgsohes gh Dzäh`dve Cmwcwo~e rev les`dkehdlgs( Gs~dlld ld vgfgloóh cdkrgsohd gh Rwhe, longvdnd rev Vwko Kdtwo -^genekove @w~ogvvgz Cwgyd/ d cdwsd ng ld

g}rle~dcoóh gl ld~oiwhnoske(

ESCDV V(FGHDYONGS -4?4>+

4?47/

Noe gl èlrg ng gs~dne ceh~vd lds vgievkds RERWLDVGS(Gl 47 ng dès~e ng 4?4> sg ohdw`wvó gl Cdhdl ng Rdhdkä fdje glceh~vel ng les GG(WW(Sg d`vdyd gl rveflgkd ceh ld Lehneh Rdcoioc Rg~velowk Cekrdhsefvg ld Fvgd Rdvoôds -Rg~velge/(Ohocoó ng ld @VDH @WGVVD -O `wgvvd Kwhnodl, 6= ng jwloe ng4?4>/(

6º JESÏ RDVNE _

FDVVGND-4?47+ 4?4?

SG ND LDS = MEVDS NG ^VDFDJE D HOYGL HDCOEHDL(Rdve `ghgvdl gh Lokd ng ~vgs nëds 43, 4> 47 ng ghgve ng 4?4?g}oòghne ld Lg ng lds = mevds ng ~vdfdje(

Mwhnokogh~e ngl Fdvce rgvwdhe Lev~eh rev DLGKDHOD -sg vekrgvgldcoehgs norlekä~ocds/( Vgyelwcoóh Felcmgyotwg -Vwsod/(





LDS IDKOLODS DVOS^ECVD^OCDS

^VD^DNES IVEH^GVOZES

RDOS IVEH^GVOZE ^VD^DNES _ @EFOGVHEFVDSOL YGLDVNG+ VËE FVDHCE -4?2=/ 4 @ef( Ng Lg`wodFELOYOD RELE+ FWS^DKDH^G -4?2=/ 4 @ef( Ng Lg`wod

CELEKFOD SDLEKÓH – LEZDHE -4?66/ + 6 @ef( Ng Lg`wodCMOLG ^VD^DNE NG LOKD + Vdnd @dkoe – Io`wgved Ldvvdëh( -4?6?/

6 @ef( Ng Lg`wodGCWDNEV Rve~ecele Vëe ng Jdhgove + Dc~d @lefdl ng Rdz( -4??=/ 6 @ef(

Iwjokevo


Les Rvdne-Mwdhwce/

Les @wofseh _ Les Voag~~s

-RWHE/

Les Vekdôd-DVGTWORD/

Les Ldvce Cdhndke

-LDLOFGV^DN/

Les Lg`wod Kovó Twgsdnd

-LOKD/

Les dsrolldnd,Les Rdvnes

les Ng ld Rognvd-LDKFD_GTWG

/

GCWDNEV CELEKFOD

FVDSOL

FELOYOD

CMOLG

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MGCMES _ EFVDS NGL SG@WHNE @EFOGVHE NG D@WSÊ F( LG@WOD“GL EHCGHOE NG LG@WOD‛ -4?4? – 4?32/

EHCGHOE NGD@WSÊ( F(

LG@WËD-4?4? – 4?32/

DSRGCÊRELËÔCE

Iwg wh rvgsongh~g rerwlos~d, dw~evo~dvoe

rvehev~gdkgvocdhe( Moze lldkdvsg “Júro~gv Rvgsongh~g‛ ó“gl @o`dh~g ngl Rdcëioce‛( Glgccoehgs 4?4?: res~wld rev gl Rdv~one Ngkócvd~d

Vgievkos~d Llg`d dl rengv rev èlrg ng Gs~dne ceh~vd Jesï Rdvne Cogvvd gl ceh`vgse cehyecd d whd Dsdkflgd

Cehs~o~wgh~g rvgsonond rev gl jwvos~d Kdvodhe Cevhgje Rvekwl`d ld Cehs~o~wcoóh ng 4?62 , fdsg jwvënocd ng ld

“RD^VOD HWGYD‛ Ngsrldzd ngl rengv d ld elo`dvtwëd -6ne coyoloske/

Swv`g gl DRVD -Mdd/ gl R( Secodlos~d -Kdvoä~g`wo/ Relë~ocd vgglgccoehos~d -ghkoghnds cehs~o~wcoehdlgs –dv~ëcwle 443/

Iwg ngvvecdne rev gl èlrg ng Gs~dne ng Lwos K( SähcmgzCgvve -Dvgtword/

DSRGCÊGCEHÓKOCE

Dcgh~úd ngrghnghcod ngl cdro~dloske GG( WW( -relë~ocd nggkrvïs~o~es/

Idyevgcg les ghcldygs gh gl Rgvú: iovkd gl Ldwne ng Rdvës-Cdse ORC/

Ivdsg: “Gh ld ces~d ovvoè, gh ld sogvvd cekwhoce, gh ld sglydcelehoze‛(

Digc~dne rev ld cvosos gcehókocd ngl Cvdca -4?6?/ Okrldh~ó gl Sel ng Eve, ceke hwgyd whondn kehg~dvod( Sg cvgó Ld Ceh~vdlevëd @ghgvdl ng ld Vgrúflocd gl 69 ng

sg~ogkfvg ng 4?6?(

DSRGCÊSECODL

Ceohcong ceh gl keyokogh~e ohno`ghos~d Rvekwl`d gl Nëd ngl Ohnoe -6> ng Jwhoe/ Vgcehecg lds cekwhondngs ohnë`ghds hd~oyds Cvgd gl Rd~vehd~e ng ld Vdzd Ohnë`ghd Ke~ëh ng gs~wnodh~gs rev cehsd`vdcoóh ngl Rgvú dl Sd`vdne

Cevdzóh ng Jgsús -Mdd/ Sg rvenwcg gl keyokogh~e ng vgievkd whoygvso~dvod Swv`g wh hwgye rve~dèhoske ng lds cldsgs kgnods

wvfdhds

DSRGCÊOH^GVHDCOEHDL

CELEKFOD: Sdlekóh – Lezdhe -Gh~vg`d gl ^vdrgcoe Dkdzóhoce, vgcofg Swcwkfoes/ CMOLG: Vdnd @dkoe – Io`wgved Ldvvdëh -Vgcwrgvd ^dchd,

gh~vg`d Dvocd/ CDSE RGVWYODH CEVREVDÔEH: Gh~vg`ó les

igvvecdvvolgs d rgvrg~wondn(





EFVDS MGCMES

Relë~ocd gs~d~dl ng cehs~vwccoóh ng cdvvg~gvds: Dy( Lg`wëd-me Dvgtword/, Dy( Gl Rve`vgse -me Yghgzwgld/, Dy(Whoóh -me Dv`gh~ohd/

Sg iwhnó ld Gscwgld ng Dyodcoóh ng Lds Rdlkds

Sg cvgó ld gscwgld ng ld @wdvnod Coyol Relocëd -4?4?/ Lg ng cehscvorcoóh yodl twg digc~ó d les ohnë`ghds -ko~d

vgrwflocdhd/ G}rdhsoóh wvfdhd -Fdvvoe ng Sdh~d Fgd~voz/

gkfgllgcokogh~e ng Lokd Gs~dflgcg gl sdldvoe këhoke Cglgfvdcoóh: Cgh~ghdvoe ng ld Ohngrghnghcod, fd~dlld ng

Ddcwcme

RDVÔNE NG KDSDS

RDVÔNE SECODLOS^D NGLRGVÚ -4?6=/

+ Vggkrldzó gl RDVÔNECEKWHOS^D RGVWDHE -4?32/

RDVÔNE RELOÔCE

DRVD -DLODHZD RERWLDVVGYELWCOEHDVOD NG

DKÏVOCD/ -4?6>/+ RDVÔNE DRVOS^D RGVWDHE

-4?34/

LONGVYOCÊV VDWL MD_D NG LD

ÊVVG

Rveyghëd ng whd kengs~didkolod ketwg`wdhd(

+ Rgvoenos~d dw~enondc~d( EVO@GH

Rveyghëd ng whd rgtwgôddvos~ecvdcod ~vwjolldhd

+ Gs~wnodh~g novo`gh~gwhoygvso~dvoe gh ^vwjolle Lokd

EFVD

VGYELWCOEHSECODLOS^D -Cldsg

rvelg~dvod/

NGFD^GONGELE@OCE

VGYELWCOEH CDRO^DLOS^D-Kwl~ocldsos~d/

Dswkg ld vgndccoóh ngnoygvses dv~ëcwles gh gl

nodvoe “Ld Rvghsd‛Iwhnd gl nodvoe “Ld Vdzóh‛+ Kdvoä~g`wo gs g}rwlsdne d

Gwverd

MGCMES

+ Dswkg ld rvgsonghcod ng ldIgngvdcoóh ng Gs~wnodh~gs ngl

Rgvú -IGR/+ Rwflocd ld vgyos~d “Cldvondn‛


JESG CDVLESKDVOD^G@WO

“Gl dh~o+okrgvodloske

gl DRVD‛-4?6=/

9

“Sog~g ghsdes ngld vgdlondn

rgvwdhd‛ -4?6=/

Lwcmd ceh~vd gldh~ookrgvodloske Whd vgyelwcoóh twg

reh`d ioh dl cdro~dloske




VGSWKGH

GL ^GVCGV KOLO^DVOSKE e KOLO^DVOSKE NG LD CVOSOS

-4?32 – 4?3?/

|


MGCMEEFVDS

DSDKFLGD HDCOEHDLCEHSÔ^WCOÓH 4?62

-4?66 – 4?69/RD^VOD HWGYD

RGVSGCWSOÓHÏS -@gvkähLg`wëd/ CEHSD@VDCOÓH DL

CEVDZÓH NG JGSÚSCGH^GHDVOE NG

OHNGRGHNGHCOD -4?64/ _FD^DLLD NG D_DCWCME

-4?6>/RLDZDS, RDVTWGS, DYGHONDS,

EFVDS NG OVVO@DCOÓH,KENGVHOZDCOÓH RWGVÊ NGL

CDLLDE _ EFVDS WVFDHDS

CELEKFOD: ^vd~dne Sdlekóh –Lezdhe % gh~vg`d ng Lg~ocod(

CMOLG: ^vd~dne Vdnd @dkoe –Io`wgved Ldvvdëh e Lokd % gh~vg`d

ng Dvocd

RVEFLGKD OHNË@GHD – LG_NG CEHSCVORCOÓH YODL –

LG_ NG YD@DHCOD

MD_D NG LD ÊVVG: DRVD-4?6>/

JESÏ C( KDVOD^G@WO: RDVÔNE

SECODLOS^D -4?6=/

GKRVÏSÔÊSHEV^GDKGVOCDHES

SEL NG EVE – FDHCE NGVGSGVYD + DCWGVNE SDLEKÓH

– @VDH^ NWII -rg~vólge Ld Fvgd Rdvoôds/

ORC

SECODL

G]^GVHE

IOH NGL@EFOGVHE

EHCGHOE NG

LG@WËD

RELËÔCE

OH^GVHE

GCEHEKËD

CVOSOS NG 4?6?SWFLGYDCOÓH NG DVGTWORD 4?32

0

KDHWGL KDVËDREHCG

KDVODHEMEL@WOH

@WS^DYE JOKGHGZ“gl zevve‛

LWOS K( SDHCMGZCGVVE

VOCDVNELGEHCOE GLODS

NDYON SDKGHGZECDKRE

4?32 4?34




LD JWH^D NG @EFOGVHE _ LWOS SDHCMGZ CGVVE -4?32 – 4?33/

JWH^DS NG@EFOGVHE

-4?32 – 34/

Kdhwgl Kdvëd Rehcg -@efgvhó ngl 67 dl 60 ng Dès~e 4?32/

Lwos K( Sähcmgz Cgvve -Dès~e 4?32 – Kdvze 4?34/ Ngve`ó ld lg ngcehscvorcoóh yodl, gs~dflgcg gl ^vofwhdl ng Sdhcoóh Hdcoehdl, ceh~vd~dles sgvyocoes ngl gcehekos~d hev~gdkgvocdhe Gnpoh Agkkgvgv -“Gl nec~ev kehgnd‛/ rdvd dsgsevdv dl Rgvú( Rverehg ld cehygvsoóh nglFdhce ng Vgsgvyd gh wh Fdhce Cgh~vdl(

Kehsgôev Kdvodhe Mel`wëh -@efgvhó rev dl`whds mevds gl 4 ng

Kdvze ng 4?34/ Vocdvne Lgehcoe Glëds -@efgvhó ngl 4 dl 7 ng Kdvze ng 4?34/

@ws~dye Jokïhgz -@efgvhó ngl 7 dl 44 ng Kdvze ng 4?34/

Ndyon Sdkdhgz Ecdkre -44 ng Kdvze – = Nocogkfvg 4?34/Rvekwl`ó ld Lg Glgc~evdl ng 4?34 twg gs~dflgcoó gl ye~e sgcvg~e ,cvgd gl JHG/

LWOSSÄHCMGZ

CGVVE-4?34 – 4?33/

Res~wld rev gl Rdv~one Whoóh Vgyelwcoehdvod -rdv~one ng ~ghnghcodIdscos~d/

^vowhid ivgh~g d Yëc~ev Vdúl Mdd ng ld êvvg rev gl Rdv~one Drvos~dRgvwdhe

Gl DRVD ngcldvd d sw lëngv ceke “rvgsongh~g kevdl ngl Rgvú‛( So~wdcoóh gcehókocd: sg rveleh`d ld cvosos cdro~dlos~d gh gl Rgvú

ohocodnd gh 4?6?( Sg gs~dflgcg ld Lg ng Gkgv`ghcod twg swsrghng lds `dvdh~ëds

rúflocds, okrong gl ngvgcme ng lofvg vgwhoóh, cldwswvd ngrwflocdcoehgs( Ceh gs~d lg sg ohocod ld rgvsgcwcoóh d les drvos~ds(Mdd gs rwgs~e fdje rvosoóh(

Gl 0 ng kde ng 4?36 sg dke~ohd gh gl Cdllde ld ~vorwldcoóh ng lescvwcgves “@vdw‛ “Fele`hgso‛( Iwgveh iwsoldnes ecme kdvohgvesngsrwïs ng wh jwocoe kdvcodl(

Gl = ng kde ng 4?36 sg cldwswvó ld Whoygvsondn Kdev ng Sdh

Kdvces( Gl 0 ng jwloe ng 4?36 sg rvenwcg ld vgfgloóh drvos~d gh ^vwjolle(

Kdhwgl Fdvvg~e -Fúidle Fdvvg~e/ longvd ld ~ekd ngl cwdv~gl Vocdvne E‟Neheydh nehng kwgvgh eiocodlgs( Ngsng Lokd sg ghyëdh ~verds nglgjgvco~e whondngs ng ld dyodcoóh -ngfw~ kolo~dv ng ld iwgvzd dïvgdrgvwdhd/( Gl 60 ng jwloe sg rvenwcg ld kd~dhzd ng wh húkgveohng~gvkohdne ng drvos~ds okrlocdnes gh ld vgywgl~d, iwsoldnes gh ldsvwohds ng Cmdh Cmdh(

So~wdcoóh g}~gvoev: Gl ohcongh~g ceh Celekfod rev ld vgcwrgvdcoóh ngLg~ocod(

Gh dfvol ng 4?33 sg rvekwl`ó ld Cehs~o~wcoóh ng 4?33( Gh sw Dv~ëcwle=9 sg gs~dflgcoó twg èzdh ngl ngvgcme ng swivdòe gh glgccoehgskwhocordlgs lds kwjgvgs rgvwdhds kdevgs ng gndn, lds cdsdnds etwg le mddh llg`dne d sw kdevëd(

Hïs~ev ROLCE CEH^VGVDS =




Gl 32 ng dfvol ng 4?33 sg rvenwcg gl dsgsohd~e ng Sähcmgz Cgvvekogh~vds rdsdfd vgyos~d, gh dl dh~o`we Morónveke ng Sdh~d Fgd~voz-me Cdkre ng Kdv~g/, d whes ~vgoh~d kol keyolozdflgs, ceh kovds dlcehiloc~e ceh Celekfod( Gl dw~ev ngl d~gh~dne iwg ongh~oiocdne ceke

Dfgldvne Kghnezd Lgyd, kogkfve ngl Rdv~one Drvos~d ngsng 4?34( GlCeh`vgse Cehs~o~wgh~g gloòó rvgsongh~g dl `ghgvdl Fghdyongs(

MGCMES _ EFVDS NGL SG@WHNE @EFOGVHE NG ESCDV V( FGHDYONGS-4?33 – 4?3?/(

Ngcvg~d ld lg ng dkhos~ëd `ghgvdl rdvd ereso~evgs, vgdfvg ld Whoygvsondn Hdcoehdl ngSdh Kdvces fdje gl lgkd “Evngh, Rdz ^vdfdje‛ “rdz cehcevnod‛( Gkrgvehwgydkgh~g gl DRVD sg erehg, gh~ehcgs sg rehg gh yo`ghcod ld lg ng gkgv`ghcod(

Sg okrlgkgh~ó gl sg`wve secodl eflo`d~evoe rdvd efvgves( Sg iwhnd ld swrgvoh~ghnghcod ng foghgs~dv secodl -ceh~veldv rvgcoes ng rvenwc~es ng

rvokgvd hgcgsondn/( Sg rvekwl`d gl cónoè coyol ng 4?39 twg gs~dflgcg gl kd~vokehoe coyol gl noyevcoe( Sg ohocoó ld cehs~vwccoóh ng ld cdvvg~gvd Rdhdkgvocdhd gl rwgv~e ng Kd~dvdho( Sg le`vó gyo~dv gl cehiloc~e ceh Celekfod ceh ld iovkd ng wh Rve~ecele ng Dkos~dn ng

lëko~gs Ceergvdcoóh -4?3>/ twg vd~oiocó les dcwgvnes ngl ~vd~dne Sdlekóh – Lezdhe Drlocdveh d ld secogndn rgvwdhd gl vïòkgh ngl Idscoske O~dlodhe -nec~vohd relë~ocd ng

cdväc~gv ~e~dlo~dvoe cmdwyohos~d/( Gh 4?39 cehyecó d glgccoehgs gh nehng gl cdhnond~e Jesï Dh~ehoe G`wo`wvgh, ef~ghëd

ld kdev ye~dcoóh ceh gl dree ng les drvos~ds( Rev le twg iwg dhwldne sg rvevve`d glèfogvhe ng Fghdyongs(

Gh Lokd gl 47 ng kde ng 4?37, Cdvles S~ggv Ldieh~, dsgsohó dl novgc~ev ngl nodvoe GLCEKGVCOE, Dh~ehoe Kovó Twgsdnd d sw gsresd Kdvëd Ldes ng Kove Twgsdnd gh ldrldzd Sdh Kdv~ëh(

Gh gl ceh~g}~e oh~gvhdcoehdl sg noe ld `wgvvd coyol gsrdôeld, gs~d `wgvvd iwg gldh~gcgngh~g rvohcordl dl ngsdvvelle ng ld sg`whnd `wgvvd kwhnodl(

4Sg vgcehs~vwg gl Rdldcoe ng @efogvhe sg ~gvkohd gl Rdldcoe ng Jws~ocod( Sg nocg twggl nëd ng sw ohdw`wvdcoóh, Fghdyongs lgydh~ó ld yos~d noje: “Kwcme rdldcoe rdvd recd

jws~ocod‛( Cehyecó d glgccoehgs ng 4?3?, sg rvgsgh~dveh ceke cdhnond~es Kdhwgl Rvdne

vgrvgsgh~dh~g ng ld Elo`dvtwëd ohnws~vodl Jesï Twgsdnd vgrvgsgh~dh~g ng ld elo`dvtwëde`ve g}rev~dnev( Llgydne les cekocoes `dhó Kdhwgl Rvdne(

MGCMES _ EFVDS NGL RVGSONGH^G KDHWGL RVDNE W@DV^GCMG

-4?3? – 4?>7/

Cvgó ld cevrevdcoóh rgvwdhd ngl Dkdzehds ceh gl ioh ng ndv okrwlse d ld ohnws~vod nglcdwcme(

Sg cehs~vwó gl Mesro~dl Efvgve -me Dlkghdvd/ gl fdvvoe Efvgve gh gl Vëkdc( Ceh gkrvïs~o~e sg cehs~vwó ld cgh~vdl monveglïc~vocd ngl Sdh~d, dsë ceke ld songvwvòd

ng Cmokfe~g( Sg ohocoó ld g}rle~dcoóh ngl mogvve ng Kdvcehd ceh cekrdôëdshev~gdkgvocdhds ^MG W^D^ CEHS^VWCCOEH(

Sg cvgó ld Cevrevdcoóh Rgvwdhd ng Dyodcoóh Cekgvcodl -CEVRDC/( Mdcod 4?>3 sg rvenwcg gl ohcghnoe ng ld Fofloe~gcd Hdcoehdl ngl Rgvú iwg hekfvdne

Jev`g Fdsdnvg, sw novgc~ev(

Hïs~ev ROLCE CEH^VGVDS ?




Cvgó gl ngrdv~dkgh~e ng ^wkfgs Rdsce( LD @WGVVD CEH GCWDNEV -4?>4/( gl 7 ng jwloe ng 4?>4, ~verds gcwd~evodhds ohydngh ld zehd ngl vëe Zdvwkolld, d~dcdhne gl

rwgs~e ng D`wds Ygvngs e~ve ceh~oh`gh~g kolo~dv gcwd~evodhe ld Cevnollgvd ngl Cóhnev

mds~d gl vëe Rw~wkde( Dh~g ld d`vgsoyondn g}rdhsoehos~d gcwd~evodhd gl dl~e kdhne kolo~dv rgvwdhe ev`dhozó

nes ivgh~gs ng ergvdcoehgs: Ld ces~d: Cehievkdnd rev lds ~verds ng D`vwrdkogh~e Hev~g -Gjïvco~e, Kdvohd,

Dyodcoóh ld Relocëd/ ~enes dl kdhne ng Gle @( Wvg~d( Gl 63 ng jwloe sg ohocoó ld fd~dlld ng Zdvwkolld twg so`hoiocó whd ceh~whngh~g yoc~evod

rgvwdhd1 lds ~verds rgvwdhds llg`dveh d ecwrdv ld rveyohcod ng GL EVE dh~g ld gscdsdvgsos~ghcod gcwd~evodhd

Sg rvenwcg gl sdcvoiocoe ngJesï Dfgldvne Twoôóhgz-kä}oke mïveg ng ld IDR/ dlgs~dlldv sw hdyg sefvg whd fdsggcwd~evodhd(

Hev+Evogh~g: gh glngrdv~dkgh~e ng Levg~e, lds~verds rgvwdhds ng ld Twoh~dnoyosoóh gs~dfdh dl kdhne ngl`ghgvdl Dh~ehoe SolydSdh~ogs~gfdh(

Ld ergvdcoóh kolo~dv iwg g}o~esdecwrdveh rwgs~es gcwd~evodhes

ngsng ld cevnollgvd ngl cóhnev mds~d Lejd( Sg rvenwcg ld fd~dlld ng Vecdiwgv~g( Gl 34 ng jwloe ng 4?>4, gl èfogvhe ng Kdhwgl Rvdne dcgr~ó ld kgnodcoóh ng Dv`gh~ohd,

Fvdsol, Gs~dnes Whones Cmolg -RDOSGS @DVDH^GS/, lwgè gl 6 ng ec~wfvg ng 4?>4sg iovkó gl Dcwgvne ng ^dldvd(

Gl 6? ng ghgve ng 4?>6 sg iovkó gl “Rve~ecele ng Rdz, Dkos~dn Lëko~gs‛ gh Vëe ngJdhgove( Rev ïs~g ~vd~dne gl Rgvú rgvnoó 442(0?> Ak6 ng ~gvvo~evoe, iwg whd rdz g}oòndrev GG(WW(

Gl 42 ng jwhoe ng 4?>7 cehyecó d glgccoehgs, les cdhnond~es, gh~vg e~ves, iwgveh gl`ghgvdl Gle Ivg~d Jesï Lwës Fws~dkdh~g Voygve olws~vg dfe`dne Dvgtworgôe, fdje glrdv~one ng Ivgh~g Ngkecvä~oce Hdcoehdl -IVGNGHD/ ceh vgsrdlne ngl DRVD( Llgydneles cekocoes `dhó Fws~dkdh~g Voygve(

MGCMES _ EFVDS NGL RVGSONGH^G JESÏ LWOS FWS^DKDH^G _ VOYGVE-4?>7 – 4?>=/

Gl IVGNGHD, gs~wye ievkdne rev les so`wogh~gs rdv~ones: Gl Rdv~one Drvos~d Rgvwdhe,Les `vwres sohnocdlos~ds, Ld Dccoóh Rgvwdhd, Gl Rdv~one Secodlos~d ng Lwcodhe Cds~olle Dccoóh Ngkecvä~ocd Rgvwdhd( Ievkó whd dlodhzd relë~ocd ceh gl DRVD lldkdnd Ivgh~g ngkecvä~oce hdcoehdl( Gl okrgvodloske Hev~gdkïvocd, ~vds sw yoc~evod gh ld sg`whnd `wgvvd kwhnodl ohocoe whd

hwgyd idsg ng g}rdhsoóh cekgvcodl, cehnocoehdhne ld fdjd ng g}rev~dcoehgs( Sg rvenwcg iwgv~g eresocoóh ngl ceh`vgse novoònd rev kdevëd drvos~d( Gl ngvgcmos~d

Rgnve Fgl~väh, ohco~ó d twg les ceh`vgsos~ds ng dccoóh Rgvwdhd he dsos~dh dl ceh`vgserdvd ngjdv soh twóvwk(





Sohnocdlozdcoóh dò~dcoóh efvgvd, sg vgcehecoó käs ng 69> sohnocd~es( Ld rvokgvd ygz twg les drvos~ds rvekeyogveh whd &lg kevndzd& iwg gh 4?>7,

cwdhne ~ghëdh kdevëd rdvldkgh~dvod( Gh ld GKCM, les gh~vghdkogh~es kolo~dvgs ng ~ove iwg ceh nes kwôgces: whe cmolghe

e~ve drvos~d( Rev ngcvg~e swrvgke Hº 0=4 ngl 4 ng dès~e ng 4?>0, sg gs~dflgcg twg ld sefgvdhëd

ng hwgs~vd hdcoóh sg g}~oghng mds~d lds 622 kollds kdvohds -302(> Ak(/( Lds nescogh~ds kollds sg noe fdjd iwhndkgh~e: gcehókoce, votwgzd oc~oelóòcd1 jwvënoce,

`gelóòce rve~g`gv ld sefgvdhëd hdcoehdl(

DSRGCÊKDHWGL RVDNE W@DV^GCMG

4?3? + 4?>7JESÏ LWOS FWS^DKDH^G

4?>7 + 4?>=

RELËÔCE Dree ngl èfogvhe ng Fghdyongs

ngl rdv~one cekwhos~dIVGNGHD dree ngl DRVD

-ceh`vgse/

OH^GVHECdkrdôd ng dlidfg~ozdcoóh

Cghse ng 4?>2Ngcldvd gl nëd ng ld cdhcoóh cvoelld

Gjgcw~oye ys( Lgòsld~oye Dsgsohd~e Ivdhcosce @vdôd -LdRvghsd/ – DRVD iwgvd ng ld lg

G]^GVHE

@WGVVD CEH GCWDNEV -4?>4/Fd~dlld ng Zdvwkolld – DfgldvneTwoôehgs -IDR/ Dloroe Rehcg

-RHR/Rve~ecele ng Rdz, Dkos~dn Lëko~gs

ng Vëe ng Jdhgove -4?>6/RGVÚ +6ND @WGVVD KWHNODL Dlodne ng GG(WW( – ^vd~dne ng

Dvvoghnes – g}rwlsoóh ng jdrehgsgs

^GSOS NG LD SEFGVDHËD NG LDS622 KOLLDS KDVËÔKDS -4?>0/

GCEHÓKOCE Dwkgh~e ng g}rev~dcoehgs dc~oyondngs ohnws~vodlgs Noskohwcoóh ng g}rev~dcoehgs, idl~d nggkrlge ceh~vel ng rvgcoes

MGCMESEFVDS

^wkfgs Rdsce – CEVRDC –SCORD – C^R – Cghse ng 4?>2

^gvvgke~e – Ohcghnoe ng Fofloe~gcd-Fdsdnvg/

Gkrvgsd Rg~velgvd Ioscdl – Lg ng_dhdcehdjg – Ceh~vd~e ng Sgcmwvd

MGCMES _ EFVDS NGL RVGSONGH^G KDHWGL DRELOHDVOE ENVOD“GL ECMGHOE‛ -4?>= – 4?79/

GL ECMGHOE(+ sg nghekohd dsë dl èfogvhe twg gjgvcoó Kdhwgl

Drelohdvoe Envod nwvdh~g ecme dôes ceh~ohwes1 nes dôes -4?>= – 4?72/ ceke rvgsongh~g ng idc~e e mgcme rvemofone rev ldcehs~o~wcoóh, kogh~vds sgos dôes -4?72 – 4?79/ ceke rvgsongh~gng ngvgcme d ~vdyïs ng cekocoes ivdwnwlgh~ds( @efgvhó gl rdësceh sw lgkd “Sdlwn, Gnwcdcoóh ^vdfdje‛ sw idkesd ivdsg“mgcmes he rdldfvds‛, iwg whd ïrecd ng èfogvhe lldkdne“Rdh soh Lofgv~dn‛(

Gl 60 ng ec~wfvg ng 4?>= noe gl èlrg ng gs~dne dh~g ldcdó~ocd so~wdcoóh(

Gh gl dsrgc~e relë~oce gh 4?72 lldkd d glgccoehgs rdvd lg`dlozdvsg cehs~o~wcoehdlkgh~g

rgve so ereso~ev, revtwg drvgsd d Gvhgs~e Keh~do hg( Ceke cdhnond~e úhocelóòcdkgh~g dhó(





_d gh gl rengv swrvokg gl rdvldkgh~e èfogvhd ceh ngcvg~e+lggs( Whd hevkd kwokrev~dh~g rdvd kdh~ghgvsg gh gl rengv iwg “ld lg ng ld sg`wvondn oh~gvoev ‛ -34 ngEc~wfvg ng 4?>=/ d ioh ng vgrvokov ld eresocoóh1 sefvg ~ene ng ld DRVD rdv~oneCEKWHOS^D( Gl novo`gh~g ngl DRVD Mdd ng ld êvvg, ~wye twg dsoldvsg nwvdh~g cohce

dôes gh ld gkfdjdnd ng Celekfod( Sw kdhnd~e noc~d~evodl noztwg iwg gh ngighsd ng ldrd~vod ceh~vd gl drvoske g moze lldkdvsg “Vgyelwcoóh Vgs~dwvdnevd‛( Gh gs~g rgvoene sg `ghgvdlozdh rve~gs~ds rerwldvgs, ngsdvvellähnesg ò`dh~gscds

kdhoigs~dcoehgs ng gs~wnodh~gs whoygvso~dvoes dw~evondngs( Gh 4?72 llg`ó ld kosoóh Algoh twg ~ghëd ceke efjg~oye ev`dhozdv ld gcehekëd rgvwdhd

ng kdhgvd Lofgvdl, gs~e so`hoiocdfd: dcgr~dv ld ohygvsoóh g}~vdhjgvd( Gh gl dsrgc~e gcehókoce gh~vg 4?>= – 4?73, ngfone d ld `wgvvd Cevgdhd sg

ohcvgkgh~dh lds g}rev~dcoehgs ng wh 49(?' dl 34' `ghgvdhne cogv~d fehdhzdgcehókocd(

Gh ld kohgvëd rvohcordlgs cekrdôëds g}~vdhjgvds ceke Kdvcehd Koho` Cekrdh -Ocd,mogvve/, Cgvve ng Rdsce Cevrevd~oeh -Jwhëh, zohc/1 Sew~mgvh Rgvú Ceergv Cevrevd~oeh-^dchd, cefvg/ cehsgcoehdh g}rle~dcoóh(

Gh 4?76 sg cvgd ld secogndn hdcoehdl ng rgstwgvëd dh~d gl cvgcogh~g oh~gvïs ng mdvohdng rgscdne -ng ld dhcmeyg~d/(

Cvgó gl Kohos~gvoe ng ^vdfdje d ioh ng rve~g`gv les ngvgcmes ldfevdlgs ng les efvgves ~vdfdjdnevgs(

Gs~dflgcoó gl sdldvoe nekohocdl gh fghgiocoe ng ld cldsg ~vdfdjdnevd( Cvgó gl sg`wve secodl eflo`d~evoe ngl gkrlgdne( Sg cvgd ld Lg ng Jwfoldcoóh 62732 -Lg ng Cïnwld Yoyd/ Ceke kgnond rerwlos~d gs~dflgcg gl swivdòe igkghohe gh 4?77 rdvd sel~gvds kdevgs

ng 64 dôes cdsdnds ng 4= dôes(

Sg cvgd gl Cgh~ve ng Dl~es Gs~wnoes Kolo~dvgs -CDGK/(efjg~oye cvgdv wh cekdhnecehjwh~e ng lds iwgvzds dvkdnds( Iohdlondn “nec~vohd `ghgvdl ng ld hdcoóh‛ ngighngv ldsefgvdhëd hdcoehdl(

Le`vó twg ld ngwnd g}~gvhd sg vgnwjgvd gh~vg 049 d 999 kollehgs ng nóldvgs( Gh gl dsrgc~e gnwcd~oye, iekgh~e gl ~vdfdje gnwcd~oye cekwhdl( Iwhnó cehs~vwó lds

@vdhngs Whondngs Gsceldvgs gl gnoiocoe ngl Kohos~gvoe ng Gnwcdcoóh( gl 40 ng jwloe ng 4?79 sg cglgfvdveh lds glgccoehgs lofvgs ceh ~vgs cdhnond~es: Kdhwgl

Rvdne, Mgvhdhne ng ld Ydllg Igvhdhne Fgldwhng( ^vowhió Kdhwgl Rvdne ceh glle sgohocod gl vïòkgh lldkdne “ld cehyoyghcod DRVE+RVDNOS^D, vgs~dwvähnesg ldslofgv~dngs relë~ocds(

MGCMES _ EFVDS NGL SG@WHNE @EFOGVHE NGL RVGSONGH^G KDHWGL RVDNEW@DV^GCMG -4?79+4?96/

Ngcvg~d lds lofgv~dngs relë~ocds dkhos~ëd `ghgvdl -drvos~ds cekwhos~ds/ rdvd swsereso~evgs(

Gs~dflgcg whd dlodhzd relë~ocd ceh gl DRVD, d ld cwdl sg lg md lldkdne “rgvoene ng ldcehyoyghcod drve+rvdnos~d‛( Gl DRVD nd wh yovdjg mdcod ld ngvgcmd(

Swv`g gl DRVD vgfglng twg gh gl iw~wve cehievkdväh gl Keyokogh~e ng OztwogvndVgyelwcoehdvod -KOV/(

Gh gl kdvce ng ld vgyelwcoóh cwfdhd, Aghhgn -rvgsongh~g ng GG(WW(/ okrldh~ó wh

rve`vdkd lldkdne “DLODHZD RDVD GL RVE@VGSE‛ ceh ld iohdlondn ng gydnov ohilwghcods vgyelwcoehdvods, dl koske ~ogkre dfehó ceh 62 kol kollehgs ng nóldvgs rev lddnmgsoóh1 dsë ceke rvekeyoó gl gkrlge gh rdësgs ld~ohedkgvocdhes(





Gh gl dsrgc~e secodl: swv`g keyokogh~es cdkrgsohes gh ld rveyohcod cwztwgôd ng ldCehyghcoóh Ldvgs, longvdne rev Mwè Fldhce fwsce resgsoóh e ~ekd ng ~ogvvds d idyev ng les cdkrgsohes( Fldhce iwg ng ~ghnghcod ^ve~saos~d -vgyelwcoóh rgvkdhgh~g/ lëngv ngl IOV -ivgh~g ng Oztwogvnd Vgyelwcoehdvod/(

Rvgs~ó okrev~dhcod d ld ghsgôdhzd kgnod -gnwcdcoóh sgcwhndvod `vd~wo~d/( Cekghzó gl cvgcokogh~e g}rlesoye ng Whoygvsondngs, cvgähnesg necg whoygvsondngs

-Cdg~dhe Mgvgnod, Cgh~ve ngl Rgvú, Ld ngl Rdcoioce, Ld ng Lokd g~c(/( Sg cvgó gl Cekdhne Cehjwh~e ng lds II(DD( twg d`vwró d les ~vgs ohs~o~w~es dvkdnes( Sg nd gl “gl feek ng ld mdvohd ng rgscdne‛, soghne gl Rgvú gl rvokgv g}rev~dnev, ceh

dwndcod ngl ohnws~vodl Fdhcmgve Vesso(

@EFOGVHE NG JWH^D KOLO^DV -4?96 – 4?93/

êkd gl rengv lwgè ng ndv èlrg ng Gs~dne dl èfogvhe ng Rvdne, okronoghne ld

dscghsoóh dl rengv ngl DRVD( Ld jwh~d kolo~dv ng èfogvhe gs~dfd cekrwgs~e rev gl `ghgvdl Vocdvne Rïvgz, gl

`ghgvdl Hoceläs Lohnlg, gl ~ghogh~g `ghgvdl IDR Rgnve Ydv`ds Rvdnd glceh~vdlkovdh~g Ivdhcosce êvvgs Kd~es(

Gh sw rvokgvd idsg iwg rvgsonond rev VOCDVNE RGVGZ @ENE_ Sg vgievkó gl Gs~d~w~e Glgc~evdl rdvd lds hwgyds glgccoehgs ngl dôe so`wogh~g,

okrldh~ähnesg ld Coivd vgrdv~onevd Cvgó ld Cekosoóh Hdcoehdl ng Cwl~wvd, gl 6> ng dès~e ng 4?96, cehygv~ond gh 4?04

gh OHC( Gl 3 ng kdvze ng 4?93 gs vggkrldzdne rev HOCELÄS LOHNLG_(

Swv`gh les rvokgves fve~gs `wgvvollgves longvdnes rev Mwè Fldhce -gh Cwsce/ lddccoóh ng Gjgvco~e ng Lofgvdcoóh Hdcoehdl -GHL/ Gl reg~d Jdyogv Mgvdwn, kogkfve nglGHL iwg dsgsohdne gh Kdnvg ng Noes(

Cehyecdnds lds glgccoehgs gl `dhdnev ng les Cekocoes iwg gl Dvtwo~gc~e IgvhdhneFgldwhng ^gvv, ng Dccoóh Rerwldv, twogh dswkg gl Rengv gl 6= ng jwloe ng 4?93(

MGCMES _ EFVDS NGL @EFOGVHE IGVHDHNE FGLDWHNG ^GVV_ -4?93 – 4?9=/

Gh lds hwgyds glgccoehgs ng 4?93, vgswl~d glgòne Fgldwhng ceh gl dree ng ldngkecvdcod cvos~odhd, ng les cekwhos~ds( Les drvos~ds les envoos~ds -dh~gs ghgkoès/novo`gh ld eresocoóh(

4D ohocoes ng sw èfogvhe sw lgkd iwg “Ceh ldkrds y rdlds rdvd whd vgelwcoóh sohfdlds‛

Gh 4?79 sg rvenwcg whd ~gvvoflg sgtwëd gh les ngrdv~dkgh~es ngl swv ngl rdësecdsoehdhne gl celdrse ng ld gcehekëd idkolodv(

Sg swrvokoó ld jwh~d ng heflgs gs~dflg glgccoehgs kwhocordlgs sos~gkä~ocds, gl 49ng nocogkfvg ng 4?93 gl rwgfle rev rvokgvd ygz glo`g d sws vgrvgsgh~dh~gs gnolgs(

Iekgh~d gl sos~gkd ng ceergvdcoóh rerwldv -Kohad/, fdje ld ivdsg gl “rwgfle lemoze‛(Sg noe idcolondngs d lds ~vdhshdcoehdlgs, sg `ghgvd ceh~vdnoccoehgs gh~vg sgc~evgselo`ävtwoces fwv`wgsgs(

Sg noe ld ngydlwdcoóh ngl >2' ng ld kehgnd sg vgcwvvoó d les gkrvïs~o~es le twg

`ghgve ld vgievkd ~vofw~dvod, glgydhne gl ces~e ng yond, vgcmdze rerwldv ldsko`vdcoehgs oh~gvhds ngl cdkre d ld cowndn( Ld ngwnd g}~gvhd sg ohcvgkgh~ó ng 602 kollehgs d 9=2 kollehgs ng nóldvgs(





Lg ng ld vgievkd d`vdvod -47237/, iwg fwvecvd~ozdne rev ld eresocoóh fghgiocoó d ldelo`dvtwëd ~gvvd~ghogh~g(

Sg llgyd YO cghse ng Refldcoóh gl O ng Yoyoghnd sg vgdlozó gl 6 ng jwloe ng 4?94( Swsvgswl~dnes sgôdldveh wh ~e~dl ng ? ?29 0>9 mdfo~dh~gs, noyonones gh > ?67 74=

mekfvgs > ?=4 66= kwjgvgs, ceh wh vo~ke ng cvgcokogh~e ng gh~vg 6,7 3,7' dl dôe( Sg `ghgvdh lwcmds sohnocdlgs dh~g ld cvosos gcehókocd resgsoóh ng ~ogvvds evoòhdhne

gl swvòkogh~e ng keyokogh~es ng ohsrovdnes gh lds `wgvvollds cwfdhds( Cehs~vwccoóh ng ld Vgsonghcodl Sdh Iglorg gh Jgsús kdvëd( ohocoó ld cehs~vwccoóh ng ld cdvvg~gvd Kdvòhdl ng ld Sglyd ld cehs~vwccoóh ng ld

cgh~vdl monveglïc~vocd ng Sdh~odè Dh~whgz ng Kdele( Sg ngcvg~ó ld `vd~wondn ng ld Ghsgôdhzd gh ~enes les hoyglgs Gl 43 ng dès~e sg iovkd gl dc~d ng ^dldvd rev gl cwdl ~enes les cdkres rg~velgves

rdsdfdh d rengv ng ld Gkrvgsd Rg~velgvd Ioscdl( Ld Dc~d iwg iovkdnd rev Fgldúhng, rev gl Rvgsongh~g ngl Sghdne Cdvles Kdhwgl Ce} rev gl Rvgsongh~g ng ld Cäkdvd ngNorw~dnes Dhnvïs êphsghn Gscwvvd rev les dl~es iwhcoehdvoes ng ld ORC(

Gl rvgsongh~g ng ld Gkrvgsd Rg~velgvd Ioscdl( Oh`( Cdvles Levg~ ng Keld gl 42 ngsg~ogkfvg ng 4?9=, nghwhcod twg idl~dfd wh räòhd gh gl ceh~vd~e ng rvgcoesRes~gvoevkgh~g sg cehecg twg ld &Räòhd 44& sóle gvd whd räòhd gh fldhce(

GL @EFOGVHE VGYELWCOEHDVOE NG LDS IWGVZDS DVKDNDS + GL NECGHOEKOLO^DV -4?9= – 4?=2/ “Ho cdro~dlos~d ho cekwhos~d‛

MGCMES _ EFVDS NGL @EFOGVHE NG JWDH YGLDSCE DLYDVDNE -4?9= – 4?07/

Gl 23 Ec~wfvg ng 4?9= ngcldvd hwld gl Dc~d ng ^dldvd

rvecgng d ld hdcoehdlozdcoóh g}rverodcoóh ng lesdcokogh~es ng Ld Fvgd Rdvoôds(

Gl 2? ng ec~wfvg ng 4?9= g}rveroe les dcokogh~esrg~velgves ng ld Fvgd Rdvoôds gh Rwovd, ngcldvdhne“nëd ng ld no`hondn hdcoehdl‛( Rgve Ohngkhozó d ld ORCrev kogne d ld ghkoghnd Mocaghleergv(

Gldfevó gl RLDH OHCD -cehjwh~e ng kgnondsvgievkos~ds/ ceh ld iohdlondn ng cehs~vwov whdngkecvdcod secodl, dh~oelo`ävtwocd( Whd vgyelwcoóhhdcoehdlos~d, ohngrghnogh~g mwkdhos~d(

Cvgdcoóh ng SOH+DKES -Sos~gkd Hdcoehdl ngkeyolozdcoóh secodl/ d cdvè ng Lgóhonds Venvë`wgzIo`wgved dl sgvyocoe ng ld noc~dnwvd(

Cehioscó les nodvoes Cekgvcoe, g}~vd Rvghsd -dkfes ng rverogndn ng Kdhwgl WlledGlëds/ ld vgyos~d Cdvg~ds iwgveh cldwswvdnes gh heyogkfvg ng 4?9=(

Gs~dflgcg gl twgcmwd ceke onoekd eiocodl ngl Rgvú( Gs~d~ozdcoóh ng noygvsds cekrdôëds oh~gvhdcoehdlgs: RG^VE RGVW -rg~vólge/, MOGVVE

RGVÚ, GHDIGV RGVÚ -igvvecdvvolgs/, DGVE RGVÚ -~vdhsrev~g dïvge/, GLGC^VERGVÚ -ghgv`ëd/, RGSCD RGVÚ, SONGVRGVÚ -Songvwvòd/ CGH^VEKOH RGVÚ, GH^GLRGVW -Cekwhocdcoehgs/, g~c(

Sg cvgó Cevrevdcoóh Iohdhcogvd ng Ngsdvvelle -CEIONG/, ceh dw~ehekëdgcehókocd dnkohos~vd~oyd, cwd iwhcoóh gvd ceevnohdv ld dccoóh iohdhcogvd gkrvgsdvodlngl Gs~dne(

Hïs~ev ROLCE CEH^VGVDS 4>

JWH^D KOLO^DV JwdhYgldsce Dlydvdne




ev`dhozó ld Gkrvgsd Hdcoehdl ng Cekgvcodlozdcoóh ng Ohswkes -GHCO/, ghcdv`dnd ng ldokrev~dcoóh ng ohswkes dv~ëcwles ohnws~vodlgs

Swrvokoó lds okrev~dcoehgs idyevgcoghne d ld rvenwccoóh ohnws~vodl hdcoehdl glgydhne les dvdhcglgs fdje gl lgkd “cehswkd le twg gl Rgvú rvenwcg‛(

D cehsgcwghcod ngl ~gvvgke~e ngl 34 ng kde ng 4?02, gh _wh`d, sg cvgd gl Sos~gkdHdcoehdl ng Ngighsd Coyol -SOHDNGCO/( Rvekwl`ó ld vgievkd d`vdvod gl 6> ng jwhoe ng 4?9?, kgnodh~g lg Hº 40049, fdje lds

so`wogh~gs ivdsgs “cdkrgsohe, gl rd~vóh he cekgvä kds ng ~w refvgzd‛ %e “ld ~ogvvdrdvd twogh le ~vdfdjd‛(

Lds mdcoghnds ces~gôds d`veohnws~vodlgs iwgveh cehygv~onds gh CDRS -ceergvd~oydsd`vdvods ng rvenwccoóh secodl/(

lds ~ogvvds ngl `dkehdloske gh ld sogvvd gh SDOS -secogndn d`vëceld ng oh~gvïs secodl/ Iekgh~ó gl cevrevd~oyoske( Cvgó ld C^VR -Cgh~vdl ng ^vdfdjdnevgs ng ld Vgyelwcoóh

Rgvwdhd, 4?06/1 gl Sohnocd~e ng Gnwcdnevgs ngl Rgvú, 4?0>, ld CehigngvdcoóhHdcoehdl D`vdvod1 ceh ld iohdlondn ng `dhdvsg d les ~vdfdjdnevgs gyo~dv whd sgvog ngmwgl`ds rve~gs~ds(

Cvge ld CEKWHONDN OHNWS^VODL, okrlocd twg ~enes les d`gh~gs -~vdfdjdnevgs/ ngwhd gh~ondn gkrvgsdvodl rdv~ocordh ng ld dnkohos~vdcoóh lds w~olondngs(

Sg cvgó lds GSGR -Gscwglds Swrgvoevgs ng Gnwcdcoóh Rveigsoehdl/, nehng sg e~ev`dfdgl fdcmollgvd~e rveigsoehdl1 lds whoygvsondngs, gscwglds ng eiocodlgs ng lds Iwgvzds Dvkdnds lds Iwgvzds Relocodlgs, sgkohdvoes vgloòeses e~vds gscwglds( Sg noe ld vgievkd gnwcd~oyd dje ld rverwgs~d ng ievjdv “wh mekfvg hwgye‛, rlghdkgh~g

rdv~ocordh~g ng whd secogndn lofvg, selondvod ngsdvvelldnd rdvd gl ~vdfdje, okfwone ngydlevgs hdcoehdlgs(

Sg gs~dflgcoó les Húclges Gnwcd~oyes

Cekwhdlgs -HGC/, gs~vwc~wvdnes ghkendlondn, cocles `vdnes(

Sg okrlgkgh~ó gl whoievkg úhoce gh glrdës(

Gh relë~ocd oh~gvhdcoehdl kdh~wye whdresocoóh ng hgw~vdlondn -HEDL/ dh~g ldforeldvondn, longvó gl `vwre ng les @ – 00(

rve~gs~ó sefvg ld g}clwsoóh ng Cwfd ng ldEGD ~wye wh dcgvcdkogh~e rdvcodl d ldWVSS( Dntwovoghne dvkdkgh~es vwses noje vgsrgc~e ceh Cmolg “ye d ngsdwhdv gh

Sdh~odè‛(

MGCMES _ EFVDS NGL @EFOGVHE IVDHCOSCE KEVDLGS FGVKWNGZ-4?07 – 4?=2/

Wh `vwre ng kolo~dvgs d ~vdyïs ngl “kdhoiogs~e ng ^dchd‛ gl 6? ngdès~e ng 4?07, ngs~o~wg d Ygldsce Dlydvdne, rev sgv whèfogvhe dw~evo~dvoe vgrvgsoye(

Dswkg gl dl~e kdhne ng lds iwgvzds dvkdnds gl IvdhcosceKevdlgs Fgvkúngz, ohocod ld sg`whnd idsg ng ld vgyelwcoóhrgvwdhd(

Drlocd gl Rldh ^ÚRDC DKDVW OO, fdsdne gh whd relë~ocdgcehókocd iehnekehg~dvos~d sgvyol dl okrgvodloskehev~gdkgvocdhe(


VGLDCOÓH CEKGVCODL _KOLO^DV CEH LD WVSS




4Sg ngcldvó dl dôe 4 ?0? ceke “Dôe ng Hwgs~ves Mïvegs ng ld @wgvvd ngl Rdcëioce‛( Sg cvgd gl ngrdv~dkgh~e ng Wcddlo -4= ng jwhoe ng 4 ?0=/( 4Sg cekghzó d cvgdv Ev`dhoskes ng Ngsdvvelle -EVNGS/ Dc~wdlkgh~g sg lg cwgs~oehd sefvg ld rdv~ocordcoóh gh gl RLDH CEHNEV -kgcdhoske

rdvd glokohdv ~end eresoeh ng les èfogvhes noc~d~evodlgs ng Swndkïvocd/(

@VDL( IVDHCOSCE KEVDLGSFGVKWNGZ -4?07 – 4?=2/

RVGSONGH^GSIGVHDHNE FGLDWHNG

^GVV_ -6NE/ -4?=2 – 4?=7/RDVE HDCOEHDL -4?00/ ngcong

ngyelygv ld ngkecvdcod DSDKFLGD CEHSÔ^W_GH^G

-4?0=/GLGCCOEHGS RVGSONGHCODLGS

-4?=2/

RELOÔCE

Dlodhzd DR – RRC -Lwës Fgned/ Dliehse Fdvvdh~gs -OW – Dlcdlng ng

Lokd/Ngyelygv les kgnoes ng

cekwhocdcoóh

RLDH ^WRDC DKDVW

Jdyogv Solyd -kohos~ve ng gcehekëd/RDTWG^DZES GCEHÓKOCES-relë~ocd ng gs~dfolozdcoóh

vggs~vwc~wvdv ld ngwnd/

GCEHEKOCE

CVOSOS GCEHÓKOCD

Fwvecvdcod, nïioco~ rvgswrwgs~e dwkgh~e ng refvgzdCeh~veldv ld OHILDCOÓH

Fvgyg dwkgh~e ng g}rev~dcoehgsIGHÓKGHE NGL HOÔE 4?=3

MWGL@D @GHGVDL? JWLOE 4?00 + C@^R OH^GVHE

SGHNGVE LWKOHESE( Dfokdgl@wzkäh -Ddcwcme, 4?=2/

kdv}os~d – lghohos~d – kdeës~d(KV^D( Yëc~ev Reld Cdkres -SdhKdv~ëh, 4?=>/ kdv}os~d + lghohos~d

DSDKFLGD CEHSÔ^W_GH^G(Yëc~ev V( Mdd ng ld êvvg,rvgsongh~g ng ld cehs~o~wgh~g(

CEHSÔ^WCOÓH 4?0?( 7 ngèfogvhe rvgsonghcodl, sg`whndywgl~d glgc~evdl ye~e d lesdhdlidfg~es(

GLGCCOEHGSRVGSONGHCODLGS 4?=2(Igvhdhne Fgldwhng -DR/ Dvkdhne Yolldhwgyd -DRVD/

DSRGCÊG]^GVHEMGCMES _

EFVDS

Cehiloc~e Idlse Rdtwosmd-GCWDNEV/

@wgvvd ng lds Kdlyohds-Dv`gh~ohd ys( Oh`ld~gvvd/

Cdvvg~gvd Kdvòhdl – IEHDYO –Cgh~vdlgs Monveglïc~vocds –CEHC_^GC –Vgievkd Gnwcd~oyd-rvokdvod – sgcwhndvod –swrgvoev/Yoso~d ngl Rdrd Jwdh Rdfle OO

@EFOGVHES RERWLOS^DS -4?=2 + 4??2/

MGCMES _ EFVDS NGL SG@WHNE @EFOGVHE NG IGVHDHNE FGLDWHNG-4?=2 – 4?=7/

Gh lds glgccoehgs ng 4?=2 ng wh ~e~dl ng 47 cdhnond~esef~wye gl >7( 60' ng les ye~es dswkg gl rengv gl 6=ng jwloe ng 4?=2 mds~d 4?=7(

Gh relë~ocd gcehókocd drlocd lds vgcg~ds ev~ene}dsngl IKO, kdh~ghoghne ld cehnocoóh ng rdës g}rev~dnev ng kd~gvods rvokds dl iohdlozdv sw èfogvhe(

Rvekwl`ó gl hwgye cónoè coyol ng 4?=>, twgvgcehecëd, gh~vg e~ves( Gl ngvgcme d ld oh~okondn, ng ldmgvghcod, vgsgvyd ng yez g okd`gh rverod(


DSDKFLGDCEHSÔ^W_GH^G

… Nos~vo~e Glgc~evdl Úhoce… 422 Cehs~o~wgh~gs… Ye~e Rvgigvghcodl

… Cowndndhëd 4= dôes… HE ye~e rdvd dhdlidfg~es

34 Ec~wfvg 4?00




Sg cvgd ld hwgyd whondn kehg~dvod, gl OHÔ( Ceh~ohúe ceh ld cehs~vwccoóh ng ld cdvvg~gvd kdvòhdl ng ld sglyd, me lldkdne Fgldwhng

^gvv( Gh relë~ocd gcehókocd sg dlohgd d ld drlocdcoóh ngl kengle hgelofgvdl okrgvodlos~d

drlocd gl lldkdne @vdnwdloske gcehókoce( Sg ohdw`wvd les rwgv~es ng ilwyodlgs ng Rwcdllrd _wvokd`wds sg kgjevó gl ng Rwgv~e

Kdlnehdne( Sg cehs~vwg gl dgverwgv~e ng rwgv~e Cmdcmdreds1 dsë ceke gl d~gvvozdjg ngl

dgverwgv~e ng Kdhce Cärdc ng Jwlodcd, dsokoske sg ~gvkohó ceh gl dsidl~dne ng yëdJwlodcd+ Ngsd`wdngve(

4Sg cvgó gl IEHDYO -Iehne Hdcoehdl ng Yoyoghnd/ rdvd ld cehs~vwccoóh ng yoyoghnds:Cehjwh~es mdfo~dcoehdlgs: lds ~evvgs ng Sdh Fevjd, les Rvgcwvsevgs gh Swvce, Kdvfglldgh Kd`ndlghd, Rdcmdcdkdc gh gl Cehe Swv, Lokd~dkfe gh Sdh Fevjd Sdh~d Vesd ghgl Cdllde, Cdvles Cwg~e Igvhdhnoho gh gl Hdvdhjdl(

Iwgveh cehs~vwones gh Lokd les rghdlgs Cdh~e @vdhng Sdh Jev`g(

Sg cvgó gl CEHC_^GC -Cehsgje Hdcoehdl ng Coghcod ^gchele`ëd/ cvgdne ceh gl ioh ng iekgh~dv ld ohygs~o`dcoóhhdcoehdl(

4Sg iwhnó ld cowndn Cehs~o~wcoóh gh ld Cevnollgvd nglCóhnev cvgdhne iveh~gvds yoyds(

Sg rehg gh sgvyocoe ngl rldh ng Yoyoghnd sg cvgd glfdhce ng kd~gvodlgs(

Sg vgdlozd ld g}rlevdcoóh ngl mdlldzè ngl `ds ng cdkosgdd cdvè ng ld gkrvgsd gs~dnewhonghsg Smgll(

Sg cehs~vwg ld vgrvgsd ng CEHNEVEKD, rdvd ovvo`dcoóhKdjgs1 ld vgrvgsd ng @DLLOÊ COG@E, voó Jgtwg~grgtwg ld ovvo`dcoóh CMOVD Rowvd(

Sg rvekwl`d whd hwgyd lg ng gnwcdcoóh rvgs~d dreedl sgc~ev sdlwn ceh ld cehs~vwccoóh ng lecdlgsmesro~dldvoes(

4Dliehse Fdvvdh~gs L( ng Oztwogvnd Whond, idkese rev gs~dflgcgv gl lldkdne “Ydse ng lgcmg‛

Gl 6= ng ghgve ng 4?=3 sg rvenwje ld kdsdcvg ng = rgvoenos~ds gh Wcmwvdccd gh ldsdl~wvds ng Ddcwcme, rev rdv~g ng lds vehnds cdkrgsohds(

Gl 23 ng dfvol ng 4?=3 sg~gh~d kogkfves ng sghngve lwkohese gh~vdveh d Sdh~odè ngLwcdhdkdvcd -Mwdkdh`d – ddcwcme/ dsgsohdhne d kds ng =2 cdkrgsohes( Gh relë~ocd oh~gvhdcoehdl sg rvenwcg wh rveflgkd ~gvvo~evodl ceh gl gcwdnev ngfone d ld

idlsd Rdtwosmd -cdkrdkgh~e cvgdne gh swgle rgvwdhe, dhäle`d dl refldne ngRdtwosmd gcwd~evodhe/

Gh selondvondn ceh~ohgh~dl dree d Dv`gh~ohd nwvdh~g ld `wgvvd ses~ghond ceh~vdOh`ld~gvvd, gh ld lldkdnd `wgvvd ng lds Kdlyohds, gh 4?=6( Kogh~vds GG(WW( rgsg dg}os~ov wh ~vd~dne ng ngighsd kw~wd -ÔDV/ dreó d Kdv`dvo~d ^dcmgv, rvokgvd kohos~vdng Oh`ld~gvvd(

CVOSOS _ CEHILOCÊ OH^GVHE, swvòkogh~e ng les keyokogh~es swfygvsoyes(

SGHNGVE LWKOHESE-SL/

@VWRE^GVVEVOS^D

KEYOKOGHÊVGYELWCOEHDVOE WRDC

DKDVW -KV^D/


CDVVG^GVD KDV@OHDLNG LD SGLYD




LONGV

OHOCOÓ SW D^DTWG

KDV]OS^D – LGHOHOS^D _KDEOS^D

ONGELE@OD KDV]OS^D – LGHOHOS^D

DRE_E NG LESCDKRGSOHES

DRE_E DRE_E NG RVENWCÊVGS

OLG@DLGS NG CECD

EFVDS _ MGCMES NGL RVOKGV @EFOGVHE NG DLDH @DVCËD RÏVGZ-4?=7+4??2/

Gh lds glgccoehgs `ghgvdlgs ng 4?=7, Dldh @dvcëd Rïvgz -Rdv~one Drvos~d/ ngvve~ó d Dliehse Fdvvdh~gs Loh`äh -Oztwogvnd Whond/(Rvekg~oó wh &èfogvhe rdvd ~enes les rgvwdhes&(

Gl 4? ng jwhoe ng 4?=9 sg rvenwje ld Kd~dhzd ng les Rghdlgs(Kwvogveh käs ng 322 sghngvos~ds twg sg mdfëdh dke~ohdne ghLwvo`dhcme Gl Iveh~óh( Mwfe kwcmds gjgcwcoehgs g}~vd jwnocodlgs( Sg cvgdh gl Kohos~gvoe ng Ngighsd ld Relocëd Hdcoehdl ngl Rgvú

-Sg whoioce ld relocëd hdcoehdl, oh~g`vdnd rev ld Relocëd ngohygs~o`dcoehgs -ROR/1 ld `wdvnod coyol -@C/1 ld `wdvnodvgrwflocdhd -@V/, rdvd cekfd~ov ld swfygvsoóh(/( ^dkfoïh sg cvgó gl cekdhnerdvdkolo~dv “Venvoè ivdhce‛,

Sg ohdw`wvd gl Kwsge ng ld Hdcoóh( 4Sg ohdw`wvó gl Celosge Gnwdvne Nofós Ndkkgv~ gl Celosge cgvvdne Kdvoscdl

Cäcgvgs ng ld Gscwgld Kolo~dv ng Cmevvolles( Sg rvekwgyg ld vgòehdlozdcoóh -46 vgòehgs/, ngfone dl cgh~vdloske lokgôe Ohocoó gl rvegc~e Cmdyokócmoc ld cgh~vdl ng Cdvmwdtwgves, ohdw`wvó efvds ng

Fgldwhng: @dllo~e Cogè, Cmdvcdho Y, Cgh~ve ng Ohygs~o`dcoóh Hwclgdv Escdv KovóTwgsdnd‛ gh Mwdvdh`dl -Lokd/(

Sg gs~dflgcg gh 4?=? hwgs~vd fdsg Kdcmw Roccmw gh ld osld ngl Vg Jev`g, gh ld Dh~äv~ond( Okrldh~ó wh kengle gcehókoce lldkdne “Mg~gvene}e‛ -relë~ocd ng oh~gvyghcoóh gs~d~dl

sglgc~oyd gh ld gcehekëd, fvohndfd swfsonoes gs~d~dlgs/ kgnodh~g gl cwdl loko~ó gl rdèng ld ngwnd g}~gvhd ceh sele gl 42' ng les oh`vgses ng g}rev~dcoehgs, gl IehneKehg~dvoe Oh~gvhdcoehdl ngcldvó dl Rgvú ceke &rdës he glgòflg&(

swfyghcoehó ld fwv`wgsëd hdcoehdl( -Ngl`dne Rdvagv, Oycmgv, Fvgscod, Hoceloho, g~c(/ d lescehecones ceke les necg drós~elgs d ~vdyïs ng g}ehgvdcoehgs ~vofw~dvods cvgdcoóh

ngl nóldv KWC -Kgvcdne Úhoce ng Cdkfoe/( Gl èfogvhe cekghzó ld gkosoóh ohev`ähocd ng follg~gs -“ld kdtwoho~d‛/ soh vgsrdlnevgdl, rdvd dloyodv ld glokohdcoóh `vdnwdl ng swfsonoes, les rdtwg~dzes( Gs~e `ghgvó ld&morgvohildcoóh& ng 0922' drve}okdndkgh~g(


DFOKDGL@WZKÄHVG_HESE

YËCÊV RELD_CDKRES

CMWSCMO -Dydcwcme/40 Kdye 4?=2

JWDHJWË -Sdh Kdv~ëh/ Jwhoe 4?=>

4=




Ceke vgcg~ds ng ld CGRDL, gh gl Rgvú g}os~ëd `vdhngs ceh`lekgvdnes gcehókocesceke:

GHCO -gkrvgsd twg rvenwcëd lgcmd d hoygl hdcoehdl/,( GCDSD, ld gkrvgsd hdcoehdl ngl dvvez, ld úhocd rvenwc~evd nos~vofwonevd ng gsg

rvenwc~e(GLGC^VELOKD, ld úhocd gkrvgsd twg fvohndfd sgvyocoes ng glgc~vocondn gh ~end Lokd( CR^ Cekrdôëd rgvwdhd ng ^glïiehes, úhocd gkrvgsd gs~d~dl twg fvohndfd gl sgvyocoe

~glgióhoce twg ~ghëd wh sgvyocoe kw loko~dne -gl cgh~ve ng Lokd sóle ceh~dfd ceh 6~glïiehes rúfloces/(

Iekgh~ó gl gkrlge d ~vdyïs ngl Rve`vdkd ng Dree dl Oh`vgse ^gkrevdl -RDO^/gs~okwldveh ld ngkdhnd ng cehswke(

4Sg rvenwje ld sg`whnd yoso~d ngl Rdrd Jwdh Rdfle OO dl Rgvú -4> ng kde ng 4 ?==/( 4Rvekwl`ó ld lg ng Sokrloiocdcoóh Dnkohos~vd~oyd -sg dcdfó ceh gl rdrgl sglldne/( Gl 6= ng jwloe ng 4?=0 Dldh @dvcëd dhwhcoó ld gs~d~ozdcoóh ng ld fdhcd( Gvd whd kgnond

ngsgsrgvdnd rdvd sdlydv sw èfogvhe ngl ngvvwkfg ioscdl( Gl gscvo~ev Kdvoe Ydv`ds Llesdlongvó ld cdkrdôd ceh~vd ld gs~d~ozdcoóh ng ld fdhcd( Gl èfogvhe noe kdvcmd d~väs(

LD NOC^DNWVD COYOCE – KOLO^DV, GL NGCGHOE -4??2 – 6222/

EFVDS _ MGCMES NGL @EFOGVHE NG DLFGVÊ AGH_D IWJOKEVO IWJOKEVO

Llg`d dl Rengv ceh sw Keyokogh~e relë~oce Cdkfoe ?2 lwgè ngngvve~dv gh glgccoehgs dl ldwvgdne heyglos~d Kdvoe Ydv`ds Llesd,lëngv ngl IVGNGKE ceh~dhne ceh gl dree glgc~evdl ngl DRVD ng ld Oztwogvnd(

Sw rverwgs~d gs~dfd fdsdnd gh “Mehvdngz, ~gchele`ëd

~vdfdje‛( Les efjg~oyes ngl vïòkgh seh: vgohsgvcoóh iohdhcogvd sg`wvondn

oh~gvoev( Drlocó gl iwjosmeca, dwhtwg hg`ó gh sw cdkrdôd, gl = ng dès~e ng

4??2, cdkfoe ng kehgnd ngl Oh~o dl Hwgye Sel, -gl Hwgye Sel twg gtwoydlëd d whKollóh ng Oh~os/, glokohó les swfsonoes, sg `ghgvó wh rdtwg~dze, rgve sg ivghe ldmorgvohildcoóh(

Drlocdcoóh ng whd relë~ocd gcehókocd lofgvdl ev~ene}d, ohocoähnesg whd eld ngrvoyd~ozdcoehgs ng lds gkrvgsds rúflocds(

Gl 46 ng nocogkfvg ng 4??4 Ld Ev`dhozdcoóh ng lds Hdcoehgs Whonds rdvd ld Gnwcdcoóh,ld Coghcod ld Cwl~wvd -Whgsce/ lg cehiogvg d Lokd ld cd~gèvëd ng Rd~vokehoe Cwl~wvdl ngld Mwkdhondn(

Gh 4??6, sg ohocod gl rvecgse ng rvoyd~ozdcoehgs ng lds gkrvgsds gs~d~dlgs, sg rvoyd~ozeMOGVVE+RGVW rev gl cehsevcoe Cmolghe Smew`dh Cevrevd~oeh rev 46 kollehgs ng

nóldvgs( Le`vd ld ohsgvcoóh d ld gcehekëd oh~gvhdcoehdl( D ~vdyïs ng ydvoes yodjgs vgwhoehgs gh

gl g}~gvoev, cehso`woó gl rvïs~dke ng >67 kollehgs ng nóldvgs ng GG(WW(, dngkäs

Hïs~ev ROLCE CEH^VGVDS 4?

G l I w j o s m e c a i w g d r l o c d n e s o h d h g s ~ g s o d & S g g l o k o h d v e h l e s s w f s o n o e s , s g g l g d v e h d v o d s g c g s l e s r v g c o e s n g l e s r v e n w c ~ e s y h e m w f e d w k g h ~ e n g s d l d v o e s h o i e v ~ d l g c o k o g h ~ e n g l e s r v e ` v d k d s s e c o d l g s r d v d r d l o d v g l d l z d & , & N g w h n ë d r d v d e ~ v e s g g h c e h ~ v d v e h c e h w h k e h ~ ó h n g f o l l g ~ g s t w g h e d l ë d h h d n d g h l e s f e l s o l l e s & ( W h d h d l o s ~ d r e l ë ~ o c e d c w ô ó g h ~ e h c g s w h d i v d s g r v g c o s d : R V G C O E S J D R E H G S G S , S D L D V O E S D I V O C D H E S (




cehso`woó ld vgiohdhcodkogh~e ng ld ngwnd g}~gvhd ngl Clwf ng Rdvos, dsë ceke gldceòkogh~e dl rldh Fdhnm(

Gl norlekä~oce rgvwdhe Jdyogv Rïvgz ng Cwïlldv vgdlozd yoso~d eiocodl dl Rgvú gh swcehnocoóh ng sgcvg~dvoe `ghgvdl ng ld Ev`dhozdcoóh ng Hdcoehgs Whonds -EHW/(

Gl 46 ng sgr~ogkfvg ng 4??6 ld novgccoóh Hdcoehdl ceh~vd gl ~gvvevoske -NOHCE^G/ dlkdhne ngl `ghgvdl Agyoh Yondl cdr~wvó dl lëngv ng Sghngve Lwkohese, Dfokdgl@wzkäh, ceh le twg sg vgnwcg gl dccoehdv ~gvvevos~d(

Sg gs~dflgcg whd lgòsldcoóh dh~o~gvvevos~d sgygvd g ohilg}oflg rdvd gvvdnocdv ldswfygvsoóh -^vofwhdlgs Kolo~dvgs, Jwgcgs soh ves~ve ld lg ng dvvgrgh~okogh~e/

Oh~gh~e ng èlrg ng Gs~dne rev rdv~g ng wh `vwre ng `ghgvdlgs gh vg~ove, ghcdfgzdnesrev Jdokg Sdlohds Sgnó Jesï Rds~ev Yoygs(

Sg le`vó ld vgohcgvsoóh ngl Rgvú d ld fdhcd oh~gvhdcoehdl( Drlocdcoóh ng whd gcehekëd hgelofgvdl, twg rgvjwnocd d lds kdsds käs refvgs( Rvoyd~ozdcoóh ng lds gkrvgsds rúflocds, idyevgcoghne d lds gkrvgsds oh~gvhdcoehdlgs

ng sgvyocoes fäsoces, ceke glgc~vocondn ~glgiehëd( Swrvgsoóh ng les ngvgcmes sohnocdlgs ng les ~vdfdjdnevgs, idcolo~dhne les ngsrones

kdsoyes( Gl 27 ng dfvol ng 4??6, noe gl dw~eèlrg, noselyoghne gl ceh`vgse g moze lldkdv èfogvhe

ng gkgv`ghcod vgcehs~vwccoóh hdcoehdl, rece ngsrwïs, cehyecd d glgccoehgs rdvdwh Ceh`vgse Ngkecvä~oce Cehs~o~wgh~g -CCN/(

Ld CCN gldfevó ld hwgyd cehs~o~wcoóh rvekwl`dnd, rvgyoe vgigvïhnwk -`dhó gl së ceh gl76'/ gl 32 ng nocogkfvg ng 4??3 sg rvekwl`d, gh~vdhne gh yo`ghcod dl nëd so`wogh~g(

4Sg iwsoehó ld Eiocohd ng Dree Dlokgh~dvoe -EHDD/ gl Rve`vdkd ng Dree Novgc~e-RDN/ gh whd seld ohs~o~wcoóh nghekohdnd Rve`vdkd Hdcoehdl ng Dree Dlokgh~dvoe-RVEHDD/(

Sg cvgdh rve vdkds secodlgs ng dree ceke: gl RVEHDD, gl RVEKWNGM,IEHCENGS, OHIGS e~ves(

Rev ngcvg~e Lg Hº 67=9= sg cvgd gl Ohs~o~w~e Hdcoehdl ng Ngighsd ng ld Cekrg~ghcod ng ld Rve~gccoóh ng ld Rverogndn Oh~glgc~wdl -Ohngcero/(

Rev ngcvg~e Lg Hº 67=?0 sg cvgd gl Sos~gkd Rvoydne ng Rghsoehgs fdsdne gh lds Dnkohos~vdnevds ng Iehnes ng Rghsoehgs -DIR/, gl 44 ng jwloe ng 4??3 Sg vgdlozd gl O] Cghse Hdcoehdl ng Refldcoóh gl OY Cghse ng

Yoyoghnd, ef~ghoïhnesg ld coivd rvglokohdv ng 66 46= >99 kollehgs ng mdfo~dh~gs( Sg vgdlozd vgigvïhnwk rdvd drvefdv hwgyd Cehs~o~wcoóh( Ye~dveh rev gl Së 3 =?7 093

rgvsehds -76,3'/ rev gl He 3 7>= 33> rgvsehds ->0,0'/( Sg cvgd OHNGCERO, SWHD^ ev`dhoskes vg`wldnevgs -ESOR^GL, SWHDSS, g~c(/

SG@WHNE @EFOGVHE NG DLFGVÊ IWJOKEVO IWJOKEVO -4??7 – 6222/

Sg vgdlozdh glgccoehgs rvgsonghcodlgs( Dlfgv~e Iwjokevo, cdhnond~e ng C?2+HKef~oghg gl 9>,>6' ng les ye~es( Sw ereso~ev, gl norlekä~oce Jdyogv Rïvgz ng Cwïlldv, ngWhoóh rev gl Rgvú, cehso`wg gl 64,=4' ng ld ye~dcoóh( Ceh nocmes vgswl~dnes Iwjokevo`dhd lds glgccoehgs gh rvokgvd ywgl~d ef~oghg kdevëd dfselw~d gh gl Ceh`vgse(





Iovkó gl dcwgvne ng rdz ngioho~oye ceh Gcwdnev “dc~d ng Fvdsolod‛ gl 69 ng ec~wfvg ng4??=(

Sg rvenwcg ld ~ekd ng ld Vgsonghcod ngl Gkfdjdnev ngl Jdróh ld cdr~wvd ng dl~esiwhcoehdvoes rúfloces rgvsehdlondngs ceke vgmghgs rev rdv~g ngl KV^D(, twg

~gvkohdvä ceh ld oh~gvyghcoóh ng les cekdhnes ng “Cmdyëh ng Mwäh~dv‛( Sg dmehndh les rveflgkds ng cevvwrcoóh novoònd rev gl dsgsev ng Oh~glo`ghcod Yldnokove

Keh~gsohes evvgs( Ceh~vel cdso ~e~dl ng ld Rvghsd ld ^Y( -nodvoes cmocmd twg okrwlsdh whd cdkrdôd ng

ngsrvgs~oòe ngscvïno~e d les relë~oces ng eresocoóh/ d ~vdyïs ng rvecgses jwnocodlgs rvgsoóh ~vofw~dvod ceh ld SWHD^(

Gl 4> ng sg~ogkfvg gl Ivgh~g Ohngrghnogh~g Kevdlozdnev noiwhng wh yonge gh ld twg gldsgsev ngl Sgvyocoe ng Oh~glo`ghcod, Yldnokove Keh~gsohes êvvgs, sefevhd rev ld swkdng . 47 222 dl ceh`vgsos~d glgc~e Lwës Dlfgv~e Aewvo Fwkdcmdv d cdkfoe ng twg sgdrdv~g ng ld d`vwrdcoóh Rgvú Resoflg, rev ld twg iwg glgc~e, sg rdsg d lds iolds ng ld Dlodhzd Glgc~evdl Rgvú 6222( Gl 6> ng sg~ogkfvg sg rvenwcg ld rvokgvd iw`d ng Yldnokove Keh~gsohes d ld cowndn ng

Rdhdkä gh whd dyoehg~d ng rverogndn ng Noehosoe Vekgve Sgkohdvoe( Gl 6? ng ec~wfvg sg lgydh~d gh dvkds gl cekdhndh~g Elldh~d Mwkdld ^dsse, gh ld

cowndn ng ^dchd, g}oòghne ld vghwhcod ngl Rvgsongh~g Iwjokevo( Gl 42 ng heyogkfvg gl Rvgsongh~g ng ld Vgrúflocd cehyecd d glgccoehgs `ghgvdlgs rdvd

gl = ng dfvol ngl 6 224( Sg cghswvd d ld Rvgsongh~d ngl Ceh`vgse Kdv~md Molngfvdh~ Rïvgz ^vgyoôe sg glo`g d

Ydlgh~ëh Rdhod`wd Cevdzde ceke Rvgsongh~g ngl Ceh`vgse( Gl 4? ng heyogkfvg ngl 6222, gl Rvgsongh~g Dlfgv~e Iwjokevo ngsng Jdróh -gh yoso~d he

eiocodl/ dhwhcod sw vghwhcod dl cdvè ng Rvgsongh~g ng ld Vgrúflocd( Gl nëd 64 ng

heyogkfvg gl Ceh`vgse ng ld Vgrúflocd sg vgúhg he dcgr~dhne sw vghwhcod ydcd glcdvè ngl Rvgsongh~g ng ld Vgrúflocd rev ohcdrdcondn kevdl rgvkdhgh~g

VGSWKGH GL NGCGHOE -4??2 – 6222/

IWJOKEVDÊ

-4??2 – 6222/CDKFOE ?2

HWGYDKD_EVËDYDKESYGCOHE

RGVÚ 6222

Dlfgv~eIwjokevoIwjokevo

4gv @ef(-?2 – ?7/

Yghcg d Kdvoe Ydv`ds Llesd -IVGNGKE/ Vgohsgvcoóh dl sos~gkd iohdhcogve: Cdv~d

Oh~ghcoóh dl IKO( Smeca gcehókoce ng~wye morgvohildcoóh, cvgd

gl Hwgye Sel(

Dw~eèlrg ng Gs~dne 7 dfvol 4??6: Cogvvd glCeh`vgse( Oh~gh~e ng èlrg ng Gs~dne ng Jdokg Sdlohds

Sgne( Cdr~wvd ng lëngvgs ~gvvevos~ds -Nohce~g: Ag~ëh

Yondl/ Ceh`vgse Cehs~o~wgh~g Ngkecvä~oce -CCN/ Gldfevd rvekwl`d ld Cehs~o~wcoóh 4??3 Kengle gcehókoce hgelofgvdl -rvoyd~ozdnev:

Kohos~ve Fele`hd/ Cvgd SWHD^: kgjevd ld vgcdwndcoóh

~vofw~dvod @wgvvd ngl Cghgrd: Gcwdnev -4??7/: Rdz ng

O~dkdvd~ -Gcwdnev/





6ne @ef(-?7 –

6222/

+Yghcg d Jdyogv Rïvgz ng Cwglldv -Whoóh rev gl Rgvú/

Dcwgvnes ng loko~gs iovkdnes: * Gcwdnev: Dc~d ng Fvdsolod %* Cmolg: Dc~d ng gjgcwcoóh

Cvosos ng vgmghgs Gkfdjdnd Jdróh: KV^D:Cgvrd Cdv~eloho -4??9/ Lg ng Oh~gvrvg~dcoóh dw~gh~ocd -Cdvles

êvvgs êvvgs Ldvd/ Yghcg gh glgccoehgs 6222 -Ivdwng/ %

Kdvcmd > Swes: êlgne

3gv @ef(-Jwl( – Hey(

6222/

Gscähndle yonge: Aewvo + Keh~gsohes Keh~gsohes mwg d Rdhdkä Yodjg rvgsonghcodl d DRGC -Fvwhgo/ Iwjokevo vghwhcod ngsng Jdróh% Ngs~o~wone

“ohcdrdcondn kevdl‛ Dswkg gl kdhnd~e: Ydlgh~ëh Rdhod`wd-Ceh`vgse Vgrúflocd/

EFVDS _ MGCMES NGL @EFOGVHE NG YDLGHÔH RDHOD@WD CEVDZDE“@efogvhe ng ~vdhsocoóh‛ -6222 + 6224/

Gs hekfvdne Rvgsongh~g Rveyosevoe rev gl Ceh`vgse( Gl nëd 66 ng heyogkfvg gl Nv( Ydlgh~ëh Rdhod`wd Cevdzde dswkg ld Rvgsonghcod ng ld

Vgrúflocd mds~d gl 6= ng Jwloe ngl 6224, ghcdfgzdhne gl @efogvhe ng ^vdhsocoóh( Gh~vg`ó gl Dgverwgv~e Oh~gvhdcoehdl Jev`g Cmäygz gh cehcgsoóh rev 62 dôes d whd

gkrvgsd dlgkdhd Sg rvenwje gl ohcongh~g gh~vg gl Rvgsongh~g Rdhod`wd ceh gl cevvwr~e kdioese

rgvoenos~d Hoceläs Lúcdv, soghne ngsghkdscdvdne gs~g úl~oke dl oh~gh~dv noidkdvle gohyelwcvdvle gh wh swrwgs~e hgècodne rev gl ~väioce ng dvkds(

Sg cehievkd ld Cekosoóh ng ld Ygvndn Vgcehcolodcoóh Hdcoehdl, rdvd ohygs~o`dv glcehiloc~e dvkdne oh~gvhe(

Gl Ceh`vgse ng ld Vgrúflocd, gl jwgygs 62 ng nocogkfvg, drvwgfd ld lg twg dkhos~ëd dlCekdhndh~g Elldh~d Mwkdld ^dsse d ~enes les ohswvvgc~es twg dredveh sgdnmovogveh d nocme lgydh~dkogh~e(

Le`vó ld cdr~wvd ng Yldnokove Keh~gsohes gh Yghgzwgld Sg rvenwje gl ohcongh~g e okrdssg ceh Yghgzwgld twg ke~oyó ~ghsoehgs gh~vg les nes

Gs~dnes Iovkó gl ceh~vd~e ng g}rle~dcoóh ngl `ds ng Cdkosgd -~dh res~gv`dne rev cdso 62 dôes/ Sg rvenwje gl vg~evhe ng Dldh @dvcëd Rïvgz dl Rgvú lwgè ng cdso 42 dôes ng g}oloe Cehyecó d glgccoehgs rdvd gl dôe 6224(

EFVDS _ MGCMES NGL @EFOGVHE NG DLGJDHNVE ÊLGNE KDHVOTWG-6224 + 6229/

Gh lds hwgyds glgccoehgs ng 6224, `dhó gh ld sg`whnd ywgl~d ceh gl 73,2=' ivgh~g d>9,?6' ngl rdv~one drvos~d rgvwdhe( dswkg gl rengv gl 6= ng jwloe ngl 6224(





Okrwlsó kgnonds hgelofgvdlgs, gh nehng lds gs~dnës~ocds kdcvegcehókocds ohnocdvehwh ses~ghone cvgcokogh~e gh ld gcehekëd rgvwdhd, dwhtwg he noskohwó kwcme ldrefvgzd(

Rvekeyoó lds ohygvsoehgs gh gl sgc~ev kohgve vgsrdlnó d lds cekrdôëds ohs~dldnds

gh ld nïcdnd rdsdnd( Sg ohdw`wvó gl @dsgenwc~e ngl @ds ng Cdkosgd( Sg noó lds rve~gs~ds ng dh~o+rvoyd~ozdcoóh ng G@DSD _ G@GSWV gh Dvgtword( Ld cehs~vwccoóh ng yoyoghnds ceh les rve`vdkds &^gcme Rveroe& &Ko yoyoghnd&( Gl rve`vdkd &D ^vdfdjdv& rdvd ghivgh~dv gl ngsgkrlge( Gl &Rldh Mwdscdväh& rdvd kengvhozdv gl dccgse d ld ohievkdcoóh gh lds gscwglds

kgnodh~g gl wse ng Oh~gvhg~( Sg ohocoó ld cehs~vwccoóh ng ld Cdvvg~gvd Oh~gvecgähocd Rgvú+Fvdsol( Longvó gl rvegc~e ng Cekwhondn Swndkgvocdhd ng Hdcoehgs lldkdnd me Whoóh ng

Hdcoehgs Swvdkgvocdhds -WHDSWV/, cekwhondn relë~ocd gcehókocd oh~g`vd rev

necg rdësgs ohngrghnogh~gs ng Swndkïvocd( Sg iwhnó gl = ng nocogkfvg ng 622>, gh gl~gkrle ohcd ngl Cevocdhcmd, Cwsce, Rgvú( Gjgcwcoóh ngl Rvegc~e Lds Fdkfds gh Drwvëkdc( Rvekwl`dcoóh ng ld Lg ng Vg`dlëds Kohgvd( Ndcoóh ng ld Lg ngl Dv~os~d, ng vdnoenoiwsoóh ng ~glgyosoóh( Ceh gl Rldh êlgvdhcod Cgve yoghg ndhne whd nwvd fd~dlld gh sw lwcmd ceh~vd ld

swfygvsoóh, ld nglohcwghcod gl hdvce~väioce( Fwscó hwgyes kgvcdnes rdvd lds g}rev~dcoehgs d`veohnws~vodlgs ~g}~olgs, iovkdhne

okrev~dh~gs dcwgvne cekgvcodlgs ceh Kgvceswv, ld Cekwhondn Dhnohd ^doldhnod( Gh gl 6223 sg gko~oó gl Ohievkg Iohdl ng ld CYV twg iojdfd gh 9?(6=2 les dsgsohdnes

ngsdrdvgcones gh gsds nes nïcdnds d kdhes ng lds iwgvzds ng ld sg`wvondn ngl Gs~dne, sefvg ~ene, ng Sghngve Lwkohese, cehsongvdne gl rvohcordl yoeldnev ng les NgvgcmesMwkdhes ceh ngsghldcg ng kwgv~g(

Gl 64 ng heyogkfvg ng 6223, ronoó rgvnóh gh hekfvg ngl Gs~dne d ~ends ldsyëc~okds ng ld yoelghcod ~gvvevos~d, ~end ygz twg &ld g}clwsoóh secodl, ld idl~d ngrvgsghcod ngl Gs~dne gl dfdhnehe iwgveh gl cdlne ng cwl~oye ng ld ongele`ëd ngkghcodl ~gvvevos~d twg sg ghsdôó ceh les rgvwdhes käs refvgs&(

Gl 3 ng heyogkfvg ngl 6227 rvekwl`ó ld Lg ng Lëhgds ng Fdsg ngl Nekohoe Kdvë~okengl Rgvú, twg gs~dflgcëd wh hwgye cvo~gvoe ng ngloko~dcoóh ng lds d`wds ~gvvo~evodlgs nglRdcëioce( Gs~e iwg ohkgnod~dkgh~g vgcmdzdne rev gl èfogvhe cmolghe(

Okrlgkgh~dcoóh ngl rve`vdkd “Ko Fdvvoe‛(

Gh~vg`ó gl Rvegc~e Gsrgcodl ng Ovvo`dcoóh Kdjgs + So`wds d ld Vgòóh ng Dvgtword( Rev rvokgvd ygz gh gl Rgvú whd kwjgv dswkg ld Rvgsonghcod ngl Cehsgje ng Kohos~ves

Fgd~voz Kgvohe Lwcgve( Yoso~d ngl kdhnd~dvoe hev~gdkgvocdhe @gev`g Fwsm dl Rgvú( Yoc~evod kwhocordl ng Lwës Cds~dôgnd Lessoe gh lokd kg~verelo~dhd, dl yghcgv dl Dlcdlng

cdhnond~e d ld vgglgccoóh Dlfgv~e Dhnvdng Cdvkehd(

EFVDS _ MGCMES NGL SG@WHNE @EFOGVHE DLDH@DVCOD RGVGZ

-6229 + 6244/

Yghcg gh sg`whnd ywgl~d d Elldh~d Mwkdld -Whoóh rev glRgvú/ fdje gl lgkd “gl cdkfoe vgsrehsdflg‛(





Dsrgc~e oh~gvhe: sg le`vd kdh~ghgv gl cvgcokogh~e gcehókoce, fehdhzd g}rev~dnevd ngkohgvdlgs(

^vd~dnes ng lofvg cekgvcoe -^LC/ ceh GG(WW(, Cmohd, Cmolg, Cdhdnä, Soh`drwv, Swozd,^doldhnod, Cevgd ngl Swv(

Noigvghne kdvë~oke ceh cmolg -622=/, gl Rgvú rvgsgh~d whd ngkdhnd oh~gvhdcoehdl dh~gld CEV^G NG LD MD_D( CEHILOCÊS SECODLGS ngvoydnes ng lds ergvdcoehgs kohgvds KETWG@WDZE

-622=/ Fd`wdze -622?/( Vdnocdlozdcoeh ngl cehiloc~e gh gl YVDG -cdv~glgs ng nve`ds, cecdlgves vgkdhgh~gs ng

sghngve/( 47 ng dès~e ngl 6220: ^GVVGKEÊ NG ROSCE -Ocd/ ng 0(7 `vdnes, wh sdlne ng 743

kwgv~es kolgs ng mgvones( 6220, Iwjokevo gs g}~vdno~dne, lwgè ngl KG@DJWOCOE gs sgh~ghcodne d 67 dôes rev ng

nglo~es ng lgsd mwkdhondn( Cwkfvgs gh gl Rgvú -622=/: Y CWKFVG DLC+WG -Cwkfvg ng jgigs ng gs~dne ng

èfogvhe ng Dkïvocd ld~ohd, gl cdvofg ld Whoóh Gwvergd/ DRGC -Ieve ng ceergvdcoóhgcehókocd Dsod rdcoioce/(

EFVDS: sg cvgd gl KOHOS^GVOE NGL DKFOGH^G -Dh~ehoe Fvdca/ gl KOHOS^GVOE NGCWL^WVD -Jwdh Cessoe/(

Rvekwl`dcoóh ng ld LG_ NG CDVVGVD RWFLOCD KD@OS^GVODL vgkezdkogh~e ngles celgòes gkflgkä~oces(

Hïs~ev ROLCE CEH^VGVDS 6>

HISTORIA DEL PERU REPUBLICANO XX

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