-I MASO 503 · 2020. 11. 3. · साभाजिक अनुस॓धान ઋिઍध औय...

साभाजिक अनसॊधान विधध औय कॊ पमटय अनपरमोग-I MASO 503

उततयाखॊड भकत विशिविदमारम 1

1- डा0 सजीव महाजन समाजशासतर ववभाग NAS PG College Meerut

2- डा0 नीरजा वसह उततराखड मकत ववशवववदयालय

3- डॉ0 राजश कशवाहा समाजकायय ववभाग डॉबीआर अमबडकर ववशवववदयालयआगरा

4- डॉ0 योगश चदरा समाजशासतर ववभाग राजकीय महाववदयालय मावनला उततराखड

5- डॉ0 रपाली जोशी

6- पनीत चतवदी

कापीराइट उत तराखड मकत ववzwj वववदयालय

परकाशन वषष- 2020

परकाशन- उत तराख ड मzwj त ववzwj वववदयालय हलzwjद वानी- 263139

lokZfkd lqjfkrA bl izdkku dk dksbZ Hkh vak mRRkjk[kM eqDr foofo|ky dh fyf[kr vuqefr

fy fcuk fefekssxzkQ vFkok fdlh vU lkku ls iqu izLrqr djus dh vuqefr ugha gSA



MASO-503

साभाजिक अनसॊधान विधध औय कॊ पमटय अनपरमोग- I

Social Research methods and Computer Applications- I

Block 1 Introduction to Social Research

Unit 1 Social Research ndash Meaning and Purpose of Social Research

lkekftd kksk vFkZ rFkk lkekftd kksk dk miacutes

Unit 2 Theory and Research Qualitative amp Quantitative

fl)kUr rFkk kksk xqkkRed oa xkukRed

Unit 3 Objectivity and Subjectivity in Social Research

lkekftd kksk esa oLrqfuBrk oa OfDrfuBrk

Unit 4 Ethics amp Social Research

lkekftd kksk esa uSfrdrk

Block II Research Design

Unit 5 Formulation of Research Problem

अनसॊधान सभसमा का ननभााण

Unit 6 Forms of Research Design Descriptive Diagnostic Explanatory amp Experimental Research Design

िणाातभक अनिषणातभक परमोगातभक एिॊ ननदानातभक शोध परयचना

Unit 7 Comparative Analysis in Social Research

foyskk

Unit 8 Textual Analysis Media and Content Analysis

विशरषण

Unit 9 Evaluative Action and Participatory Research

Block III Methods of Data Collection

Unit 10 Levels of Measurement and Use of standard scales

Unit 11 Sampling Types of Sampling-probability and Non-probability sampling

funrdquokZufunrdquokZu ds izdkj- lEHkkouk औय vlEHkkouk funrdquokZu

Unit 12 Source of DataPrimary and Secondary Data

-

Unit 13 Focused Group Discussion (FGD)

Unit 14 Narratives and Oral Histories

Unit 15 Secondary Data bases and Official Documents



1 Social Research Meaning amp Purpose of Social Research

bdkbZ dh ijs[kk

1-0 miacutes

1-1 izLrkouk

1-2 lkekftd kksk dh vokkjkk dk LiVhdjk vFkZ oa ifjHkkkkiexcl

1-3 lkekftd kksk dh izNtildefr

1-4 lkekftd kksk ds miacutes

1-5 lkekftd kksk esa izsjkkFkZd dkjd

1-6 lkekftd kksk dk egUgraveo

1-7 lkekftd kksk dh leLkiexcl

1-8 lkjkak

1-9 kCnkoyh

1-10 vHkl izu

1-11 lanHkZ xzUFk lwph

izLrqr bdkbZ esa lkekftd ldquokksk dh vokkjkk dks legtkus dk izkl fdk xk gSA blds

lkFk gh bldh izNtildefr] miacutesksa] izsjkkFkZd dkjdksa] egUgraveo oa leLkvksa dks LiV djuk Hkh bl bdkbZ

dk miacutes gSA vkkk gS fd bl bdkbZ dks ilt+us ds ckn] vki

lkekftd ldquokksk dh vokkjkk dks legt ikiexclxs(

lkekftd ldquokksk dh izNtildefr dk Kku izkIr dj ikiexclxs(

lkekftd ldquokksk ds miacutesrdquoksa dh Ok[k dj ikiexclxs(

lkekftd ldquokksk esa izsjkkFkZd dkjdksa dks legt ikiexclxs(

lkekftd ldquokksk dk egUgraveo legt ikiexclxs( rFkk

lkekftd ldquokksk dh leLkvksa dh ppkZ dj ikiexclxsA

ekuo d lkekftd izkkh gS rFkk izkjEHk ls gh og d ftKklq izkkh jgk gS Dksafd mlus

izNtildefr dks legtus oa viuh leLkvksa ds lekkku ds fy lnSo lrr izkl fdk gSA okLro esa]

lHrk oa laLNtildefr dk fodkl ekuo dh bl ftKklk kjk izsfjr vius ikZojk dks vuojr i ls

legtus ds izklksa dk gh ifjkke gSA vkt izNtildefr dks legtus rFkk lkekftd thou ds ckjs esa uohu

Kku izkIr djus ds izklksa dks gh ldquokksk dgk tkus yxk gSA vr ldquokksk Kku dh [kkst ls lEcfUkr gSA

^lkekftd ldquokksk^ dk vFkZ legtus ls igys g tku ysuk vfuokZ gS fd ^rdquokksk^ k

^vuqlUkku^ fdls dgrs gSaA ^rdquokksk^ ldquokCn vaxzsth ds lsquoResearchrsquo ldquokCn dk fgUnh ikUrj g S ftls nks



Hkkxksa lsquoRersquo rFkk lsquoSearchrsquo esa foHkkftr fdk tk ldrk gSA igys vFkkZr~ lsquoRersquo ldquokCn dk vFkZ gS îqu^

tcfd nwljs vFkkZr~ lsquoSearchrsquo ldquokCn dk vFkZ gS ^[kkst djukÂ vr ^rdquokksk^ dk ldquokkfCnd vFkZ îqu [kkst

djuk^ gSA (Plutchik) ds erkuqlkj ldquokksk ldquokCn dk mn~xe d sls ldquokCn ls gqvk gS ftldk

vFkZ lc fnrdquokkvksa esa tkuk vFkok [kkst djuk gSA

ewy i ls ldquokksk ldquokCn dk vFkZ vUosrsquokk (Enquiry) ls fyk tkrk Fkk] ijUrq dkykUrj esa

bldk i ldquokuS ldquokuS fujUrj lardquokksfkr rFkk fodflr gksrk xkA vkkqfud oSKkfud ldquokksk blh lrr~]

izxfrrdquokhy oa fodklrdquokhy izOslashe dh nsu gSA (The New Century

Dictionary) ds vuqlkj ldquokksk dk vFkZ fdlh oLrq vFkok OfDr ds forsquok esa fordquoksrsquok i ls lkokkuh

ds lkFk [kkst djuk] rFksa vFkok fl)kUrksa dk vUosrsquokk djus ds fy forsquokamplkexzh dh fujUrj

lkokkuhiwoZd iwNrkN vFkok tkiexclpampiM+rky djuk gSA

(C V Good) ds vuqlkjampszligvknrdquokZ i esa ldquokksk fdlh leLk ds ckjs esa

lkokkuh oa fursquoik i ls fdk tkus okyk vUosrsquokk gS ftlesa FkklEHko izekfkr rFksa esa vUrj]

fuoZpu rFkk lkekU i ls lkekUhdjk dks vkkkj cukk tkrk gSATHORN blh izdkj]

(Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences) ds vuqlkjampszligrdquokksk oLrqvksa]

vokkjkkvksa k izrhdksa vkfn dks dqrdquokyrkiwoZd OofLFkr djrk gS] ftldk miacutesrdquo lkekUhdjk kjk

Kku dk fodkl] izkekfkdrk dh tkiexclp vFkok lRkiu dh tkiexclp gksrk gS pkgs og Kku Oogkj esa

lgkd gks k dyk esaATHORN

bl izdkj] ldquokksk dk vFkZ dsoy iqu [kkst djuk gh ugha gS vfirq fdlh izkVuk k leLk

ds ckjs esa esa uohu tkudkjh izkIr djuk k miyCk Kku esa fdlh izdkj dk lardquokksku djuk Hkh gSA

^rdquokksk^ ldquokCn dk izksx Hkh d izdkj ls ldquokqf)] laLdkj k lardquokksku ds vFkZ ds i esa fdk tkrk gSA

lkekUr uohu Kku dh fnrdquokk esa fdk xk Oslashec) izkl gh ldquokksk dgykrk gS] ijUrq lkekftd

foKkuksa esa ^rdquokksk^ ldquokCn dk izk sx uohu Kku izkIr djus ds fy gh ugha fdk tkrk vfirq foLrr

vFkZ esa Kku esa of) ds lkFkamplkFk blesa fdlh izdkj dk lardquokksku djus k Kku dh iquLFkkZiuk djus

ds i esa Hkh fdk tkrk gSA okLro esa] lkekftd kksk ekuo ds lkekftd thou] lkekftd

kVukvksa oa lkekftd tfVyrkvksa ds lEcUk esa vUoskk dk d oSKkfud izkl gS ftldk miacutes

uohu Kku izkIr djuk vFkokrFkk fo|eku Kku dk ifjdkj djuk gSA lkekftd kksk esa oSKkfud

oa rkfdZd i)frksa dh lgkrk ls lkekftd Oogkj dk forsquoysrdquokk djus ds ipkr~ fl)kUrksa dk

fuekZk djus dk izkl fdk tkrk gSA vU kCnksa esa g dgk tk ldrk gS fd lkekftd kksk dh

izNtildefr oSKkfud gksrh gS rFkk blesa fujhkk] ijhkk] rFksa ds voyksdu] oxhZdjk rFkk

lkekUhdjk gsrq OofLFkr ltax ls oSKkfud i)fr ds lHkh pjkksa dks viukk tkrk gSA lkekftd

kksk esa oLrqfuBrk] lRkiukhyrk] rVLFkrk] OofLFkrrk rFkk HkfoksfDr ij tksj fnk tkrk gSA

vr ljy kCnksa esa g dgk tk ldrk gS fd lkekftd ldquokksk dk vFkZ lkekftd kVukvksa

k rFksa ds ckjs esa uohu tkudkjh izkIr djuk] izkIr Kku esa of) djuk vFkok ftu fl)kUrksa oa

fueksa dk fuekZk fdk xk gS muesa fdlh izdkj dk lardquokksku djuk gSA lkekftd ldquokksk dh

ifjHkkrsquokkiexcl fofHkUu fokuksa us fuEufyf[kr izdkj ls nh gSaamp

(Young) ds vuqlkjampszliglkekftd ldquokksk uohu rFksa dh [kkst] iqjkus rFksa ds lRkiu]

muds Oslashec) ikjLifjd lEcUkksa] dkjkksa dh Ok[k rFkk mUgsa lapkfyr djus okys izkNtildefrd fueksa

ds vu dh lqfuksftr i)fr gSATHORN muds vuqlkj] szligrdquokksk dk miacutesrdquo (i) uohu rFksa dk irk

yxkuk vFkok iqjkus rFksa dh izkekfkdrk dh tkiexclp oa ijhkk djuk( (ii) miqDr lS)kfUrd lUnHkZ

esa rFksa ds Oslasheksa] vUrlZEcUkksa rFkk dkZampdkjk Ok[kvksa dk forsquoysrdquokkdjuk rFkk (iii) uohu



oSKkfud U=ksa] vkokkjkkvksa vkSj fl)kUrksa dk fuekZk djuk gS ftuls fd ekuoh Oogkj dk

fordquooluh vkSj izekfkr vu fdk tk ldsATHORN (Fisher) ds vuqlkjampszligfdlh leLk dks

gy djus k d midYiuk dh ijhkk djus] k u kVukOslashe k mlesa u lEcUkksa dks [kkstus ds

miacutesrdquo ls miqDr i)frksa dk lkekftd ifjfLFkfrksa esa tks izksx fdk tkrk gS] mls lkekftd

ldquokksk dgrs gSATHORN oa (Redman and Mory) ds vuqlkjampszliguohu Kku dks izkIr djus ds

Oslashec) izkl dks ge ldquokksk dg ldrs gSaATHORN

miqZDr ifjHkkrsquokkvksa ls LirsquoV gks tkrk gS fd lkekftd ldquokksk lkekftd lEcUkksa] kVukvksa

rFkk rFksa ls lEcfUkr gS ftlesa budh Ok[k] dkZampdkjk lEcUkksa dh [kkst] uohu rFksa dh

[kkst rFkk iqjkus rFksa dh izkekfkdrk dh tkiexclp oSKkfud ltax ls djus dk izkl fdk tkrk gSA

vr lkekftd ldquokksk d OofLFkr i)fr gS ftlesa lkekftd rFksa dh okLrfodrk] muds

dkZampdkjk lEcUkksa oa izfOslashkvksa ds ckjs esa Oslashec) Kku izkIr djus dk izkl fdk tkrk gSA

ldquokksk oa lkekftd ldquokksk dh vokkjkk ds LiVhdjk ls lkekftd ldquokksk dh izNtildefr dk Hkh

irk py tkrk gSA lkekftd ldquokksk dh izNtildefr fuEukafdr rFksa kjk LirsquoV dh tk ldrh gSamp

(1) amplkekftd ldquokksk ds

vUrxZr ekuoampOogkj dk vu fdk tkrk gSA lekt esa jgus okys vU lnLksa oa lewgksa ds

lkFk mlds lEcUk] mudh fofHkUu izfOslashkvksa oa vUrfOslashZkvksa dk vu rFkk fofHkUu lkekftd

rFksa oa kVukvksa] tks fd OfDr ds Oogkj dks izHkkfor djrh gSa] dk forsquoysrdquokklkekftd ldquokksk ds

vUrxZr fdk tkrk gSA

(2) amplkekftd ldquokksk dk

miacutesrdquo fdlh kVuk ds lEcUk k OfDrksa ds ikjLifjd lEcUkksa esa uohu rFksa o fueksa dh [kkst

djuk gSA bu uohu rFksa dh [kkst kjk lkekftd ldquokksk lkekftd lEcUkksa kjk fufeZr lajpuk oa

laxBu dks Hkh legtus oa budk LirsquoVhdjk djus esa lgkrk nsrk gSA uohu rFksa dh [kkst ds

dkjk vusd foku~ lkekftd kksk dk miacutes dsoy lS)kfUrd Kku izkIr djus rd gh lhfer j[kus

dk izkl djrs gSaA

(3) amplkekftd ldquokksk esa

fofok izdkj dh lkekftd leLkvksa dh izNtildefr oa muds dkjkksa dk irk yxkus dk Hkh izkl

fdk tkrk gSA tc rd lkekftd leLkvksa dh izNtildefr oa dkjkksa dk irk u gks rc rd mudk

mipkj lEHko ugha gSA (P V Young) dk dguk gS fd lkekftd ldquokksk Okfkdh

leLkvksa ls dsoy ogha rd lEc) gS tgkiexcl rd os vkkkjHkwr lkekftd izfOslashkvksa] ekuo Oogkj

rFkk OfDrRo ds fodkl vFkok fokVu ij izdkrdquok Mkyrh gSaA lkekftd kksk esa dkZampdkjk lEcUkksa

dh [kkst djus dk izkl fdk tkrk gSA mnkgjk ds fyampfn kksk ds vkkkj ij g LFkkfir gks

tk fd xUnh cfLrkiexcl cky vijkk ds fy mUgravekjnkh gSa] rks bls dkZampdkjk lEcUkksa dh LFkkiuk

dgk tkxkA

(4) ampuohu fueksa rFkk fl)kUrksa ds fuekZk

ds lkFkamplkFk lkekftd ldquokksk dk miacutesrdquo izkphu rFksa dh iquiZjhkk djuk rFkk muesa lqkkj djuk Hkh

gSA lekuqdwy Kku ds vkkkj ij lkekftd rFksa dh Ok[k djuk ekuo thou dks legtus ds

fy vfuokZ gSA mnkgjk ds fyamplkekftd kksk ds vkkkj ij gh g kkjkk ifjofrZr gqbZ gS fd

vijkkh tUetkr gksrs gSaA



(5) amplkekftd ldquokksk esa oSKkfud i)fr dk izksx fdk tkrk gS

rkfd fordquooluh oa izekfkr rFksa dk ladyu fdk tk lds vkSj fursquoik Ok[k kjk ekuo

lEcUkksa dh izNtildefr dks legtk tk ldsA oSKkfud i)fr ls vfHkizk lkekftd kksk esa fujhkk]

ijhkk] rFksa ds ladyu] oxhZdjk rFkk lkekUhdjk gsrq OofLFkr fofk dks viukuk gSA oSKkfud

i)fr kjk fd x vuksa dh lRkiukhyrk dHkh Hkh dh tk ldrh gSA

(6) rdquo amplkekftd ldquokksk esa lkaf[dh izfofkksa dk izksx Hkh

fdk tkrk gS ftlls fd fofHkUu pjksa (Variables) vFkok kVukvksa esa lglEcUk dk irk py lds

vkSj vfkd fordquooluh fursquodrsquokZ fudkys tk ldsaA fn kksk dk miacutes dsoy kVukvksa dk okZu djuk

gS] rks mls xqkkRed kksk dgk tkrk gS rFkk sls kksk esa lkaf[dh forsquoysrdquokk dh vkodrk ugha

gksrh gSA xkukRed kksk lnSo lkaf[dh forsquoysrdquokk ij vkkkfjr gksrk gSA xqkkRed oa xkukRed

kksk dks foLrkj ls blh [kM dh nwljh bdkbZ esa legtkk xk gSA

lkekftd ldquokksk dh izNtildefr ls gesa irk pyrk gS fd bldk vuampks= vfr Okid gSA

okLro esa] g ks= bruk gh Okid gS ftruk fd Loa lkekftd okLrfodrk dkA blds vUrxZr

fofHkUu lkekftd leLkvksa dk forsquoysrdquokk djuk] muds dkjkksa dk irk yxkuk] kVukvksa dk lekkku

izLrqr djuk] orZeku Kku dk ifjofrZr ifjfLFkfrksa ds lUnHkZ esa ewYkadu djds miqDrrk dk irk

yxkuk bRkfn fofok izdkj ds vuksa dks j[kk tk ldrk gSA

lkekftd ldquokksk lkekftd okLrfodrk l s lEcfUkr gSA vr bldk miacutesrdquo lkekftd

okLrfodrk dks FkklEHko oLrqfursquoB oa Oslashec) i esa legtuk gSA bldk miacutesrdquo dsoy Kku izkIr

djuk gh ugha gS vfirq Kku dks Okogkfjd thou esa ikbZ tkus okyh leLkvksa ds lekkku ds fy

izksx esa ykuk Hkh gSA vr lkekftd ldquokksk ds fuEufyf[kr rhu izeq[k miacutesrdquo gks ldrs gSaamp

(1) lkekftd okLrfodrk ds ckjs esa fordquokq) Kku izkIr djuk rFkk fl)kUrksa dk fodkl

vFkok foLrkj djuk]

(2) fofrdquokrsquoV leLkvksa dk lekkku djuk] rFkk

(3) izpfyr oa orZeku fl)kUrksa dh iquiZjhkk djukA

g vfuokZ ugh a gS fd ldquokksk dk dsoy d gh miacutesrdquo gks vfirq] okLro esa] lkekftd ldquokksk

dk miacutesrdquo uohu rFksa dh [kkst] izkphu rFksa dh uohu ltax ls foospuk djrs gq orZeku fl)kUrksa

dh miqDrrk dk ijhkk djuk rFkk muesa vkordquod lardquokksku djds uohu fl)kUrksa dk fuekZk

djuk gks ldrk gSA

lkekftd ldquokksk dk miacutesrdquo vU ldquokkskksa dh rjg Kku dh izkfIr djuk gS ftls lS)kfUrd

miacutesrdquo (Theoretical objective) dgrs gSaA bl izdkj ds ldquokksk esa lkekftd kVukvksa ds ckjs esa uohu

rFksa dh [kkst] iqjkus fueksa dh tkiexclp k igys ls miyCk Kku esa of) dsoy ek= ekuo ftKklk

dh lUrqfrsquoV ds fy dh tkrh gSA ijUrq lkekftd ldquokksk dk Okogkfjd miacutesrdquo (Applied or

utilitarian objective) Hkh gks ldrk gS vFkkZr~ bldk miacutesrdquo izkIr Kku dk izksx Okfkdh oa

fokVudkjh leLkvksa ds lekkku ds fy djuk gks ldrk gSA (Young)]

(Lazarsfeld) rFkk (Rosenberg) us lkekftd ldquokksk ds Okogkfjd ik ij vfkd egUgraveo

fnk gSA Kku lS)kfUrd rFkk Okogkfjd nksuksa gh nfrsquoVksa ls rHkh vfkd miksxh fl) gks ldrk

gS] tcfd blds vUrxZr Hkforsquookkh djus dh kerk gks Dksafd blls ifjfLFkfrksa dk iwokZuqeku

yxkk tk ldrk gSA



vr LiV gS fd vusd fokuksa us lkekftd kksk ds miacutesksa dks lS)kfUrd oa Okogkfjd

miacutesksa dh nfV ls izfrLFkkfir djus dk izkl fdk gSA fn ge bls dsoy uohu Kku izkIr djus

vFkok orZeku Kku esa of) djus rd gh lhfer j[ksa] rks fufpr i ls g blds lS)kfUrd egUgraveo

dk |ksrd gSA nwljh vksj] fn ge lkekftd kksk kjk izkIr Kku dk izksx lekt esa fo|eku

leLkvksa ds fujkdjk gsrq djus dk izkl djsa vFkok bldk izksx lekt dYkk oa lekt

lqkkj dkksplusmn gsrq djsa] rks g kksk dk Okogkfjd egUgraveo gSA Okogkfjd egUgraveo ds dkjk gh lkekftd

kksk uhframpfuekZk esa lgkd ekuk tkrk gSA

izRsd ekuoh fOslashk ds leku lkekftd ldquokksk Hkh lEizsfjr gSA us lkekftd

ldquokksk esa pkj izeq[k izsjkkFkZd dkjdksa dk mYys[k fdk gS tks fd bl izdkj gSaamp

(1) ampftKklk dks ekuoh efLrrsquod dh ewy izofUgravek ekuk xk gS

Dksafd euqrsquo vkfndky ls gh mRlqdrk ds lkFk vKkr oLrqvksa ds ckjs esa Kku izkIr djus dk izkl

djrk jgk gSA blh ftKklk ds dkjk OfDr lkekftd okLrfodrk dks Hkh legtus dk izkl djrk

gSA kksk blh ftKklk dk ifjkke gSA

(2) ampfofHkUu kVukvksa oa izfOslashkvksa esa

dkZampdkjk lEcUkksa dh [kkst djuk Hkh lkekftd ldquokksk dk d iz sjkkFkZd dkjk jgk gS Dksafd

vfkdrj ldquokksk kVukvksa ds ijLij lEcUkksa dks legtus k blds ckjs esa lUnsg nwj djus ds fy gh

fd x gSaA

(3) ampleample ij

uohu oa vizRkfrdquokr kVukiexcl gekjh ftKklk dks mdlkrh gSaA vr OfDr buds oa fofHkUu

leLkvksa ds dkjk tkudj gesrdquokk g pkgrk gS fd og mu ij fot izkIr dj ysA vusd

lkekftd ldquokksk leLkvksa dks legtus ds izkl gsrq Hkh fd tkrs gSaA

(4)

amplkekftd ldquokksk esa d vU izsjkkFkZd dkjd

ldquokksk ds fy uohu fofkksa oa izfofkksa dks fodflr djus dh bPNk Hkh gS rkfd lkekftd

leLkvksa dks vkSj vfkd vPNh rjg ls legtk tk ldsA

lkekftd ldquokksk vkt ds qx esa nSfud thou dk d vfHkUu vax cu xk gS Dksafd

lkekftd thou vRfkd tfVy gksrk tk jgk gSA blesa ku oa le nksuksa gh yxrs gSa ijUrq fQj

Hkh vfkdamplsampvfkd yksx ldquokksk dkksplusmn esa fp ysus yxs gSaA bldk dkjk lkekftd vuqlUkku dk

clt+rk gqvk egUgraveo gSA lkekftd ldquokksk ds egUgraveo dks fuEukafdr ldquokhrsquokZdksa ds vUrxZr LirsquoV fdk tk

ldrk gSamp

(1) ampvKkurk oa vUkfordquookl euqrsquo

dh vusd leLkvksa dk dkjk gSaA lkekftd ldquokksk uohu Kku kjk vKkurk oa vUkfordquookl dks

feVkus esa lgkrk nsrk gSA blls ge lkekftd dqjhfrksa ds ckjs esa oSKkfud Kku izkIr djrs gSa

ftlls buds izfr gekjh vKkurk oa vUkfordquookl de gksrk gSA



(2) amplkekftd ldquokksk ekuoh Kku esa fujUrj of) djus esa

lgkd gS rFkk blls cqf) dk Hkh fodkl gksrk gSA vkt ds tfVy lekt dks legtus ds fy

fujUrj Kku esa of) vfuokZ gS rFkk lkekftd ldquokksk kjk orZeku Kku dks clt+kk tk ldrk gSA

(3) amplkekftd ldquokksk lekt ds fofHkUu igyqvksa

oa muesa ikbZ tkus okyh tfVyrkvksa dk oSKkfud Kku miyCk djkus esa lgkrk nsdj gesa

lkekftd fofHkUurkvksa dks legtus esa lgkrk nsrk gSA oSKkfud Kku lekt dks mfpr i ls

legtus ds fy vfuokZ gSA

(4) rdquo ampvkt dk ekuo thou pkjksa

vksj ls fofok izdkj dh leLkvksa ls fkjk gqvk gSA lkekftd ldquokksk gesa slh lkekftd leLkvksa ds

fursquoik forsquoysrdquokkesa lgkrk iznku djrk gS ftlls leLkvksa ds dkjkksa dk irk py tkrk gS vkSj

muds lekkku ds ckjs esa lkspk tkrk gSA

(5) amplkekftd ldquokksk lekt lqkkj ls lEcfUkr dkksplusmn dks

oSKkfud vkkkj iznku djrk gSA lkekftd ldquokksk kjk gh vusd dqjhfrksa rFkk muds fy mUgravekjnkh

dkjdksa dks legtk tk ldrk gS vkSj mUgsa nwj fdk tk ldrk gSA

(6) amplkekftd ldquokksk lkekftd okLrfodrk dks legtus rFkk

mlds ckjs esa fueksa oa fl)kUrksa dk fuekZk djus esa lgkrk iznku djrk gSA orZeku ifjfLFkfrksa

dk oSKkfud forsquoysrdquokkHkforsquo dk vuqeku yxkus esa lgkrk nsrk gSA

(7) amplkekftd ldquokksk kjk izkIr Kku lkekftd fuU=k esa

Hkh lgkd gksrk gSA lkekftd laxBu rFkk bldh fHkUu bdkbksa ds ckjs esa lkekftd ldquokksk kjk

iwkZ Kku izkIr fdk tk ldrk gS rFkk g irk yxkk tk ldrk gS fd dkSuamplh fokVudkjh

izofUgravekkiexcl lkekftd Oogkj ds fy [krjk iSnk djrh gSaA fukstu Hkh lkekftd ldquokksk kjk gh lEHko

gSA

lkekftd ldquokksk d tfVy izfOslashk gSA yxrk rks slk gS fd ldquokksk djuk vRfkd ljy dkZ

gS] ijUrq tc ge lkekftd ldquokksk dh izjpuk (Research design) cukuk izkjEHk djrs gSa rks gesa irk

pyrk gS fd g dkZ fdruk dfBu gSA lkekftd ldquokksk esa vusd izdkj dh leLkvksa dk lkeuk

djuk iM+rk gSA izFke leLk g gS fd ldquokksk leLk dk fuik Bhd izdkj ls fdk tk ldsA

slk ekuk tkrk gS fd fn ldquokksk leLk dk fuik Bhd izdkj ls gks xk gS rks g vkks ldquokksk ds

cjkcj gSA leLk dk lkokuhiwoZd fuekZk gesa ldquokksk ds vxys pjkksa esa vkus okyh vusd ckkkvksa ls

cpk ldrk gSA nwljh leLk funrdquokZu ds pu ls lEcfUkr gSA lkekUrk ftu lwpuknkrkvksa dk

pu fdk tkrk gS muesa ls cgqrampls feyrs gh ugha gSaA blls funrdquokZu dh fordquooluhrk izHkkfor

gksrh gSA rhljh leLk fordquooluh lkexzh ds ladyu ls lEcfUkr gSA vfkdkardquok lwpuknkrk lgh

lwpukiexcl ugha nsrs gSa ftlds dkjk Hkzked fursquodrsquokZ fudy ldrs gSaA d ls vfkd vuqlUkku izfofkksa

dk izksx djds ladfyr lkexzh dh fordquooluhrk dh tkiexclp dh tkrh gSA lkekftd ldquokksk dh pkSFkh

izeq[k leLk ldquokksk esa oLrqfursquoBrk cuk j[kus dh gSA vfkdkardquok foku~ bl ckr ij cy nsrs gSa fd

lkekftd ldquokksk esa izkNtildefrd foKkuksa dh Hkkiexclfr izkekfkdrk ykuk dfBu gSA lekt foKkuksa ds fue

izkNtildefrd foKkuksa ds fueksa dh Hkkiexclfr vVy ugha gksrs] os rks lkekftd Oogkj ds lUnHkZ esa lEHkkfor

izofUgravek dks izdV djrs gSaA slh fLFkfr ds fy vusd dkjd mUgravekjnkh gSa ( tSlsamplkekftd kVuk dk



LoHkko frac14izNtildefrfrac12 rFkk Bksl ekinMksa dk fodflr u gksuk vkfnA oLrqfursquoB kksk ls lEcfUkr ikiexclp

izeq[k leLkiexcl gSaamp

(1) leLk dk pu lnSo ewYampfukZksa kjk izHkkfor gksrk gSA blh [kM dh rhljh bdkbZ

esa vkidks eSDl oscj ds fopkjksa ds lUnHkZ esa g LiV djus dk izkl fdk tkxk fd fdl izdkj

kksk ls lEcfUkr leLk dk pu lnSo ewYksa ls izHkkfor gksrk gSA

(2) lkekftd ldquokksk esa rVLFkrk j[k ikuk lEHko ugha gSA g leLk kksk esa oLrqfuBrk

cuk j[kus ls lEcfUkr gS rFkk bldh foLrr foospuk Hkh rhljh bdkbZ esa dh xbZ gSA

(3) ldquokkskdrkZ ds vkUrfjd oa ckaacute fgr OfDrfursquoBrk dks izksRlkgu nsrs gSaA izRsd kkskdrkZ

vusd uSfrd ewYksa oa kkjkkvksa ds vkkkj ij lkekftd FkkFkZrk dks legtus dk izkl djrk gSA

slk djus esa og kksk ds izRsd Lrj ij fuik u gksdj okLrfodrk dks damprjQk nfV ls ns[kus

dk izkl djrk gSA blhfy lkekftd kksk esa fudkksplusmn ds izekkhdjk frac14lRkiukhyrkfrac12 d dfBu

dkZ ekuk tkrk gSA

(4) lkekftd kVukvksa dh xqkkRed izNtildefr ifjrdquokq) oa FkkFkZ i ls kVukvksa ds vu

esa d ckkk gSA d rks lkekftd kVukiexcl xqkkRed gksrh gSa rFkk nwljs budh izNtildefr vRUr tfVy

Hkh gksrh gSA bldk izeq[k dkjk g gS fd izRsd lkekftd kVuk gsrq dksbZ d dkjd mUgravekjnkh u

gksdj og kVuk vusd dkjdksa dh nsu gksrh gSA kkskdrkZ ds fy bu dkjdksa dks dampnwljs ls

vyx dj kVuk dks legtuk lEHko ugha gSA

(5) ldquokkskdrkZ ds uSfrd ewY frac14latkfrdsUnzoknfrac12 ldquokksk dh izRsd voLFkk esa mls vRfkd

izHkkfor djrs gSaA tc ge vaxzst lektkkfL=ksa oa ekuokkfL=ksa ij Hkkjrh lekt dh FkkFkZrk

dks xyr ltax ls fpf=r djus dk vkjksi yxkrs gSa] rks gekjs lkeus latkfrdsUnzokn gh gksrk gSA

wjksih foku~ viuh laLNtildefr dks mPp oa vknkZ ekudj Hkkjrh lekt dks legtus dk izkl

djrs jgs gSa] ftlls os fuik gksdj FkkFkZrk dk okZu ugha dj ik gSaA

okLro esa] lkekftd kksk esa miqZDr leLkvksa ds vfrfjDr eki dh leLk dk mYys[k

fdk tkuk Hkh vkod gSA lkekftd FkkFkZrk ds vusd igyqvksa dks ekiuk lEHko ugha gSA

mnkgjk ds fyampfn dksbZ g dgs fd Hkkjrh lekt esa mPp oa fuEu tkfrksa esa dkQh

lkekftd nwjh ikbZ tkrh gS] rks gks ldrk gS g lgh gks ijUrq bu tkfr Jsfkksa esa nwjh dks ekik

ugha tk ldrk gSA

lkekftd ldquokksk dh vfUre leLk vUrforsquokd nfVdksk (Interdisciplinary perspective)

dh gS tks fd vfkdkardquok ldquokkskdrkZvksa esa ugha ikk tkrk gSA blls lkekftd kVukvksa dh FkkFkZrk dk

iwjk irk ugha py ikrk gSA

lkekftd kksk ekuo ds lkekftd thou] lkekftd kVukvksa oa lkekftd tfVyrkvksa ds

lEcUk esa vUoskk dk d oSKkfud izkl gS ftldk miacutes uohu Kku izkIr djuk vFkokrFkk

fo|eku Kku dk ifjdkj djuk gSA lkekftd kksk esa oSKkfud oa rkfdZd i)frksa dh lgkrk ls

lkekftd Oogkj dk forsquoysrdquokk djus ds ipkr~ fl)kUrksa dk fuekZk djus dk izkl fdk tkrk gSA

blesa lkaf[dh forsquoysrdquokk dk izksx fdk tkrk gSA sls kksk vkuqHkfod kksk dgykrs gSaA vkkqfud

qx esa lkekftd kksk thou dk d vfHkUu vax cu xk gSA bldk izksx lekt dYkk dh

uhfrksa ds ewYkadu oa mUgsa izHkkokkyh cukus gsrq Hkh fdk tkus yxk gSA lkekftd kksk esa

rVLFkrk vFkkZr~ oLrqfuBrk cuk j[kuk d izeq[k leLk gS Dksafd kkskdrkZ ds ewY] lksp oa



mUeq[khdjk fujUrj bls izHkkfor djus dk izkl djrs gSaA bruk gh ugha] lkekftd kVukvksa dh

xqkkRed izNtildefr oa buds fy cgqdkjdksa dk mUgravekjnkh gksuk Hkh kksk esa leLkewyd ekuk tkrk gSA

amp lkekftd thou] lkekftd kVukvksa oa lkekftd tfVyrkvksa ds

lEcUk esa vUoskk ds oSKkfud izkl dks lkekftd kksk dgk

tkrk gSA

amp blls vfHkizk lkekftd kksk ds lHkh lksikuksa esa oSKkfud i)fr

dks viukus ls gSA

amp blls vfHkizk lkekftd kksk ds vkkkj ij dkjkksa oa ifjkkeksa esa

lEcUk LFkkfir djuk gSA

amp lekt dYkk dk vfHkizk lekt esa OkIr dqjhfrksa dks lekIr

dj lekt lqkkj dkksplusmn dks izksRlkgu nsuk gSA

1 lkekftd kksk fdls dgrs gSa bldh izNtildefr LiV dhftA

2 lkekftd kksk dh vokkjkk LiV dhftA

3 lkekftd kksk dks ifjHkkfkr dhft rFkk blds izeq[k miacutesksa dk mYys[k dhftA

4 lkekftd kksk ls vki Dk legtrs gSa bls izsjkk nsus okys izeq[k dkjd dkSuampls gSa

5 lkekftd kksk Dk gS bldk egUgraveo LiV dhftA

6 lkekftd kksk dk vFkZ crkb rFkk bldh izeq[k leLkvksa dk lafkIr ifjp nhftA

C V Good (1973) Dictionary of Education McGraw-Hill Inc New York

Edwin Robert Anderson Seligman (1934) Encyclopaedia of the Social Sciences Vol

XIV The Macmillan Company New York

G M Fisher Quoted in H P Fairchild (1944) Dictionary of Sociology (ed)

Philosophical Library New York

L V Redman and A V H Mory (1933) The Romance of Research The Williams

and Wilkins Company Baltimore

P V Young (1966) Scientific Social Surveys and Research An Introduction to

the Background Content Methods Principles and Analysis of Social

Studies Prentice-Hall Englewood Cliffs NJ

R Plutchik (1968) Foundations of Experimental Research Harper amp Row New

York

The New Century Dictionary 17th Edition (1957) Standard Reference Works

Publishing Company Inc New York

The Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences (1930) MscmiUan and Co Ltd MCMXXX

London



2

Theory amp Research Qualitative amp Quantitative

bdkbZ dh ijs[kk

2-0 miacutes

2-1 izLrkouk

2-2 fl)kUr dh vokkjkk dk LiVhdjk

2-3 kksk dh vokkjkk dk LiVhdjk

2-4 kksk oa fl)kUr esa ijLij lEcUk

2-5 xqkkRed oa xkukRed kksk

2-6 xqkkRed oa xkukRed kksk esa vUrj

2-7 lkjkak

2-8 kCnkoyh

2-9 vHkl izu


izLrqr bdkbZ esa fl)kUr dh vokkjkk dks legtkus dk izkl fdk xk gSA blds lkFk gh

kksk oa fl)kUr esa ijLij lEcUk rFkk xqkkRed oa xkukRed kksk dks LiV djuk Hkh bl bdkbZ


fl)kUr dh vokkjkk dks legt ikiexclxs(

kksk dh vokkjkk dk LiVhdjk dj ikiexclxs(

kksk oa fl)kUr esa ijLij lEcUk dks LiVrk legt ikiexclxs( rFkk

xqkkRed oa xkukRed kksk dk Kku izkIr dj ikiexclxsA

ekuo dh ftKklkRed izNtildefr kksk ds fy mUgravekjnkh ekuh tkrh gSA ekuo d lkekftd

ccedilkkh gS rFkk ccedilkjEHk ls gh d ftKklq ccedilkkh jgk gS Dksafd mlus ccedilmdashfr dks legtus oa viuh

leLkvksa ds lekkku ds fy lnSo lrr ccedilkl fdk gSA okLro esa] lHrk oa laLmdashfr dk fodkl

ekuo dh bl ftKklk kjk ccedilsfjr vius ikZojk dks vuojr i ls legtus ds ccedilklksa dk gh

ifjkke gSA vkt ccedilmdashfr dks legtus rFkk lkekftd thou ds ckjs esa uohu Kku ccedilkIr djus ds

ccedilklksa dks gh kksk dgk tkus yxk gSA vr kksk Kku dh [kkst ls lEcfUkr gSA lkekftd kksk

kjk ccedilkIr rFksa dks tc ijLij lEcfUkr fdk tkrk gS rks d fl)kUr dk fuekZk gksrk gSA

lektkkL= esa fl)kUr kCn dk izksx blds lkekU thou esa Oogkj ds foijhr vFkZ ds i esa

ugha fdk tkrk gSA fl)kUr ls vfHkizk rFksa ds Oslashec) vokkjkkRed ltkiexclps ls gSA bl ccedildkj] kksk

rFkk fl)kUr ijLij lEcfUkr gSa rFkk nksuksa dampnwljs dks izksRlkfgr djrs gSaA



fl)kUr oSKkfud vUoskk dk egUgraveoiwkZ pjk gSA oa (Goode and Hatt) us bls

foKku dk d midjk ekuk gS Dksafd blls gesa oSKkfud ndashfVdksk dk irk pyrk gS] rFksa dks

lqOofLFkr djus] oxhZmdashr djus rFkk ijLij lEcfUkr djus ds fy blls vokkjkkRed ccedilki

ccedilkIr gksrk gS] blls rFksa dk lkekUhdjk ds i esa lafkIrhdjk gksrk gS rFkk blls rFksa ds ckjs

esa Hkfookkh djus oa Kku esa ikbZ tkus okyh =qfVksa dk irk pyrk gSA

dbZ ckj fl)kUr dks rFksa dk ksx ek= gh eku fyk tkrk gS tks Bhd ugha gS rFkk fn

ge bl vFkZ esa fl)kUr dks ifjHkkfkr djrs gSa rks bldk ks= vRUr lhfer gks tkrk gSA rF d

vkuqHkfod i ls ccedilekfkr voyksdu gS rFkk fl)kUr ds fuekZk esa egUgraveoiwkZ LFkku j[krk gSA

fl)kUr kCn fdlh oLrqkVuk ds ifjdYiukRed Loi dks bafxr djrk gSA g kVukvksa ds

dkjkksa dh Ok[k ls lEcfUkr gSA blesa ^Dksa vkSj ^dSls tSls izuksa dk mUgravekj nsus dk izkl fdk

tkrk gSA

lektkkL= esa fl)kUr kCn dk izksx rhu izeq[k vFkksplusmn esa fdk tkrk gSamplkekUhdjk ds

vFkZ esa] vkuqHkfod fl)kUr ds i esa rFkk Ok[kRed fl)kUr ds i esaA vusd foku~ g ekurs

gSa fd fl)kUr ls vfHkizk dsoy ek= lkekftd foo ds ckjs esa lkekUhdjk rFkk bldk oxhZdjk

gSA lkekUhdjk dk ks= dqN ewrZ kVukvksa ls ysdj vRfkd vewrZ oa lekt ds lEiwkZ bfrgkl

ds lkekU fl)kUr rd foLrr gks ldrk gSA vkuqHkfod vFkkZr~ vuqHkoijd nfV ls fl)kUr dks

sls dFku ekuk tk ldrk gS ftlds vkkkj ij OofLFkr i ls tkiexclpampiM+rky dh tkrh gSA bl

vFkZ esa izksx fd tkus okys fl)kUr dks îzRkokn ds uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA tc fl)kUr

kCn dk izksx Ok[kRed vFkZ esa fdk tkrk gS rks bls dsoy kVukvksa dh Ok[k rd gh lhfer

djus dk izkl fdk tkrk gSA sls fl)kUr dkjkkRed lEcUkksa oa izfOslashkvksa dks izdV djus okys

gksrs gSaA vokkjkkRed ltkiexclpk gksus ds ukrs fl)kUrksa dks izRk i esa ns[kk rks ugha tk ldrk] ijUrq

buds izHkkoksa dks vuqHko fdk tk ldrk gSA

fl)kUr ds vFkZ ds ckjs esa ik tkus okys d lkekU Hkze dks nwj djuk Hkh vfuokZ gSA bl

Hkze dk dkjk fl)kUr tSlh vU lektkkL=h vokkjkkvksa ds vFkZ dks tkuus gsrq vaxzsthampfgUnh

kCndkskksa dk Hkh izksx djuk gSA okLrfodrk g gS fd lektkkL= esa izqDr vokkjkkiexcl buds

lkekU vFkok kCndkskh vFkZ ls fHkUu vFkZ j[krh gSA mnkgjkkFkZamp^fl)kUr kCn dk kCndkskh

vFkZ Ôogkj ds foijhr vFkok ^vOkogkfjd gSA blfy cgqkk g dgk tkrk gS fd tks fl)kUr

esa miqDr gksrk gS og vfuokZ i ls Oogkj esa ughaA lektkkL= esa fl)kUr kCn dk vFkZ

Oogkj ds foijhr dnkfi ugha gSA

ccedileq[k fokuksa us bldh ifjHkkkkiexcl fuEu ccedildkj ls nh gSaamp

oa (Goode and Hatt) ds vuqlkjamp^^d oSKkfud ds fy fl)kUr dk vFkZ rFksa

esa ik tkus okys lEcUkksa ls vFkok mUgsa fufpr Oslashe ccedilnku djus ls gSA (Zetterberg) ds

vuqlkjamp^^fl)kUr lqOofLFkr i ls lEcfUkr ccedilLrkoukvksa dk dqyd gSA (Phillips) ds

vuqlkjamp^^fl)kUr dks ccedilLrkoukvksa esa ik tkus okys fofkV lEcUkksa ds vak ds i esa ifjHkkfkr

fdk tk ldrk gSA blfy ccedilRsd fl)kUr dk ewYkadu bl vak dh ek=k] ccedilkekfkdrk] fokampks=

rFkk Ok[k oa Hkfookkh dh kerk ds vkkkj ij fdk tk ldrk gSA (Lin) ds

vuqlkjamp^^d fl)kUr dks ijLij lEcfUkr ccedilLrkoukvksa ds i esa ifjHkkfkr fdk tk ldrk gS

ftuesa ls dqN dk vkuqHkfod ijhkk fdk tk ldrk gSA

miqZauml ifjHkkkkvksa ls LiV gks tkrk gS fd fl)kUr mu ccedilLrkoukvksa ls curk gS ftudk fd

vkuqHkfod ijhkk fdk tk ldrk gSA fl)kUr dks lkekUr fue Hkh eku fyk tkrk gS] ijUrq



lkekftd foKkuksa ds ks= esa vHkh rd sls lkoZHkkSfed fl)kUrksa dk fuekZk ugha fdk xk gS ftUgsa

fue dgk tk ldsA (Fairchild) ds kCnksa esa] szliglkekftd kVuk ds ckjs esa d slk

lkekUhdjk tks ikZIr i esa oSKkfud ltax ls LFkkfir gks pqdk gS rFkk lektkkL=h Ok[k ds

fy d fooluh vkkkj cu ldrk gS] fl)kUr dgykrk gSATHORN blh Hkkiexclfr] (Parsons) ds

erkuqlkj] szligd oSKkfud fl)kUr dks vkuqHkfodrk ds lUnHkZ esa rkfdZd i esa ijLij lEcfUkr

lkekU vokkjkkvksa ds lewg ds i esa ifjHkkfkr fdk tk ldrk gSATHORN

foKku dk vfUre miacutes fl)kUrksa dk fuekZk djds kVukvksa dh Ok[k djuk gSA nwljs

kCnksa esa] g dgk tk ldrk gS fd fl)kUr lkekftd okLrfodrk ds ckjs esa gh voyksfdr

ccedilLrkoukvksa dk lkj gSA lektkkL= esa ccedilksx dh tkus okyh vokkjkkvksa dh vLiVrk ds dkjk

vHkh vfkd fl)kUrksa dk fuekZk ugha fdk xk gSA

os fl)kUr tks vfkd lqOofLFkr ugha gSa] ccedili vFkok ccedilfri (Model) dgs tk ldrs gSaA

ccedilfri fdlh lkekftd kVuk vFkok bdkbZ ds Oogkj ds ckjs esa vkuqHkfod fl)kUr cukus ds fy

fufeZr dqN lS)kfUrd dYiukiexcl gSaA g dgk tk ldrk gS fd ccedilfri fdlh kVuk vFkok bdkbZ dk

okZu ek= ugha gS] vfirq mldh ccedileq[k fokskrkvksa dk ccedilfrfufkRo djrk gSA ccedilfri kjk dh tkus

okyh Ok[k voyksfdr kVuk ds forsquoysrdquokk fd tkus okys okLrfod Oogkj ds vfkd lehi gSA

lkekftd ldquokksk dk vFkZ lkekftd kVukvksa k rFksa ds ckjs esa uohu tkudkjh izkIr djuk]

izkIr Kku esa of) djuk vFkok ftu fl)kUrksa oa fueksa dk fuekZk fdk xk gS muesa fdlh izdkj

dk laldquokksku djuk gSA |fi kksk oa lkekftd kksk dh vokkjkkvksa dks fiNyh bdkbZ esa LiV

fdk tk pqdk gS] rFkkfi gkiexcl ij Hkh bldks laksi esa legtkus dk izkl fdk xk gSA fdlh oLrq]

OfDr] kVuk vkfn ds lEcUk esa lkokkuhiwoZd [kkst djuk rFkk rFksa k fl)kUrksa dk irk yxkus

gsrq fokamplkexzh dh tkiexclpampiM+rky djuk kksk dgykrk gSA

lkekftd ldquokksk dh ifjHkkrsquokkiexcl fofHkUu fokuksa us fuEufyf[kr izdkj ls nh gSaamp

(Moser) ds vuqlkjampszliglkekftd izkVukvksa oa leLkvksa ds lEcUk esa uohu Kku

izkIr djus ds fy dh xbZ OofLFkr [kkst gh lkekftd ldquokksk gSATHORN (Bogardus) ds

vuqlkjampszliglkgpZ esa vFkkZr~ d lkFk jgus okys yksxksa ds thou esa fOslashkkhy vUrfuZfgr izfOslashkvksa

dh [kkst gh lkekftd kksk gSATHORN (Young) ds vuqlkjampszliglkekftd ldquokksk uohu rFksa dh [kkst]

iqjkus rFksa ds lRkiu] muds Oslashec) ikjLifjd lEcUkksa] dkjkksa dh Ok[k rFkk mUgsa lapkfyr

djus okys izkNtildefrd fueksa ds vu dh lqfuksftr i)fr gSATHORN muds vuqlkj kksk ds rhu izeq[k

miacutes gSaampizFke] uohu rFksa dk irk yxkuk vFkok iqjkus rFksa dh izkekfkdrk dh tkiexclp oa ijhkk

djuk( frh] miqDr lS)kfUrd lUnHkZ esa muds Oslasheksa] vUrlZEcUkksa rFkk dkZampdkjk Ok[kvksa dk

foysrsquokk djuk( rFkk rrh] uohu oSKkfud U=ksa] vkokkjkkvksa vkSj fl)kUrksa dk fuekZk djuk gS

ftuls fd ekuoh Oogkj dk fooluh vkSj izekfkr vu fdk tk ldsATHORN

miqZDr ifjHkkrsquokkvksa ls LirsquoV gks tkrk gS fd lkekftd ldquokksk lkekftd lEcUkksa] kVukvksa rFkk

rFksa ls lEcfUkr gS ftlesa budh Ok[k] dkZampdkjk lEcUkksa dh [kkst] uohu rFksa dh [kkst

rFkk iqjkus rFksa dh izkekfkdrk dh tkiexclp oSKkfud ltax ls djus dk izkl fdk tkrk gSA vr

lkekftd ldquokksk d OofLFkr i)fr gS ftlesa lkekftd rFksa dh okLrfodrk] muds dkZampdkjk

lEcUkksa oa izfOslashkvksa ds ckjs esa Oslashec) Kku izkIr djus dk izkl fdk tkrk gSA tc ge dgrs gSa

fd kksk ls vfHkizk oSKkfud i)fr kjk izkIr Kku ls gS] rks gekjk vfHkizk kksk esa fujhkk]



ijhkk] rFksa ds ladyu] oxhZdjk rFkk lkekUhdjk ds vkkkj ij oLrqfLFkfr dh rkfdZd ltax ls

foospuk djus ls gSA

kksk oa fl)kUr ijLij dampnwljs ls kfuB i ls lEcfUkr gSaA fn g dgk tk fd

nksuksa dampnwljs ds iwjd gSa rks dksbZ vfrkksfauml ugha gksxhA kksk oa fl)kUr esa ijLij lEcUk

fuEufyf[kr nks iksa esa legtk tk ldrk gSamp

ampfdlh Hkh fok esa fl)kUrksa dk LFkku egUgraveoiwkZ gksrk

gS rFkk bUgha ls kksk dks fnkkampfunsZk feyrs gSaA lektkkL= buesa dksbZ viokn ugha gS Dksafd blesa

Hkh lektkkL=h fl)kUr vkuqHkfod kksk dks vfkd miksxh cukus esa egUgraveoiwkZ ksxnku nsrs gSaA

(Robert K Merton) ds vuqlkj lektkkL=h fl)kUr kksk dks fuEukafdr Ng

ccedildkj ls ccedilHkkfor djrk gSamp

(1) amplektkkL=h fl)kUr kksk ds i)frkkL=

dks ccedilHkkfor djrk gS Dksafd fcuk i)frkkL= ds dksbZ Hkh kksk lEHko ugha gSA lektkkL=h

fl)kUr kksk ds fudkksa Z dks okLrfod fnkkampfunsZk nsrk gSA

(2) amplkekU lektkkL=h ndashfVdksk

ds vkkkj ij gesa vkuqHkfod kksk dh ijs[kk dk fuekZk djus esa lgkrk feyrh gSA vU kCnksa esa]

lkekU lektkkL=h ndashfVdksk gh midYiukvksa dk fuekZk djus esa lgkd gSA lkekUr foku~

g Lohdkj djrs gSa fd lektkkL=h kksk vFkok midYiuk lektkkL=h fl)kUr ls lEcfUkr

gksuh pkfgA vU kCnksa esa ge g dg ldrs gSa fd lektkkL=h fl)kUr g fukkZfjr djrk gS

fd vkuqHkfod kksk vFkok midYiuk dSlh gksuh pkfgA blls g LiV gks tkrk gS fd

lektkkL=h fl)kUr vkuqHkfod kksk dks d fofkV ndashfVdksk ccedilnku djrk gSA

(3) rdquo amplektkkL=h fl)kUr

ls gesa lektkkL=h vokkjkkvksa dk forsquoysrdquokk djus esa lgkrk feyrh gSA bu vokkjkkvksa ds

LiVhdjk ds vHkko esa u gh rks fl)kUr egUgraveoiwkZ gS vkSj u gh vkuqHkfod kksk vfkd miksxh gks

ldrk gSA oLrqr vokkjkkiexcl kksk esa egUgraveoiwkZ LFkku j[krh gSaA lektkkL=h fl)kUr vokkjkkvksa

dk LiVhdjk djds rFkk buds fuekZk esa foksk i ls lgkrk nsrk gSA lektkkL=h fl)kUr

lektkkL= esa gks jgs vkuqHkfod kksk esa ccedilqauml midYiukvksa dk d ccedileq[k vkkkj gSA blls

vokkjkkvksa ds fuekZk esa gh lgkrk ugha feyrh vfirq buds oxhZdjk esa Hkh lgkrk feyrh gS tks

fd frac14vFkkZr~ oxhZdjkfrac12 kksk esa foksk egUgraveo j[krk gSA


mUgravekjampdkjdh lektkkL=h forsquoysrdquokk esa lgkd gS vFkkZr~ g vkuqHkfod kksk kjk ladfyr rFksa

ds forsquoysrdquokk esa lgkrk nsrk gSA lektkkL=h fl)kUr gesa vusd slh ccedilfrLFkkiukiexcl ccedilnku djrs gSa

ftuds vkkkj ij rFksa dks ladfyr fdk tk ldrk gSA lektkkL=h fl)kUr vkuqHkfod kksk

kjk df=r rFksa dh Ok[k djus rFkk muds ckjs esa Hkfookkh djus esa lgkd gSA rFksa ds

vkkkj ij lektkkL=h Hkfookkh dj ldrs gSa] pkgs bldh miksfxrk lhfer gh Dksa u gksA

(5) amplektkkL=h fl)kUr vkuqHkfod kksk ds fy

vusd vkuqHkfod lkekUhdjk ccedilLrqr djrk gS ftUgsa ge kksk kjk ccedilekfkr djrs gSaA vr ds

vuqlkj lektkkL=h fl)kUr vkuqHkfod kksk ds fy vusd ccedilLrkoukiexcl ccedilLrqr djrk gS ftudks

kksk ds kjk ccedilekfkr o iquccedilekfkr fdk tk ldrk gSA lektkkL=h fl)kUr vkuqHkfod kksk



kjk ccedilkIr foLrr oa Okid Kku dks vewrZ i esa Hkh ccedilLrqr djrk gSA bl ccedildkj] g

lkekUhdjk ds lkFkamplkFk foLrr Kku ds lafkIrhdjk esa Hkh lgkd gSA

(6) amplektkkL=h fl)kUr

vkuqHkfod kksk dks fnkk ccedilnku djds uohu fl)kUrksa ds fuekZk esa lgkrk ccedilnku djrk gSA

lektkkL=h fl)kUr vkuqHkfod kksk dks dsoy ndashfVdksk ccedilnku djus ds lkFkamplkFk mls d

fufpr fnkk Hkh nsrk gSA fl)kUr ls gh gesa g irk pyrk gS fd dkSuampls dkjk gekjh kksk

leLk dh ndashfV ls egUgraveoiwkZ gSaA vr lektkkL=h fl)kUr kksk dks fnkk ccedilnku djrk gSA

lektkkL=h fl)kUr vkuqHkfod kksk esa jg xbZ dfeksa dh vksj gekjk ku vkdfkZr djrk gS

rkfd budks nwj djds vfkd foLrr oa lkoZHkkSfed fl)kUr cuk tk ldsaA

miqZauml foospu ls LiV gS fd fl)kUr dk ccedileq[k dkZ Oslashec) Kku dk lap djuk gS rFkk

lektkkL=h fl)kUr blesa dksbZ viokn ugha gSA lektkkL=h fl)kUr ds vkkkj ij

midYiukvksa dk fuekZk fdk tkrk gS] uohu rFksa dk ladyu fdk tkrk gS rFkk igys ls fufeZr

fl)kUr esa lakksku fdk tkrk gSA bl ccedildkj] lektkkL=h fl)kUr kjk vkuqHkfod kksk dks fn

tkus okys ksxnku ds ifjkkeLoi Kku dh fujUrj of) gksrh jgrh gSA uohu rFksa ds vkkkj ij

fl)kUrksa dh iquiZjhkk gksrh jgrh gS rFkk dbZ ckj u fl)kUrksa dk fodkl Hkh vkuqHkfod fl)kUr

ls ccedilkIr rFksa ds vkkkj ij gh gksrk gSA

ampftl ccedildkj fl)kUr kksk esa lgkd gS] Bhd mlh

ccedildkj kksk Hkh fl)kUr ds fuekZk esa lgkd gSA ds vuqlkj fl)kUr ds fuekZk esa kksk dh

lfOslash Hkwfedk gksrh gSA muds vuqlkj lektkkL= esa fl)kUr dks vkuqHkfod kksk dk ksxnku fuEu

ccedildkj ls LiV fdk tk ldrk gSamp

(1) ampkksk lektkkL=h fl)kUrksa dk fuekZk djus esa

lgkd gSA dbZ ckj sls kksk vkdfLed k vccedilRkfkr [kkst esa lgkd gksrs gSa ftudk kkskdrkZ

us igys ls vuqeku gh ugha yxkk FkkA eVZu ds er esa vkuqHkfod kksk ls ccedilkIr u rFksa ds vkkkj

ij lkekftd fl)kUrksa dk fuekZk fdk tk ldrk gS vFkok fo|eku fl)kUr dks vkxs clt+kk tk

ldrk gSA

(2) ampkksk lektkkL=h fl)kUr dks iquOZofLFkr

djus oa lS)kfUrd iqfuZuekZk djus esa lgkd gksrk gSA kksk ds vkkkj ij gh ge ccedilpfyr kkjkkvksa

dk ckjampckj voyksdu djds mudh ccedilkekfkdrk dh tkiexclp djrs gSa rFkk ccedilpfyr fl)kUrksa dks d

u lkiexclps esa ltkyus dk ccedilkl djrs gSaA

(3) ampkksk lS)kfUrd fp dks

uohu eksM+ nsus esa lgkrk ccedilnku djrk gS vFkkZr~ vkuqHkfod kksk esa lektkkL=h fl)kUr dk

ekxZnkZu djrk gSA ds erkuqlkj kksk dkZ ccedilpfyr fl)kUrksa dks iqu u lkiexclps esa ltkyus oa

lS)kfUrd fp dks uk eksM+ nsus esa viuk ksxnku nsrk gSA

(4) ampkksk dk lektkkL=h fl)kUr

dks lcls ccedileq[k ksxnku g gS fd blls lektkkL=h fl)kUr dh vusd vokkjkkvksa dk

LiVhdjk djus esa lgkrk feyrh gSA vokkjkkvksa dk LiVhdjk lektkkL=h fl)kUr dh

ccedilkekfkdrk dks fl) djus ds fy vkod gSA

miqZauml foospu ls LiV gks tkrk gS fd fl)kUr oa kksk nksuksa kfuB i ls ijLij

lEcfUkr gSa rFkk nksuksa dampnwljs ds iwjd gSaA bu nksuksa dks flDds ds sls nks igyw ekuk tk ldrk

gS ftUgsa dampnwljs ls vyx djuk lEHko ugha gSA d vksj] fl)kUr kksk dks ccedilsfjr djrk gS rks



nwljh vksj] kksk ls ccedilkIr vkiexcldM+s oa rF fl)kUrksa ds fuekZk esa lgkd gksrs gSaA ]

oa (Selltiz Jahoda and Others) ds erkuqlkj] ^^fl)kUr rFkk kksk dk lEcUk ijLij

lgksx dk gksrk gSA fl)kUr mu ks=ksa dh vksj ku fnykrs gSa ftuesa kksk miksxh gksrk gSA nwljh

vksj kksk ls ccedilkIr fudkZ fl)kUrksa dk ewYkadu dj ldrs gSa rFkk u fl)kUrksa dks cukus oa iqjkus

fl)kUrksa dks cnyus gsrq lqgtko ns ldrs gSaA lS)kfUrd fopkjksa kjk ccedilsfjr kksk uohu lS)kfUrd

ifjkke mRiUu djrk gS ftlls u kkskksa gsrq ekxZnkZu ccedilkIr gksrk gS rFkk g Oslashe yxkrkj pyrk

jgrk gSA lS)kfUrd Ok[k ds vHkko esa kksk dkZ rFkk kksk ds vHkko esa fl)kUr cukuk lEHko ugha

gSA

ccedilRsd fok dh viuh d fokampoLrq gksrh gS ftldk vu djus ds fy ml fok esa

fofkV i)frkiexcl gksrh gSaA bUgha fofkV i)frksa ds vkkkj ij d fok dks nwljs fok ls i`Fkd~

fdk tkrk gSA lektkkL= esa Hkh fokampoLrq dk vu dqN fofkV i)frksa dh lgkrk ls

fdk tkrk gSA tks i)frkiexcl la[kvksa oa eki dks egUgraveo nsrh gSa mUgsa ge xkukRed i)frkiexcl dgrs

gSaA bu i)frksa esa lkekftd losZkk dk ccedileq[k LFkku gSA voyksdu frac14lgHkkxh voyksdu dks

NksM+djfrac12] ccedilukoyh] vuqlwph rFkk lkkkRdkj xkukRed i)frkiexcl gh ekuh tkrh gSaA bu i)frksa

kjk lwpuk ladyu djus ds ipkr~ lkjkhu fdk tkrk gS rFkk lkaf[dh forsquoysrdquokk ds vkkkj

ij fudkZ fudkys tkrs gSaA xqkkRed i)frkiexcl dsoy xqkksa dks egUgraveo nsrh gSa la[kvksa dks ughaA buesa

vujr~ bdkbksa dk okZu ek= fdk tkrk gS vFkkZr~ mudk dsoy foojk ccedilLrqr fdk tkrk gSA

bl ccedildkj dk kksk orZeku fLFkfr dh Ok[k rFkk foospuk ccedilLrqr djrk gSA bldk lEcUk mu

fLFkfrksa] Oogkjksa k lEcUkksa ls gS ftudk vfLrRo orZeku esa gS vFkok mu ndashfVdkskksa k

euksofUgravekksa ls gS ftudk orZeku esa ccedilpyu gSA lgHkkxh voyksdu] oSfaumld vu] vUroZLrq

forsquoysrdquokk rFkk thou bfrgkl xqkkRed i)frkiexcl ekuh tkrh gSaA bu i)frksa ds izksx ls LiV gS

fd kksk xqkkRed vFkok xkukRed fdlh Hkh i esa gks ldrk gSA

oLrqr kksk dk ccedileq[k y oSKkfud i)fr ds ccedilksx kjk ccediluksa ds mUgravekj [kkstuk gSA bldk

miacutes vujr leLk ds vUnj fNih FkkFkZrk dk irk yxkuk gS k ml lc dh [kkst djuk gS

ftldh tkudkjh leLk ds ckjs esa ugha gSA |fi ccedilRsd kksk ds vius fofkV y gks ldrs gSa]

rFkkfi bUgsa fokuksa frac14Fkk ] oa rFkk vkfnfrac12 us eq[ i

ls fuEufyf[kr pkj Jsfkksa esa foHkkftr fdk gSamp

(1) fdlh kVuk ds ckjs esa tkudkjh ccedilkIr djuk vFkok blds ckjs esa uohu Kku ccedilkIr djuk

frac14bl miacutes dh iwfrZ gsrq fd tkus okys kksk dks vUoskkkRed vFkok fuikkRed kksk dgrs gSafrac12(

(2) fdlh Ofauml] ifjfLFkfr vFkok lewg dh fokskrkvksa dk lgh fp=k djuk frac14bu miacutesksa

dh iwfrZ gsrq fd tkus okys kksk dks okZukRed kksk dgrs gSafrac12(

(3) fdlh oLrq ds kfVr gksus dh vkofUgravek (Frequency) fukkZfjr djuk vFkok bldk fdlh

vU oLrq ds lkFk lEcUk fukkZfjr djuk frac14bl miacutes dh iwfrZ gsrq fd tkus okys kksk dks

funkukRed kksk dgrs gSafrac12 rFkk

(4) fofHkUu pjksa esa dkZampdkjk lEcUkksa okyh midYiukvksa dk ijhkk djuk frac14bl ccedildkj ds

kksk dks midYiukampijhkk kksk vFkok ccedilkksfxd kksk dgrs gSafrac12A

vUoskkkRed kksk dk miacutes vKkr rFksa dh [kkst djuk vFkkZr~ rFksa ds ckjs esa uohu

vUrndash ZfV ccedilkIr djuk gS rkfd FkkFkZ leLk dk fuekZk fdk tk lds vFkok midYiukiexcl cukbZ tk



ldsaA fdlh lajpukRed vu djus ls igys kkskdrkZ kjk fdlh ccedildjk ds ckjs esa tkudkjh

ccedilkIr djus] vokkjkkvksa dk LiVhdjk djus] vfxze kksk ds fy ccedilkFkfedrkvksa dk irk yxkus]

FkkFkZ ifjfLFkfr esa kksk djus dh Okogkfjd lEHkkoukvksa dk irk yxkus vFkok egUgraveoiwkZ leLkvksa

dk irk yxkus bRkfn miacutesksa dh iwfrZ ds fy Hkh vUoskkkRed kksk fdk tkrk gSA vUoskkkRed

vu dk ccedileq[k miacutes kksk ds fy leLk dk fuekZk djuk vFkok kksk ds fy midYiukiexcl

cukuk gSA oLrqr s nksuksa kksk ds ccedileq[k pjk ekus tkrs gSaA rFkk vkfn dk dguk

gS fd ^^vUoskkkRed kksk ccediljpuk ml vuqHko dks ccedilkIr djus ds fy vkod gS tks vfkd fufpr

kksk gsrq lEc) midYiuk ds fuik esa lgkd gksxkA dbZ ckj kksk leLk ds ckjs esa gesa cgqr

de tkudkjh gksrh gS vFkkZr~ gesa blds lkekftd egUgraveo] lS)kfUrd igyqvksa] Okogkfjd Loi rFkk

blls lEcfUkr fooluh vkiexcldM+ksa dh miyCkrk ds ckjs esa dksbZ Kku ugha gksrkA slh fLFkfr esa Hkh

vUoskkkRed kksk esa yphykiu (Flexibility) ikk tkrk gSA

okZukRed oa funkukRed kksk ijLij lEcfUkr kksk gSa] Dksafd ccedilFke dk miacutes kksk

leLk ls lEcfUkr Kku ccedilkIr djuk gS] tcfd frh frac14funkukRedfrac12 dk miacutes leLk dk funku

djuk gSA ijUrq nksuksa d ugha gSa rFkk buesa LiV Hksn ikk tkrk gSA okZukRed kksk dk miacutes

leLk ds lEcUk esa iwkZ] FkkFkZ oa foLrr rFksa dh tkudkjh ccedilkIr djuk gSA blds kjk

okLrfod rFksa dk ladyu fdk tkrk gS vkSj bu rFksa ds vkkkj ij leLk dk okZukRed

foojk vFkok fp=k ccedilLrqr fdk tkrk gSA funkukRed kksk dk miacutes leLk dk funku ccedilLrqr

djuk gSA blfy g vfkd lajfpr gksrk gS] midYiukvksa kjk funsZfkr gksrk gS rFkk leLk ds

mipkj bRkfn ij vfkd cy nsrk gSA

ccedilkksfxd vFkok ijhkkkRed kksk ccedilksxkkyk esa ccedilksx dh rjg nks pjksa ds ijLij lEcUk

dk vu djus ds fy fdk tkrk gSA blesa d fufU=r (Controlled) lewg cukk tkrk gS

rFkk nwljk ccedilkksfxd (Experimental) lewgA fufU=r lewg dks tSls og gS oSls gh jgus fnk tkrk

gS] tcfd ccedilkksfxd lewg esa ftl dkjd dk ccedilHkko ns[kuk gS mldk ccedildkkdjk (Exposure) fdk

tkrk gSA vu esa oSKkfud fofk ds lHkh pjk viuk tkrs gSaA (Chapin) ds vuqlkj]

^^lektkkL=h kksk esa ijhkkkRed ccediljpuk dh vokkjkk fuU=k dh nkkvksa ds vUrxZr fujhkk

kjk ekuoh lEcUkksa ds OofLFkr vu dh vksj ladsr djrh gSA

lkekftd foKkuksa esa fdk tkus okys kksk dks bldh izNtildefr oa vUoskk gsrq izqDr i)frksa

ds vkkkj ij eq[ i ls nks Jsfkksa esa foHkkftr fdk tkrk gSampxqkkRed kksk (Qualitative) oa

xkukRed kksk (Quantitative)A xqkkRed kksk ls vfHkccedilk ml kksk ls gS ftldk miacutes fdlh

lkekftd kVuk ds xqkksa dks mtkxj djuk gksrk gSA g d ccedildkj ls okZukRed (Descriptive)

vu gksrk gS ftlesa lkekftd kVuk dk okZu Tksa dk Rksa djus dk ccedilkl fdk tkrk gSA bl

ccedildkj ds kksk esa ek=kvksa vFkok la[kvksa dk ccedilksx ugha fdk tkrk gSA xkukRed kksk] ftls

ek=kRed kksk Hkh dgk tkrk gS] og kksk gS ftlesa ek=kvksa vFkok la[kvksa dk ccedilksx fdk tkrk

gSA nksuksa ccedildkj ds kkskksa dh viuh iFkd~ampi`Fkd~ ccedilfofkkiexcl gSaA mnkgjkkFkZamplgHkkxh voyksdu]

lkkkRdkj funsZfkdk] oSfaumld vu] thou bfrgkl bRkfn xqkkRed kksk dh ccedileq[k ccedilfofkkiexcl gSa]

tcfd lkekftd losZkk] voyksdu] ccedilukoyh] vuqlwph oa lkkkRdkj vkfn xkukRed kksk dh

ccedileq[k ccedilfofkkiexcl ekuh tkrh gSaA

ampxqkkRed kksk dh g ekiexclx jgrh gS fd

ladfyr vkiexcldM+s fooluh oa oSk gksaA fooluhrk dk lEcUk iqujkofUgravek (Repeatability) ls gS

vFkkZr~ fn nks kkskdrkZ d tSls fudkZ fudkyrs gSa vFkok d kkskdrkZ kjk fudkys x fudkZ



nks leksa ij lqlaxr (Consistent) gksrs gSa] rks sls vuksa dks fooluh dgk tkrk gSA fn eki

esa funkZu =qfV (Sampling error) ikbZ tkrh gS rks mls vfooluh ekuk tkrk gSA fooluhrk

dh d mPp oa fuEu lhek gksrh gSA xqkkRed vuksa esa vkiexcldM+ksa dh fooluhrk d xEHkhj

leLk ekuh tkrh gS Dksafd xqkkRed ccedilmdashfr ds dkjk budh fooluhrk dh ij[k djuk lEHko

ugha gSA pwiexclfd sls vuksa esa dksbZ oLrqfuB iSekuk ccedilksx esa ugha ykk tkrkA blfy fooluhrk

dk ccedilu vfkd mBkk tkrk gSA xqkkRed kksk dh fooluhrk dks ccedilHkkfor djus okys dkjkksa esa

fdlh vujr lewg dh lajpuk dk ckaacute oa vkUrfjd dkjkksa ds ccedilHkkoksa ls fujUrj ifjofrZr

gksuk] bl lajpuk dk le ds vUrjky esa vRfkd ifjofrZr gks tkuk] vu lEcUkh dlkSVh ds

i esa vUrj vk tkuk vkfn ccedileq[k gSaA

xqkkRed vuksa dh fooluhrk dks ekius dh Hkh fuEufyf[kr rhu i)frkiexcl gSaamp

(1) (Test-retest) ampfooluhrk dks ekius dh bl i)fr esa d

gh eki dks vujr lewg ij nks leksa ij ykxw fdk tkrk gSA fn nksuksa leksa ij fudkZ d

leku gksrs gSa] rks ml eki dks fooluh eku fyk tkrk gSA

(2) (Equivalent form) ampbl i)fr esa ekiu gsrq nks d leku

ekidksa dk fuekZk fdk tkrk gSA fn nksuksa kjk d leku fudkZ ccedilkIr gksrs gSa rks mUgsa

fooluh eku fyk tkrk gSA

(3) (Internal consistency) ampg lokZfkd ccedilpfyr i)fr gSA blesa

eki esa lfEefyr ccediluksa dks LosfPNd i esa nks lewgksa esa foHkkftr fdk tkrk gSA bu nksuksa lewgksa esa

ikk tkus okyk lglEcUk vkUrfjd laxfr rFkk eki dh fooluhrk dks nkkZrk gSA

fooluhrk ds foijhr] oSkrk dk lEcUk lwpuk ladfyr djus esa ccedilqauml ccedilfofk oa i)fr

dh FkkFkZrk k ifjkq)rk oa lRrk ls gSA blesa nks ckrsa egUgraveoiwkZ ekuh tkrh gSaampccedilFke g fd

pfur ccedilfofk k i)fr kjk mlh pht dk vu fdk tk jgk gS ftldk fd ge djuk pkgrs

gSa k ugha rFkk nwljs g vu lgh i ls fdk tk jgk gS k ughaA xqkkRed kksk esa ccedilfofk dh

oSkrk dks LFkkfir djus esa fuEufyf[kr dfBukbksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gSamp

(1) lkekftd vojkskksa ds dkjk d lewg ds Ofauml ccedilk viuh LokHkkfod ukilUnksa dks

Oauml ugha djrs gSaA

(2) lkekUrk lwpuknkrk mfpr lEidZ ds vHkko esa lgh lwpukiexcl ugha nsrs gSaA

(3) kkskdrkZ oa lwpuknkrk dh fLFkfr esa vUrj ds ifjkkeLoi nksuksa esa okrkZyki ds Lrj

esa rkjrE LFkkfir ugha jg ikrkA fn lwpuknkrk esa fuEurk dh Hkkouk (Inferiority complex) vk

tkrh gS rks og lwpukvksa dks clt+k plt+kdj nsus dk ccedilkl djrk gSA

(4) lwpuknkrk vYila[d lewgksa ds ccedilfr ccedilk viuh LokHkkfod ccedilfrfOslashkvksa dks Oauml djus

esa ladksp djrs gSaA

xqkkRed kkskksa esa cgqkk fdlh d gh ccedilfofk kjk vkiexcldM+ksa dk ladyu fdk tkrk gS ftlls

vkiexcldM+ksa dh fooluhrk dks ccedilekfkr ugha fdk tk ldrk gSA blfy vkiexcldM+ksa dh fooluhrk

clt+kus gsrq d ls vfkd ccedilfofkksa oa lzksrksa dk ccedilksx fdk tkuk vfuokZ gSA fuoZpu djrs le

OfaumlfuBrk ls cpko Hkh vu dh fooluhrk dh ndashfV ls egUgraveoiwkZ gSA oSkrk gsrq xqkkRed

kksk esa miqauml kksk ccedilfofk dk pu fdk tkuk rFkk mldk fdlh vU lEiwjd ccedilfofk kjk

lRkiu vRUr vkod gSA fuoZpu oa eq[ fudkksaZ ds ckjs esa fdlh fokskK ls fopkjampfoekZ Hkh

xqkkRed kksk dks vfkd oSk cuk ldrk gSA xqkkRed kksk dh fooluhrk oa oSkrk ds ckjs esa

nks ckrsa ku nsus ksX gSaampccedilFke] ccedilklafxd kksk ccediluksa vFkok leLk dk fuekZk djuk rFkk frh]



mu ccediluksa dk mUgravekj nsus vFkok ml leLk ds lekkku gsrq lokZfkd miqauml ccedilfofk dk pu djukA

fn bu nksuksa esa dksbZ pwd ugha gksrh rks xqkkRed kksk fooluh oa oSk gks ldrk gSA

xkukRed frac14ftls ifjekkukRed Hkh dgk tkrk gSfrac12 kksk dk lEcUk fofHkUu pjksa esa lEcUkksa

dh LFkkiuk ls gSA g pj Hkkj] le] fuiknu] mipkj] vkkqfudhdjk bRkfn dqN Hkh gks ldrs

gSaA bu pjksa dk lwpuknkrkvksa ds funkZu ds vkkkj ij ekiu djus dk ccedilkl fdk tkrk gSA pjksa esa

ik tkus okys lEcUkksa dk ccedilnkZu lkaf[dh i)frksa tSlsamplglEcUk] lkgpZ] ccedilfrxeu bRkfn

kjk fdk tkrk gSA bl ccedildkj ds vuksa ij os foku~ Tknk cy nsrs gSa ftudh ekUrk gS fd

lkekftd fl)kUrksa ds fuekZk esa ccedilkmdashfrd foKkuksa dh i)frkiexcl miksxh gSa rFkk lektkkL= esa budk

ccedilksx fdk tk ldrk gSA bl Jskh ds foku~ lekt dk d slk foKku cukus ij cy nsrs gSa

tksfd mUgha fl)kUrksa oa ccedilfOslashkvksa ij vkkkfjr gksxk tks ccedilkmdashfrd foKkuksa frac14tSlsampjlkukkL= oa

thofoKkufrac12 esa ccedilpfyr gSaA Ofauml dk Oogkj] aeligO ds Oogkj dh Hkkiexclfr] oLrqfuB i ls ekik tk

ldrk gSA ftl ccedildkj aeligO dk Oogkj Hkkj] rkieku oa ncko tSls ekiksa kjk ekik tk ldrk gS]

Bhd mlh ccedildkj ls ekuo Oogkj dks oLrqfuB i ls ekius dh i)frksa dk fodkl djuk lEHko

gSA sls foku~ g Hkh Lohdkj djrs gSa fd ekuo Oogkj dks mlh ccedildkj ls legtk tk ldrk gS

ftl ccedildkj ls aeligO ds Oogkj dks legtk tk ldrk gSA aeligO dh Hkkiexclfr] Ofauml Hkh ckgjh miacutehiuksa ds

ccedilfr ccedilfrfOslashk djrs gSa rFkk muds bl Oogkj dks blh ccedilfrfOslashk ds i esa legtk tk ldrk gSA

lEcUkksa ds xkukRed lEcUkh vu eq[ i ls fuEufyf[kr nks ccedildkj ds gksrs gSaamp

(1) ampbl ccedildkj ds vuksa esa Oogkj k ifjfLFkfrksa dks ifjofrZr

djus gsrq dksbZ ccedilkl ugha fdk tkrk gSA bUgsa mlh i esa ekius dk ccedilkl fdk tkrk gS ftl

i esa os fo|eku gksrh gSaA bl ccedildkj ds vuksa dks ccedilskkukRed vu (Observational

studies) Hkh dgk tkrk gS Dksafd blesa vuampoLrq dk mlesa fcuk fdlh gLrksi ds voyksdu

fdk tkrk gSA

(2) ampccedilkksfxd vuksa esa nks pjksa esa lEcUk LFkkfir djus gsrq mudk

ekiu fdk tkrk gS rFkk fQj fuU=k oa gLrksi dj iqu ekiu fdk tkrk gS rkfd g Kkr gks

lds fd fuU=k oa gLrksi dk ifjkke Dk gqvkA bl ccedildkj ds vuksa esa d pj dks fufU=r

pj rFkk nwljs dks vkfJr pj dgk tkrk gSA bUgsa nskkUrjh (Longitudinal) vFkok iqujkofUgravek ekiu

vu Hkh dgk tkrk gSA

xkukRed kksk oa vuqekiu ls lEcfUkr vuksa dh ccedileq[k ekUrkiexcl fuEufyf[kr gSaamp

(1) fofHkUu pjksa esa ik tkus okys lEcUkksa dk FkkFkZ ekiu lEHko gSA

(2) lkekftd Oogkj oa kVukvksa ls lEcfUkr vuksa esa Hkh dkjkampccedilHkko (Cause-

effect) lEcUkksa dh LFkkiuk djuk lEHko gSA

(3) ekuo Oogkj oa lkekftd kVukvksa ds Oogkj oa aeligO ds Oogkj esa vusd

leirkiexcl ikbZ tkrh gSaA

(4) ewrZ lkekftd kVukvksa ds lkFkamplkFk vusd vewrZ fokksa( tSlsamplkekftd lafyVrk]

lkekftd nwjh] ewYksa esa fHkUurk bRkfn dk ifjekkkRed vu lEHko gS rFkk buds eki gsrq

i)frkiexcl miyCk gSa vFkok mudk fuekZk fdk tk ldrk gSA

(5) iSekuksa ds fuekZk kjk kVuk ds fofHkUu vaxksa vFkok ikksa esa ik tkus okys rkjrE dks

Kkr fdk tk ldrk gSA



(6) ifjekkkRed vuksa esa ekiu gsrq viuk x iSekuksa dh fooluhrk dh tkiexclp vusd

i)frksa kjk dh tk ldrh gSA bu i)frksa esa ijhkkampiquiZjhkk (Test-retest) i)fr] fofok Loi

(Multiple form) i)fr rFkk nks Hkkxksa esa ckiexclVus (Split-half) dh i)fr ccedileq[k gSaA

(7) lkekftd kkskksa esa viuk tkus okys ekiksa dh ccedilkekfkdrk dh Hkh tkiexclp dh tk ldrh

gSA oa us iSekuksa dh ccedilkekfkdrk dh tkiexclp djus dh fuEufyf[kr pkj i)frksa dk mYys[k

fdk gSamp

(Logical validation)ampbl i)fr ds vUrxZr fn iSekuk rdZ

oa lkekU Kku ds vuqdwy ccedilrhr gksrk gS rks mls ccedilekfkr ekuk tk ldrk gSA |fi g i)fr

lokZfkd ccedilksx esa ykbZ xbZ gS] rFkkfi oa dk dguk gS fd dsoy blh i)fr kjk iSekus

dh ccedilkekfkdrk dh tkiexclp djuk ikZIr ugha gSA iSekuksa ds lUrksktud ccedilksx ds fy rkfdZd

ccedilekkhdjk ds vfrfjauml vU fofkksa dh Hkh vkodrk gksrh gSA

(Jury opinion)ampg i)fr Hkh rkfdZd ccedilekkhdjk dk ccedillkjampek= gS

Dksafd blesa rdZ dh iqfV iSekuk ykxw fd tkus okys Ofaumlksa ds pqus gq lewg kjk dh tkrh gSA

iSekus kjk ccedilekfkr ifjkkeksa dks fokskKksa k iapksa ds lkeus j[kk tkrk gSA fn mudh jk esa

ifjkke Bhd gS rks iSekus dks ccedilekfkr eku fyk tkrk gSA

(Known groups)ampbl i)fr esa fokskKksa dh viskk iSekus dk ccedilksx

mu lewgksa ij fdk tkrk gS ftuds fok esa ge igys ls ifjfpr gksrs gSaA mnkgjkkFkZampfn ppZ ds

ckjs esa eukso`fUgravekksa dks ekiuk gS rks iSekus dk ccedilksx igys ppZ tkus okys lewg ij fdk tkxk] fQj

ppZ u tkus okys lewg ij fdk tkxkA fn nksuksa ifjfpr ijUrq fojkskh lewgksa ls ccedilkIr ifjkkeksa

dh rqyuk esa dampnwljs ds foijhr ifjkke feyrs gSa rks iSekus dks ccedilkekfkd ekuk tk ldrk gSA

(Independent criteria)ampblesa iSekus dh ccedilkekfkdrk dh tkiexclp djus

ds fy mls fofHkUu LorU= dkjdksa ij Hkh ykxw fdk tkrk gSA fn kVuk rFkk mlls lEcfUkr

fofHkUu LorU= dkjdksa kjk d leku ifjkke ccedilkIr gksrs gSa rks iSekus dks ccedilkekfkd ekuk tk ldrk

gSA

|fi xqkkRed oa xkukRed kksk ijLij foijhr ekUrkvksa ij vkkkfjr gksrs gSa] rFkkfi

lkekftd FkkFkZrk dks legtus gsrq budk fefJr i Hkh izksx esa ykk tk ldrk gSA gks ldrk gS

fd kksk dk d Hkkx xqkkRed izNtildefr dk gks] tcfd nwljs Hkkx esa xqkkRed vkiexcldM+ksa dh iqfV gsrq

xkukRed kksk dk lgkjk fyk tkA tSlsamptSls kksk esa izqDr i)frksa dk ifjdkj gksrk tk jgk

gS] oSlsampoSls kksk dks vfkd ls vfkd rkfdZd] fooluh oa izkekfkd cukus gsrq xqkkRed oa

xkukRed nksuksa izdkj dh i)frksa dk izksx fdk tkus yxk gSA

xqkkRed kksk eq[ i ls vUoskkkRed kksk gksrk gSA bldk izksx dkjkksa] erksa oa

izsjkkvksa dk irk yxkus ds fy fdk tkrk gSA g leLk ds ckjs esa vUrnZfV iznku djrk gS

vFkok uohu fopkj k midYiuk fodflr djus esa lgkrk iznku djrk gSA blls xkukRed kksk

esa lgkrk izkIr gksrh gSA xqkkRed kksk dk izksx fpUru oa erksa esa ikbZ tkus okyh izofUgravekksa dk

irk yxkus rFkk leLk ds ckjs esa xgjkbZ rd igqiexclpus gsrq Hkh fdk tkrk gSA xqkkRed lkexzh

ladyu djus dh i)frkiexcl vlajfpr vFkok v)Zlajfpr gksrh gSaA dqN lkekU i)frkiexcl lkewfgd

okrkZyki] OfDrxr lkkkRdkj] oSfDrd vu] thou bfrgkl] utkrh okZu rFkk lgHkkxh

voyksdu ekuh tkrh gSaA bl izdkj ds kksk esa funZku dk vkdkj foksk i ls ykq gksrk gS rFkk



lwpuknkrkvksa dk pu fukkZfjr la[k ds vuqlkj fdk tkrk gSA vfkdrj foku~ xqkkRed kksk

dks vlajfpr oa vUoskkkRed i)fr ekurs gSa ftldh lgkrk ls tfVy izkVukvksa dks legtus dk

izkl fdk tkrk gSA sls kksk dk miacutes xqkkRed kksk gsrq fopkj vFkok midYiuk fufeZr djuk

Hkh gks ldrk gSA

xqkkRed kksk ds foijhr xkukRed kksk uEcjksa ls lEcfUkr lkexzh ds izksx kjk leLk

dks ifjekkkRed Loi iznku djus dk izkl djrk gS rkfd lkexzh dks lkaf[dh i esa legtus

gsrq ikUrfjr fdk tk ldsA blesa euksofUgravekksa] erksa] Oogkj rFkk vU pjksa dks ifjekkkRed nfV

ls legtus dk izkl fdk tkrk gSA xkukRed kksk esa funZku cgr~ vkdkj dk gksrk gSA lkexzh ds

ladyu gsrq lkekftd losZkk] lkkkRdkj] nwjHkkk lkkkRdkj] vuqlwph tSlh i)frksa dk izksx fdk

tkrk gSA

xqkkRed oa xkukRed kksk esa ik tkus okys vUrj dks fuEufyf[kr rkfydk kjk LiV

fdk tk ldrk gSamp

izNtildefr lexz (Holistic) fokskhNtilder (Particularistic)

nfVdksk OfDrfuB (Subjective) oLrqfuB (Objective)

kksk dk izdkj vUoskkkRed (Exploratory) fukZkRed (Conclusive)

rdZ vkxeukRed (Inductive) fuxeukRed (Deductive)

funZku miacutesiwkZ (Purposive) nSo (Random)

Lkexzh ekSf[kd (Verbal) ekiu ksX (Measurable)

vUoskk izfOslashkampdsfUnzr (Process-oriented) ifjkkeampdsfUnzr (Result-oriented)

midYiuk fufeZr (Generated) izekfkr (Tested)

forsquoysrdquokk ds rUgraveo kCn] fp= oa oLrqiexcl (Words

pictures and objects)

la[kRed lkexzh (Numerical data)

miacutes vuojr izfOslashkvksa esa izqDr fopkjksa

dk vUoskk oa [kkst (To explore

and discover ideas used in the

ongoing processes)

pjksa esa dkZampdkjk lEcUkksa dk

ijhkk (To examine cause and

effect relationship between

variables)

i)frkiexcl xgu lkkkRdkj] lewg okrkZyki

tSlh vlajfpr i)frkiexcl (Non-

structured techniques like In-

depth interviews group

discussions etc)

losZkk] izukoyh] voyksdu tSlh

lajfpr i)frkiexcl (Structured

techniques such as surveys questionnaires and observations)

ifjkke izkjfEHkd legt fodflr djuk

(Develops initial understanding)

vfUre dkZokgh gsrq lqgtko nsuk

(Recommends final course of

action)

miqZDr rkfydk ls xqkkRed oa xkukRed kksk esa ik tkus okys lHkh izdkj ds vUrj

LiV gks tkrs gSaA



fl)kUr oSKkfud kksk dk d egUgraveoiwkZ pjk gSA bls foKku dk midjk Hkh ekuk tkrk gS

Dksafd bldh lgkrk ls ladfyr rFksa dks lqOofLFkr djus] oxhZNtilder djus rFkk muesa ijLij

lEcUk LFkkfir djus gsrq vokkjkkRed izki vFkok ltkiexclpk izkIr gksrk gSA Dksafd fl)kUrksa dk

fuekZk kksk kjk izekfkr rFksa kjk fdk tkrk gS] blfy fl)kUr oa kksk ijLij lEcfUkr gSaA

eVZu tSls fokuksa us bu nksuksa dks dampnwljs dks izksRlkgu nsus okys gh ugha] vfirq dampnwljs ij

vkfJr Hkh ekuk gSA lektkkL= esa kksk ds vusd izdkj ds Loiksa dk izksx fdk tkrk gSA vkt

vfkdkak foku~ xqkkRed oa xkukRed kksk esa foHksn djus yxs gSaA xqkkRed kksk lkekftd

okLrfodrk ds xqkksa ds okZu ls lEcfUkr gksrk gS rFkk blesa lkaf[dh i)frksa dk izksx ugha

fdk tkrk gSA blds foijhr xkukRed kksk ek=kvksa ls lEcfUkr gksrk gS rFkk blesa lkaf[dh

i)frkiexcl izeq[k Hkwfedk fuHkkrh gSaA bu nks izdkj ds kkskksa ds vkkkj ij lektkkL= esa vkiexcldM+ksa ds

ladyu gsrq izqDr i)frksa dks Hkh xqkkRed oa xkukRed Jsfkksa esa foHkkftr fdk tkrk gSA

xqkkRed kksk esa vfkdrj lgHkkxh voyksdu] thou bfrgkl] oSfDrd vu] oakkoyh vkfn

i)frksa dk izksx gksrk gS] tcfd xkukRed kksk esa izukoyh] vuqlwph] lkkkRdkj] vlgHkkxh]

voyksdu tSlh i)frkiexcl gh vkiexcldM+ksa ds ladyu gsrq izksx esa ykh tkrh gSaA vkt vusd foku~ g

ekuus yxs gSa fd lkekftd FkkFkZrk dks lkekftd ltax ls legtus gsrq bu nksuksa izdkj ds kkskksa ds

fefJr i dks viukk tkuk pkfgA



tkrk gSA

amp d fl)kUr dks ijLij lEcfUkr ccedilLrkoukvksa ds i esa ifjHkkfkr

fdk tk ldrk gS ftudk vkuqHkfod ijhkk fdk tk ldrk gSA

amp xqkkRed kksk ls vfHkizk eq[ i ls sls vUoskkkRed kksk ls

gS ftldk izksx dkjkksa] erksa oa izsjkkvksa dk irk yxkus ds fy

fdk tkrk gSA

amp xkukRed kksk og gS tks uEcjksa ls lEcfUkr lkexzh ds izksx

kjk leLk dks ifjekkkRed Loi iznku djrk gS rkfd lkexzh

dks lkaf[dh i esa legtk tk ldsA

7 lkekftd kksk oa fl)kUr dh vokkjkkiexcl LiV dhftA

8 fl)kUr fdls dgrs gSa blesa rFkk kksk esa ik tkus okys ijLij lEcUkksa dh foospuk

dhftA

9 lkekftd kksk dks ifjHkkfkr dhft rFkk xqkkRed oa xkukRed kksk esa Hksn LiV

dhftA

10 xqkkRed kksk ls vki Dk legtrs gSa g xkukRed kksk ls fdl izdkj fHkUu gS

LiV dhftA



11 xqkkRed oa xkukRed kksk ij d foLrr ys[k fyf[kA

12 eVZu ds fopkjksa ds lUnHkZ esa kksk oa fl)kUr esa ikbZ tkus okyh ikjLifjdrk dh

Ok[k dhftA






Bernard S Phillips (1976) Social Research Strategy and Tactics The Macmillan

Company New York

C A Moser and G Kalton (1971) Survey Methods in Social Investigation

Heinemann London

C R Kothari (1996) Research Methodology Methods and Techniques Surjeet

Publication New Delhi

Claire Selltiz Marie Jahoda Morton Deutsch and Stuart Cook (1965) Research

Methods in Social Relations Holt Rinehart and Winston New York

E S Bogardus (1964) Sociology The Macmillan Company New York

F Stuart Chapin (1947) Experiments in Sociological Research Harper and Bros

New York

H P Fairchild (1944) Dictionary of Sociology (ed) Philosophical Library New

York

Hans L Zetterberg (1976) Quoted in Bernard S Phillips Social Research Strategy

and Tactics The Macmillan Company New York p 57

Nan Lin (1976) Foundations of Social Research McGraw-Hill Book Company

New York

Robert K Merton (1966) lsquolsquoThe Sociologist as Empiricistrsquorsquo in Alex Inkeles (ed)

Readings on Modern Sociology Prentice Hall New York

Robert K Merton (1968) Social Theory and Social Structure The Free Press New

York

Talcott Parsons (1951) The Social System The Free Press Glencoe Illinois

W J Goode and P K Hatt (1965) Methods in Social Research McGraw-Hill Book

Company New York



Objectivity amp Subjectivity in Social Research

izLrqr bdkbZ esa oLrqfuBrk oa OfDrfuBrk dh vokkjkkvksa dks legtkus dk izkl fdk

xk gSA blds lkFk gh oLrqfuBrk dh leLkvksa] bldh vkodrk rFkk bls cuk j[kus ds

mikksa dks LiV djuk Hkh bl bdkbZ dk miacutes gSA vkkk gS fd bl bdkbZ dks ilt+us ds ckn] vki

oLrqfuBrk oa OfDrfuBrk dh vokkjkkvksa dks legt ikiexclxs(

oLrqfuBrk ls lEcfUkr leLkvksa dh Ok[k dj ikiexclxs(

oLrqfuBrk oa OfDrfuBrk dh leLk ds ckjs esa oscj ds fopkjksa dks legt ikiexclxs(

lkekftd kksk esa oLrqfuBrk dh vkodrk oa egUgraveo dks LiVrk legt ikiexclxs(

rFkk

lkekftd kksk esa oLrqfuBrk dks cuk j[kus ds mikksa dks legt ikiexclxsA

lektrdquokkL= d lkekftd foKku gSA foKku nks rjg ds gksrs gSampizFke] izkNtildefrd foKku

rFkk frh] lkekftd foKkuA izkNtildefrd foKku izNtildefr vFkok izkNtildefrd kVukvksa ls lEcfUkr gksrs gSa]

tcfd lkekftd foKku lekt ds fofHkUu igyqvksa dk vu djrs gSaA lektrdquokkL= gh dek=

lkekftd foKku ugha gS vfirq vFkZrdquokkL=] jktuhfrrdquokkL=] euksfoKku] lektampdkZ] ekuordquokkL= rFkk

bfrgkl bRkfn Hkh lkekftd foKku gSaSA vr lektrdquokkL= lkekftd foKkuksa esa ls d foKku gSA

lkekftd foKkuksa esa izkNtildefrd foKkuksa dh Hkkiexclfr izkekfkdrk ykuk dfBu gSA lekt foKkuksa ds fue

izkNtildefrd foKkuksa ds fueksa dh Hkkiexclfr vVy ugha gksrs] os rks lkekftd Oogkj ds lEcUk esa lEHkkfor

izofUgravek dks izdV djrs gSaA slh fLFkfr ds fy vusd dkjd mUgravekjnkh gSa ( tSlsamplkekftd izkVuk dk



LoHkko] Bksl ekinMksa dk fodflr u gksuk vkfnA bUgha dkjkksa esa d izeq[k leLk oLrqfursquoBrk dh

Hkh gSA fdlh Hkh oSKkfud vu oa vuqlUkku dh lQyrk dh iwoZisfkr ldquokrZ oLrqfursquoBrk gSA

blds vHkko esa ldquokksk ds kjk izkIr fursquodrsquokksplusmn dh fordquooluhrk oa izkekfkdrk lfUnXk gks tkrh gSA

gh dkjk gS fd lektrdquokkL= lfgr lHkh lekt foKkuksa esa izkjEHk ls gh bl leLk ij fopkj

fdk tkrk jgk gSA

lkekftd ldquokksk dk miacutesrdquo fdlh kVuk dk oSKkfud fofk kjk vu djds mls FkkFkZ

i ls legtuk gSA g miacutesrdquo rHkh lEHko gks ldrk gS fn ldquokkskdrkZ kVuk ds vu dks vius

fopkjksa ls izHkkfor u gksu s nsA vU ldquokCnksa esa] kVuk ds oLrqfursquoB vu kjk gh mls FkkFkZ i ls

legtk tk ldrk gSA fn fofHkUu ldquokkskdrkZ d kVuk dk vu dj d leku fursquodrsquokZ fudkyrs

gSa] rks ge ml vu dks oLrqfursquoB vu dg ldrs gSaA fn muds fursquodrsquokksplusmn esa dkQh vUrj gS]

rks bldk vFkZ g gS fd ldquokkskdrkZvksa ds fopkjksa us vu dks izzHkkfor fdk gS] Dksafd tc kVuk

d gS rks mlds vu ds ckjs esa d leku fursquodrsquokZ gksus pkfgA

Dk lkekftd ldquokksk iwkZr oLrqfursquoB gks ldrk gS k ugha g izkjEHk ls gh lkekftd

foKkuksa esa d oknampfookn oa ekfeZd ppkZ dk forsquok jgk gS vkSj vkt Hkh blds ckjs esa erSD dk

vHkko ikk tkrk gSA dqN fokuksa frac14Fkk frac12 dk dguk gS fd lkekftdamplkaLNtildefrd kVukvksa

dh izNtildefr gh slh gS fd budk iwkZ i ls oLrqfursquoB vu fdk gh ugha tk ldrk] tcfd

vusd vU fokuksa frac14Fkk frac12 dk fopkj gS fd lektrdquokkL=h vuksa esa oLrqfursquoBrk

j[kuk lEHko gSA nq[khZe us bl ckr dk nkok gh ugha fdk vfirq keZ] JeampfoHkktu oa vkRegRk

tSls lkekftd rFksa dk oLrqfursquoB vu djus esa lQyrk Hkh izkIr dhA ijUrq fQj Hkh vusd

foku~ g ekurs gSa fd lkekftd kVukvksa dh izNtildefr izkNtildefrd kVukvksa dh izNtildefr ls fHkUu gS

ftlds dkjk budk iwkZ oLrqfursquoB vu lEHko ugha gSA gkiexcl] ldquokkskdrkZ vusd lkokkfuksa dk izksx

dj vius fopkjksa ds izHkkoksa vFkkZr~ OfDrfursquoBrk k OfDrijdrk (Subjectivity) dks deamplsampde

djus dk izkl dj ldrk gSa A

oLrqfursquoBrk dk vfHkizk kVuk dk FkkFkZ k okLrfod i esa vFkkZr~ mlh i esa] ftlesa os

gSa] okZu djuk gSA g d rjg ls oSKkfud Hkkouk gS tks ldquokkskdrkZ dks mlds iwoZ nfrsquoVdkskksa ls

mlds vu dks izHkkfor djus ls jksdrh gSA fn dksbZ ldquokkskdrkZ fdlh kVuk dk okZu mlh i

ls djrk gS ftlesa fd og fo|eku gS] pkgs mlds ckjs esa ldquokkskdrkZ ds fopkj dqN Hkh Dksa u gksa] rks

ge bls oLrqfursquoB vu dg ldrs gSaA

nSfud thou dh Hkkrsquokk esa oLrqfursquoB ldquokCn dk vkrdquok iwokZxzgampjfgr] rVLFk k dsoy rFksa ij

vkkkfjr gksrk gSA fdlh Hkh oLrq ds ckjs esa oLrqfursquoB gksus ds fy gesa oLrq ds ckjs esa viuh

Hkkoukvksa k euksofUgravekksa dks vordquo vuns[kk djuk pkfgA blhfy oLrqfursquoBrk rFksa dks oSls gh

izLrqr djus esa lgkd gS tSls fd os gSaA tc d HkwampoSKkfud pecirckuksa dk vu djrk gS vFkok

d ouLifrrdquokkL=h ikSkksa dk vu djrk gS rks muds OfDrxr iwokZxzg k ekUrkiexcl muds vu

dks izHkkfor ugha djrh gSaA os Loa ml lalkj dk fgLlk ugha gksrs ftudk os vu djrs gSaA

blds foijhr] lektrdquokkL=h oa vU lekt oSKkfud ml lalkj dk vu djrs gSa ftuesa os Loa

jgrs gSaA blfy muds kjk fdk tkus okyk vu ÔfDrfursquoB^ gksrk gSA mnkgjkkFkZ] ikfjokfjd

lEcUkksa dk vu djus okyk lektrdquokkL=h Hkh Loa d ifjokj dk lnL gksrk gS rFkk mlds



vuqHkoksa dk mlds vu ij izHkko iM+ ldrk gSA gks ldrk gS fd og ikfjokfjd lEcUkksa ds ckjs

esa vius dqN ewY vFkok iwokZxzg j[krk gksA blhfy lkekftd foKkuksa esa oLrqfursquoBrk cuk j[kuk

d izeq[k leLk gSA izeq[k fokuksa us bldh ifjHkkrsquokkiexcl fuEufyf[kr izdkj ls nh gSaamp

(Carr) ds vuqlkjampszliglR dh oLrqfursquoBrk ls vfHkizk gS fd nfrsquoV forsquokd txr fdlh

OfDr ds izklksa] vkrdquokkvksa k Hk ls LorU= d okLrfodrk gS] ftls ge lgt Kku oa dYiuk ls

ugha cfYd okLrfod voyksdu ds kjk izkIr djrs gSaATHORN (Green) ds vuqlkjampszligoLrqfursquoBrk

izekk dk fursquoikrk ls ijhkk djus dh bPNk oa ksXrk gSATHORN (Fairchild) szligoLrqfursquoBrk

dk vFkZ rFksa dks ikikr rFkk miacutesrdquo ds vkkkj ij ugha] cfYd izekk oa rdZ ds vkkkj ij fcuk

fdlh lqgtko k iwoZampkkjkkvksa ds] lgh irsquoBHkwfe esa ns[kus dh ksXrk gSATHORN

miqZDr ifjHkkrsquokkvksa ls g LirsquoV gks tkrk gS fd oLrqfursquoBrk fdlh kVuk dk fursquoik oa

rVLFk i ls vu djus dh Hkkouk oa kerk gS tks ldquokkskdrkZ dks vu djr s le mlds

vius fordquooklksa] vkrdquokkvksa oa Hk ls nwj j[krh gSA oLrqfuBrk kksk esa oSfDrd ikikr dk fojksk

djrk gSA g kksk ds izfr og nfVdksk gS ftlds vuqlkj fdlh kVuk ls lEcfUkr rFksa dks

legtus gsrq kkskdrkZ vius iwokZxzgksa] ewYksa] eukso`fUgravekksa vkfn dh viskk lk oa rdZ ds vkkkj ij

fuik forsquoysrdquokk djus dk izkl djrk gSA lkekftd foKkuksa esa oLrqfursquoBrk cuk j[kuk bUgsa foKku

dh Jskh esa tkus ds fy vRUr vfuokZ gSA

lkekftd kksk esa oLrqfuBrk oa oSKkfud i)fr ds izksx ds fojkskh foku~ g rdZ nsrs gSa

fd lkekftd kVukvksa dh izNtildefr gh slh gS fd mUgsa oLrqfuB i esa legtuk Tknk mfpr gSA

tSls fokuksa us bl rF ij cy fnk gS fd fdlh Hkh kVuk dks legtus gsrq mlds

vUrfuZfgr vFkZ dks legtuk vfuokZ gSA bl vFkZ dks dsoy OfDrfuB nfV ls gh legtk tk

ldrk gSA OfDrfuBrk frac14ftls vkReijdrk vFkok OfDrijdrk Hkh dgk tkrk gSfrac12 og fl)kUr gS tks

lkekftd FkkFkZrk dks legtus gsrq mls ewYksa ls iFkd~ djuk vlEHko ekurk gSA dksbZ Hkh kkskdrkZ

vius vkUrfjd fopkjksa oa ewYksa dks dgha nwljh txg NksM+dj vUoskk ugha dj ldrk gSA mlds

ewY] fookl oa euksofUgravekkiexcl lnSo mlds lkFk jgrh gSa rFkk blh ls og lkekftd FkkFkZrk dks

ns[kus dk izkl djrk gSA vU kCnksa esa g dgk tk ldrk gS fd tc dksbZ kksk kVukvksa dk

vu kkskdrkZ ds nfVdksk k ifjisz ls fdk tkrk gS] rks mls OfDrfuB vu dgk tkrk

gSA izRkoknh foku~ sls vuksa dk fojksk djrs gSaA oa us ^lgkuqHkwfrewyd legt

rFkk euksforsquoysrdquokkokfnksa us ^vkReampLiVhdjk dh ftl i)fr dk mYys[k fdk gS] og okLro esa

OfDrfuBrk ls gh lEcfUkr gSA bl i)fr ds leFkZd lektkkL= dh oLrqfuB izNtildefr dks iwkZr

vLohdkj djrs gSaA

izRsd foKku viuh forsquokampoLrq dk vu oLrqfursquoB i ls djus dk izkl djrk gS]

ijUrq lkekftd kVukvksa dh izNtildefr ds dkjk lkekftd foKkuksa esa oLrqfursquoBrk j[k ikuk d dfBu

dkZ gSA blesa vkus okyh izeq[k leLkiexcl fuEufyf[kr gSaamp

(1) amplekftd ldquokksk esa oLrqfursquoBrk u j[k

ikus dk loZizFke dkjk ldquokksk leLk dk pu gS tks fd vUosrsquokkdrkZ ds e wYksa rFkk fpksa kjk

izHkkfor gksrk gSA leLk dk pu lnSo ewYksa ls lEcfUkr gksrk gS vkSj blhfy

lkekftdamplkaLNtildefrd kVukvksa dk iwkZ i ls oLrqfursquoB vFkok oSKkfud vu lEHko ugha gSA



(2) amplkekftd ldquokksk esa tc ge OfDrksa oa lewgksa dk

vu djrs gSa rks Loa d lkekftd izkkh gksus ds dkjk ge vu ls vius vkidks rVLFk

vFkok i`Fkd~ ugha j[k ikrsA izkNtildefrd foKkuksa esa slk blfy lEHko gks tkrk gS Dksafd muesa tM+

k futhZo oLrqvksa dk vu fdk tkrk gSA Loa lkekftd lewg] fordquoksrsquok tkfr oa lEiznk dk

lnL gksus ds dkjk ldquokkskdrkZ dk ikikr k fdlh fordquoksrsquok ckr dh vksj vkdfrsquokZr gksuk LokHkkfod gh

gSA vr lkekftd foKkuksa esa fursquodrsquokksplusmn ds ldquokkskdrkZ dh euksofUgravekksa k ewYksa kjk izHkkfor gksus dh

lEHkkouk vfkd gksrh gSA

(3) amplkekftd foKkuksa esa oLrqfursquoBrk ls lEcfUkr rhljh ckkk

ldquokkskdrkZ ds ckaacute fgr gSaA tc og vius lewg dk vu djrk gS rks cgqramplh ckrksa] ftUgsa og

vuqfpr ekurk gS] dh miskk dj nsrk gSA nwljh vksj] tc og fdlh nwljs lewg dk vu djrk

gS rks og slh ckrksa dh vksj vfkd ku nsrk gSA blls vu dh oLrqfursquoBrk izHkkfor gksrh gSA

(4) amplkekftd kVukvksa dh izNtildefr Hkh lkekftd foKkuksa esa

oLrqfursquoB vuksa esa d ckkk gSA pwiexclfd budh izNtildefr xqkkRed gksrh gS vkSj dbZ ckj ldquokkskdrkZ dks

lewg ds lnLksa dh euksofUgravekksa] ewYksa oa vknrdquokksplusmn vkfn dk vu djuk iM+rk gS] blhfy mlds

fy ifjrdquokq) oa FkkFkZ i esa kVukvksa dk fursquoik vu djuk lEHko ugha jg ikrkA

(5) amprdquokkskdrkZ Loa d lkekftd izkkh gS rFkk og fdlh fordquoksrsquok tkfr]

iztkfr] oxZ] fyax] lewg dk lnL gksus ds ukrs fofHkUu ekuoh fOslashkvksa oa lkekftd igyqvksa ds

ckjs esa vius fopkj oa ewY j[krk gSA mlds s fopkj oa ewY mlds vu dks izHkkfor djrs

gSaA (Lundberg) ds vuqlkj ldquokkskdrkZ d s uSfrd ewY dk mlds vu ij vRfkd izHkko

iM+rk gSA

miqZDr ckkkvksa ds vfrfjDr vusd vU sls dkjk Hkh gSa tks lkekftd foKkuksa esa gksus okys

vuksa esa ikikr k vfHkufr (Bias) ykrs gSaA vfHkufr ds sls dqN izeq[k lzksr fuEukafdr gSaamp

(1) ldquokkskdrkZ dh viuh ewYksa ls lEcfUkr vfHkufr]

(2) lwpuknkrk dh gtwB cksyus vFkok lgh mUgravekj nsus esa drjkus ds dkjk gksus okyh vfHkufr]

(3) lwpuknkrk dh rFksa dks clt+kampplt+kdj dgus vFkkZr~ Mhax ekjus dh vknr]

(4) lwpuknkrk kjk ldquokkskdrkZ ij fordquookl u gksus ds dkjk lgh mUgravekj nsus esa vleFkZrk]

(5) funrdquokZu ds pquko esa vfHkufr frac14cgqkk funrdquokZu dk pu ikikriwkZ i esa fdk tkrk gS

rFkk fn nSo funrdquokZu dk izksx fdk xk gS rks Hkh vusd lwpuknkrk lwpuk nsus gsrq miyCk ugha

gks ikrs ftlls funrdquokZu izHkkfor gksrk gSfrac12]

(6) lkexzh ladyu djus dh nksrsquokiwkZ izfofkkiexcl frac14lkekUr izrdquoukoyh oa vuqlwph bRkfn

izfofkksa esa sls izrdquou lfEefyr dj fy tkrs gSa tks FkkFkZrk ds ckjs esa lwpuk ladyu djus esa

lgkd ugha gksrs gSa vFkok bu izfofkksa esa iwoZampijhkk fd fcuk izksx esa ykus ls budh

oLrqfursquoBrk izHkkfor gksrh gS] rFkk

(7) lkexzh ds forsquoysrdquokkoa fuoZpu esa vfHkufr frac14lkekUr forsquoysrdquokkoa fursquodrsquokZ ds Lrj ij Hkh

ldquokkskdrkZ ds ewY vu dks izHkkfor djrs gSa ftlls og ogh fursquodrsquokZ fudkyrk gS tks mlds ewYksa

ds vuqi gksrk gSA cgqkk ldquokkskdrkZ ds futh LokFkZ Hkh forsquoysrdquokkoa fuoZpu dks izHkkfor djrs gSafrac12A

eSDl oscj ds vuqlkj izkNtildefrd rFkk lkekftd foKkuksa esa vUrj vUosrsquokkdrkZ ds vuqHko

lEcUkh vkrdquokksa (Cognitive intentions) dk ifjkke gS] u fd ekuoampfOslashk dh forsquokampoLrq ds



vu esa oSKkfud rFkk lkekUhdjk fofkksa ds izksx djus dh dfBukbZA vUosrsquokk dh fofkksa ls

vfkd] oSKkfud dh fpkiexcl rFkk miacutesrdquo egUgraveoiwkZ gksrs gSaA nksuksa gh rjg ds foKkuksa esa vewrZrk

(Abstraction) dk lgkjk fyk tkrk gS] vewrZrk ds fy nksuksa gh rjg ds foKkuksa esa okLrfodrk ds

fofHkUu igyqvksa esa ls dqN igyqvksa dk pu djuk iM+rk gSA oscj ds fopkjksa dks fuEufyf[kr nks

ldquokhrsquokZdksa ds vUrxZr foHkkftr fdk tk ldrk gSamp

ampdkSuamplh fordquoksrsquok leLk rFkk

mldh fdl izdkj dh Ok[k foku~ dk ku viuh vksj dsfUnzr djrh gS] g vUosrsquokkdrkZ ds

ewYksa rFkk fpksa ij fuHkZj djrk gSA leLk dk pu lnSo ewYksa ls lEcfUkr (Value relevant)

gSA laLNtildefr vFkok lekt dk iwkZ i ls oLrqfursquoB vFkok oSKkfud vu lEHko ugha gS Dksafd

buds vu dk nfrsquoVdksk damprjQk gS ftldk pu rFkk Ok[k izRk vFkok vizRk] psru

vFkok vpsru i ls dh tkrh gSA nwljs ldquokCnksa esa g dgk tk ldrk gS fd lkaLNtildefrd vFkok

lkekftd izkVuk dks fcuk blds egUgraveo dks ku esa j[ks ugha legtk tk ldrkA izRsd lkekftd

izkVuk vius vki esa fofrdquokrsquoV gksrh gS rFkk dksbZ Hkh lkaLNtildefrd kVuk vius vkidks nksgjkrh ugha gSA

lkekftd okLrfodrk ds ckjs esa Kku lkoZHkkSfed ugha gS Dksafd g Kku fdlh fordquoksrsquok nfrsquoVdksk ds

vuqlkj izkIr fdk xk gSA g psruk lEcUkh Kku gSA blfy izrdquou g iSnk gksrk gS fd Dk

lkekftd izkVukvksa dk vu oLrqfursquoB i ls fdk tk ldrk gS oLrqfursquoB vu dk

vfHkizk gS fd og vu psruk lEcUkh ugha gS vFkkZr~ gekjs vius fopkjksa kjk izHkkfor ugha gSA

oLrqfursquoB vu fursquoik gksrk gS ftl ij ldquokkskdrkZ dk dksbZ izHkko ugha iM+rkA lkekftd

okLrfodrk dk vu dsoy damprjQk gS Dksafd oSKkfud dsoy viuh fp o ewYksa ds vkkkj

ij leLk o izkVuk dk pu gh ugha djrk vfirq bldk vu Hkh vius nfrsquoVdksk ls djrk gS

vFkkZr~ dsoy mlh ik dh vksj vfkd ku nsrk gS ftls og egUgraveoiwkZ ekurk gSA

oscj us bl ckr ij cy fnk gS fd ewY vUosrsquokkdrkZ kjk leLk ds pu dks izHkkfor

djrk gS Dksafd leLk ds pu ds fy dksbZ oSKkfud vkkkj ugha gS rFkk blls lkekftd foKkuksa

esa oLrqfursquoBrk dk mYyaku gksrk gSA g izrdquou fd dksbZ izLrkouk lgh gS vFkok xyr gS] rkfdZd

nfrsquoV ls blls fHkUu gS fd ewYksa ls bldk Dk lEcUk gSA ewY lEcUk leLk ds pu dks

izHkkfor djrs gSa] u fd ml leLk dh Ok[k dksA blfy oscj dk dguk g S fd lkekftd

foKkuksa esa leLk ds pu ds ewYksa ds izHkko dks ugha jksdk tk ldrk ijUrq leLk dk pu dj

ysus ds ckn oLrqfursquoBrk cuk j[kh tk ldrh gSA

ampleLk dk pu dj ysus ds

ckn frac14tks fd ewYksa ls izHkkfor gksrh gSfrac12 lekt oSKkfud dks vius vFkok vU OfDrksa ds ewYksa dks

nwj j[kdj lkexzh kjk izdV ijs[kk dk vuqljk djuk pkfgA og vius fopkjksa dks lkexzh ij

Fkksi ugha ldrk rFkk blfy tjh ugha gS fd fursquodrsquokZ mldh viuh ekUrk vFkok ewYksa ds

vuqi gh gksaA bls uSfrd fursquoikrk dgrs gSaA mudk dguk gS fd] szligewY fukZksa dk oSKkfud

vu dsoy visfkr lkksa vFkok vknrdquokksplusmn dks legtkus rFkk vkuqHkfod forsquoysrdquokkesa lgkrk gh ugha

djrk vfirq mudk vkykspukRed ewYkadu Hkh dj ldrk gSATHORN g vkykspuk Uoknh izNtildefr dh gS

vFkkZr~ g sfrgkfld ewYampfukZksa rFkk fopkjksa ls lEcfUkr vkSipkfjd rkfdZd ewYkadu gSA blds

kjk lekt oSKkfud ewYksa ds izfr tkxd gks tkrk gS rFkk buls vius vu dks izHkkfor ugha

gksus nsrkA

dksbZ Hkh vkuqHkfod foKku g ugha crkrk gS fd fdlh OfDr dks Dk djuk pkfg vfirq

g crkrk gS fd og Dk dj ldrk gSA g lR gS fd lkekftd foKkuksa esa OfDrxr



ewYampfukZ gekjs oSKkfud rdksplusmn dks izHkkfor djrs gSa ijUrq fQj Hkh ge leLk ds pu ds irdquopkr~

oLrqfursquoB vu dj ldrs gSaA bl izdkj] oscj dgrs gSa fd vuqlUkku dh izkjfEHkd voLFkkvksa(

fordquoksrsquokdj leLk ds pu rd gekjs ewY gekjs vu dks izHkkfor djrs gSa ijUrq mlds ckn

oLrqfursquoBrk j[kh tk ldrh gSA okLro esa] izkjfEHkd voLFkk esa lkekftd fokuksa dk damprjQk

nfrsquoVdksk gksus ds dkjk oLrqfursquoBrk ugha j[kh tk ldrhA oscj dh g ekUrk Fkh fd lkekftd

foKku] ftlds forsquok esa gekjh fp gS] FkkFkZ okLrfodrk ls lEcfUkr vkuqHkfod foKku gSA d

vksj ge OfDrxr izkVukvksa esa lEcUkksa rFkk muds lkaLNtildefrd egUgraveo dk vu djuk pkgrs gSa]

tcfd nwljh vksj muds sfrgkfld gksus ds dkjkksa dk vu djuk pkgrs gSaA vu dks

oSKkfud cukus rFkk rqyukRed vuksa esa lgkrk djus ds fy mUgksaus vknrdquokZ izki dh

vokkjkk dk fuekZk fdk tks gesa ewrZrk ls vkewrZrk dh vksj ys tkrh gS rFkk bl vewrZ

vokkjkkRed fuekZk ls ge fQj FkkFkZ okLrfodrk dks legtus dk izkl djrs gSaA oscj bl ckr

dks ekurs gSa fd lkoZHkkSfed fueksa dk fuekZk lkekftd foKkuksa esa ugha fdk tk ldrk rFkk budh

g ekUrk gS fd bu fueksa dh [kkst djuk lkekftd foKkuksa ds fy egUgraveoiwkZ Hkh ugha gSA

lkekftd ldquokksk eas oLrqfursquoBrk cuk j[kuk vRUr vfuokZ gS Dksafd fn slk ugha fdk

tkrk rks ge dHkh FkkFkZrk dk vu ugha dj ikiexclxsA oLrqfursquoBrk dh vkordquodrk fuEukafdr ckrksa

ls LirsquoV dh tk ldrh gSamp

(1) oSKkfud i)fr d s lQy izksx gsrq lkekftd ldquokksk esa oLrqfursquoBrk cuk j[kuk vfuokZ

gS]

(2) kVukvksa dks FkkFkZ oa okLrfod i esa legtus rFkk ekSfyd rFksa ds ladyu ds fy

oLrqfursquoBrk vfuokZ gS]

(3) ikikrjfgr fursquodrsquokksplusmn dh izkfIr ds fy oLrqfursquoBrk vkordquod gSA fn ldquokkskdrkZ ds vius

ewY oa fopkj vu ds fursquodrsquokksplusmn dks izHkkfor djrs gSa rks os fursquodrsquokZ Hkzked gks ldrs gSa]

(4) izfrfufk rFksa dh izkfIr ds fy oLrqfursquoBrk vkordquod gS] rFkk

(5) rFksa oa fl)kUrksa dh iquiZjhkk oa lRkiu ds fy oLrqfursquoBrk vkordquod gSA fn

ldquokksk esa oLrqfursquoBrk ugha gS rks d gh lkekftd kVuk dk fofHkUu fokuksa kjk vu fHkUuampfHkUu

fursquodrsquokksplusmn dh vksj ys tk ldrk gS ftlls g leLk mRiUu gks ldrh gS fd fdls lgh ekuk tk

vkSj fdls xyrA slh fLFkfr esa rFksa oa fl)kUrksa dk lRkiu ugha gks ldrkA

lkekftd ldquokksk esa oLrqfursquoBrk dks fuEukafdr mikksa kjk cuk j[kk tk ldrk gSamp

(1) ampvxj ldquokkskdrkZ Loa vu ks= esa tkdj kVukvksa dk mlh i

esa vu djs ftl i esa os fo|eku gSa rk s mldk vu oLrqfursquoB gks ldrk gSA mls kVukvksa

dks vius fopkjksa oa ewYksa ds lUnHkZ esa u ns[kdj d rVLFk ldquokkskdrkZ ds nfrsquoVdksk ls ns[kuk

pkfgA blds fy mls vkuqHkfod izfofkksa dk izksx djuk pkfg ftlls fd xkukRed lkexzh

ladfyr dh tk ldsA fn izrdquoukoyh oa vuqlwph dk izksx fdk tk jgk gS rks bldk iwoZampijhkk

fdk tkuk vkordquod gS rkfd g lqfufrdquopr gks lds fd lHkh lwpuknkrk izrdquouksa dk vFkZ d leku

i ls legtsaxsA iwoZ lajfpr oa izrdquou o mUgravekj ds fofHkUu fodYi lqOofLFkr ltax ls fy[ks gksus ds

dkjk lkexzh ds ladyu esa vfHkufr dh lEHkkouk dkQh de gks tkrh gSA



(2) ampHkkkk dh fHkUurk ds dkjk ldquokCnksa oa

vokkjkkvksa esa Hkh fHkUurk vk tkrh gSA ldquokkskdrkZ vius vu esa LirsquoV i ls ifjHkkfrsquokr ldquokCnksa oa

vokkjkkvksa dk izksx djds oLrqfursquoBrk cuk j[k ldrk gS Dksafd slh fLFkfr esa yksx budk vFkZ

ogh legtsaxs ftlesa fdlh ldquokkskdrkZ us budk izksx fdk gSA vokkjkkvksa dks muds ekud vFkZ esa

gh izksx djuk pkfg rkfd vU yksx mudk vFkZ ogh legtsa tks ldquokkskdrkZ dk gSA

(3) amplkekftd ldquokksk esa oLrqfursquoBrk ds Hkko oa vfHkufr dk d

izeq[k lzksr funrdquokZu dk lexz dk izfrfufk ugha gksuk gSA bldk lekkku nSo funrdquokZu fofk dk izksx

djds fdk tk ldrk gSA g gh funrdquokZu dk dsoy d slk izdkj gS ftlesa izfrfufk bdkbksa dk

pu lEHko gks tkrk gS vkSj ikikr dh lEHkkouk Hkh ugha jgrhA

(4) amplkexzh df=r djus ds U= ds i esa] izRsd

izfofk ds vius dqN nksrsquok gSa tksfd ldquokksk dh oLrqfursquoBrk dks izHkkfor djrs gSaA bldk lekkku dkQh

lhek rd d ls vfkd izfofkksa dk izksx djds fdk tk ldrk gS Dksafd blls df=r lkexzh

dh izkekfkdrk dh tkiexclp gks tkxhA

(5) amplkekftd ldquokksk esa vfHkufr de djus oa oLrqfursquoBrk cuk

j[kus dk d vU lkku lewg ldquokksk gS ftlesa ldquokkskdrkZvksa dh d Vhe lkewfgd i ls kVukvksa

dk voyksdu djrh gSA blesa OfDrxr ikikr dh lEHkkouk de gks tkrh gSA sls vu ds ihNs

ekUrk g gS fd d ldquokkskdrkZ ds fopkj oa ewY mls fofrdquokrsquoV fursquodrsquokksplusmn dh vksj eksM+ ldrs gSa]

ijUrq vfkd ldquokkskdrkZ gksus ds dkjk g lEHko ugha gSA vUrforsquokd ldquokkskksa (Interdisciplinary

research) esa fofHkUu foKkuksa ds ldquokkskdrkZ lkewfgd i ls vu djrs gSa ftlls ikikr dh

lEHkkouk Uwure gks tkrh gSA

(6) ampkfU=d midjkksa ds izksx kjk Hkh lkekftd ldquokksk esa

oLrqfursquoBrk cuk j[kh tk ldrh gSA VsijsdkMZj oa dSejs dk izksx vkt vusd vuksa esa

blhfy fdk tkus yxk gS Dksafd bu ij vkkkfjr vuksa eas ikikr dh lEHkkouk de gks tkrh

gSA

lp rks g gS fd oLrqfursquoBrk dh leLk ftruh foLrr vkSj xgu crkb Z tkrh gs] mruh gS

ughaA oLrqfursquoBrk d ekufld xqk vFkok nfrsquoVdksk gSA g dqN lhek rd OfDrampfordquoksrsquok ds gtku

vkSj dqN lhek rd mlds izfrdquokkk ij vkkkfjr gksrk gSA ldquokkskdrkZ dk izfrdquokkk vkSj ks=h vuqHko

ftruk vfkd clt+rk tkrk gS mruk gh og oLrqfursquoBrk dk xqk vftZr djrk tkrk gSA okLro esa]

g vHkl] vuqHko vkSj izfrdquokkk dk forsquok gSA lekt foKkuksa esa g dksbZ vlk leLk ugha gSA

bldk lekkku lEHko gS vkSj vusd lektrdquokkfL=ksa oa vU lekt oSKkfudksa us oLrqfursquoBrk ds

ikyu dh lEHkkouk dks lkdkj dj fn[kkk gSA

lektkkL= d foKku gSA bl ukrs bl fok esa gksus okys kksk esa g vkkk dh tkrh gS

fd mlesa oSKkfud i)fr dk izksx fdk tkxkA tc ls lektkkL= fok dk fodkl gqvk gS]

rHkh ls lektkkL= esa oSKkfud i)fr dk izksx d fookfnr fok jgk gSA d vksj sls foku~ gSa

ftudk er gS fd lektkkL= esa oSKkfud i)fr dk izksx fdk tk ldrk gS] tcfd nwljh vksj

sls foku~ gSa ftudk er gS fd lkekftd kVukvksa dh izNtildefr gh slh gS fd muds vu esa

oSKkfud i)fr lgkd ugha gks ldrhA lkekftd kksk esa oLrqfuBrk oa OfDrfuBrk ds ckjs esa

fookn blh ls lEcfUkr gSA oLrqfuBrk ls vfHkizk lkekftd FkkFkZrk dks rVLFk oa rkfdZd i

ls legtus dk izkl gS ftlesa kkskdrkZ ds ewY mls izHkkfor ugha djrs gSaA blds foijhr



OfDrfuBrk ls vfHkizk sls kksk ls gS tks kkskdrkZ ds nfVdksk ls izHkkfor gksrk gSA g lgh gS

fd fn gesa lektkkL= dks oSKkfud kjkry ij LFkkfir djuk gS rks kksk esa oLrqfuBrk cuk

j[kuk vkod gSA |fi oLrqfuBrk cuk j[kuk d dfBu dkZ gS] rFkkfi bls vlEHko ugha

ekuk tk ldrkA fn kkskdrkZ pkgs rks lkekftd FkkFkZrk dks oLrqfuB i esa legt ldrk gSA

vusd lektkkfL=ksa ds oLrqfuB vuksa ds vkkkj ij gh sls fl)kUrksa dk fuekZk fdk xk gS

ftudh izNtildefr dkQh lhek rd lkoZHkkSe gSA

amp oLrqfuBrk ls vfHkizk FkkFkZrk dks rVLFk oa rdZ ds vkkkj ij

legtus dk izkl gSA sls vuksa esa kkskdrkZ ds ewY vu

dks izHkkfor ugha djrs gSaA

amp OfDrfuBrk ls vfHkizk ikikriwoZd fd x vuksa ls gSA

ftu kkskksa esa kkskdrkZ ds ewY vujr leLk dks izHkkfor

djrs gSa] ml kksk dks OfDrfuB kksk dgk tkrk gSA

amp vkuqHkfod kksk slk kksk gS tks kkskdrkZ dks izkFkfed lkexzh ds

ladyu gsrq vuampks= esa tkus gsrq vkod ekurk gSA

vuampks= esa tks lkexzh ladfyr dh tkrh gS mls izkFkfed

lkexzh dgrs gSa rFkk og vfkd fooluh gksrh gSA

amp oSKkfud i)fr ls vfHkizk vu dh ml i)fr ls gS ftlesa

ijhkk] lRkiu] oxhZdjk] iwokZuqeku vkfn ij cy fnk tkrk gSA

foKku dh ifjHkkkk oSKkfud i)fr ds i esa gh nh tkrh gS tks

foKkuksa esa dampleku gSA

13 oLrqfuBrk oa OfDrfuBrk dh vokkjkkiexcl LiV dhftA

14 oLrqfuBrk fdls dgrs gSa lkekftd kksk esa bldh vkodrk dh foospuk dhftA

15 oLrqfuBrk dks ifjHkkfkr dhftA lkekftd kksk esa oLrqfuBrk dks cuk j[kus ds

mikksa dh foospuk dhftA

16 Dk lkekftd kksk esa oLrqfuBrk cuk j[kh tk ldrh gS rdZ nhftA

17 lkekftd kksk esa oLrqfuBrk dh leLk ij d ys[k fyf[kA

A W Green (1964) Sociology An Analysis of Life in Modern Society McGraw-

Hill Book Company New York

Emile Durkheim (1982) The Rules of Sociological Method The Free Press New

York

G A Lundberg (1947) Sociology Oxford University Press New York


York

Lowell J Carr (1955) Analytical Sociology Social Situations and Social

Problems Harper and Brothers New York



Ethics in Social Research

izLrqr bdkbZ esa lkekftd kksk esa uSfrd eqiacuteksa dks legtkus dk izkl fdk xk gSA vkkk gS

fd bl bdkbZ dks ilt+us ds ckn] vki

uSfrdrk dh vokkjkk dks legt ikiexclxs(

lkekftd kksk esa ik tkus okys izeq[k uSfrd eqiacuteksa dh Ok[k dj ikiexclxs( rFkk

lkekftd kksk esa uSfrdrk cuk j[kus ds mikksa vFkok lkokkfuksa dks LiVrk

legt ikiexclxsA

uSfrd eqiacuteksa dk lEcUk uhfrkkL= (Ethics) ls gSA bls ijekq) foKku ekuk tkrk gSA blesa

euq ds dUgravekZOksa oa vdUgravekZOksa ij fopkj fdk tkrk gSA bls ^pfj= dk foKku Hkh dgk tkrk gS

Dksafd g mfpr vkSj vuqfpr esa Hksn fn[kykrk gSA uhfrkkL= uSfrd fudkksaZ dh lRrk ls

lEcfUkr gSA uSfrd fukZksa esa euq ds lkeus vusd fodYi gksrs gSaA bu fodYiksa esa rdZ ds kjk

LiVhdjk djus dh vkodrk gksrh gSA blhfy g ekuk tkrk gS fd uSfrd fukZksa ij igqiexclpus

ds fy rdZkkL= dk Kku Hkh vkod gSA okLro esa] rdZkkL= oa uhfrkkL= nksuksa gh nkZukkL=

dh ccedileq[k kk[kkiexcl gSaA lHkh lewgksa] iskksa (Professions) oa OfDrksa dks Oogkj dh d slh

lkekftd] kkfeZd rFkk ukxfjd lafgrk dks viukuk gksrk gS] tks lgh frac14mfprfrac12 legth tkrh gSA blh

nfV ls g dgk tkrk gS fd lHkh OfDrksa vFkok laxBuksa dks sls fodYiksa dk pu djuk gksrk gS

ftudk lgh frac14uSfrdfrac12 vFkok xyr frac14vuSfrdfrac12 i esa ewYkadu fdk tk ldsA kksk dh lEiwkZ izfOslashk

blesa dksbZ viokn ugha gS Dksafd blds izRsd lksiku frac14pjkfrac12 esa uSfrdrk k vuSfrd eqiacutes lkeus vkrs

gSaA kkskdrkZ ls g vkkk dh tkrh gS fd og dsoy uSfrd eqiacuteksa dks gh egUgraveo iznku djs rFkk tgkiexcl

rd lEHko gks lds fdlh Hkh vuSfrd fukZ k dkZ ls cpsaA

ekuo dks lkekftd ccedilkkh gksus ds ukrs dqN lkekftd ekZnkvksa dk ikyu djuk iM+rk gSA

lekt dh bu ekZnkvksa esa lR] vfgalk] ijksidkj] fouezrk oa lPpfj= vkfn vusd xqk lfEefyr

gksrs gSaA bu xqkksa dks fn ge lkewfgd i ls d uke nsuk pkgs rks s lc uSfrdrk ds vUrxZr



vk tkrs gSA uSfrdrk d slk Okid kCn gS ftlesa lekt dh yxHkx lHkh ekZnkvksa dk ikyu gks

tkrk gSA vr lkekftd OoLFkk ds fy uSfrdrk dk lokZfkd egUgraveo gSA uSfrdrk Kku dh og

kk[kk gS tks uSfrd fueksa k lafgrkvksa ls lEcfUkr gksrh gSA gh uSfrd fue OfDr ds Oogkj

vFkok fdlh fOslashk frac14ftlesa kksk Hkh lfEefyr gSfrac12 dk lapkyu djrs gSaA bls ge ekuo Oogkj ds

uSfrd ewYksa vFkok Oogkj dks lapkfyr djus okys fueksa dk nkZukkL=h vu Hkh dg ldrs

gSaA

ccedilRsd lekt esa euq kjk dqN sls dkZ fd tkrs gSa] ftudh ccedilkalk gksrh gS vkSj dqN

dkZ sls gksrs gSa] ftuds djus ij og lekt esa kkk dk ik= cu tkrk gSA gekjs lkekftd thou

ds fofHkUu ks=ksa esa dqN vknkZ vkSj dqN fuksk gksrs gSaA budk fukkZjk Ofauml vkSj lekt ds fgr dks

ku esa j[kdj fdk tkrk gSA mnkgjk ds fyamplR cksyuk pkfg] cM+ksa dk vknj djuk pkfg]

vlgkksa dh lgkrk djuh pkfg] pksjh ugha djuh pkfg] fdlh dks lrkuk ugha pkfg

vkfnampvkfnA bu vknkksa Z vkSj fukskksa dk ewy miacutes Ofauml ds pfj= vkSj vkpjk dk bl ccedildkj

fuekZk djuk gS] ftlls fd lekt esa kkfUr vkSj OoLFkk dh LFkkiuk mfpr ltax ls gks ldsA

uSfrdrk ekuoampthou dk ekxZnkZu djus esa egUgraveoiwkZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrh gSA

uSfrdrk frac14uSfrd vknkZfrac12 k uSfrd lafgrk (Moral code) dk vuqeksnu (Sanction) fdlh

ckaacute kfauml kjk ugha fdk tkrk] oju~ blds ihNs lekt dh kfauml dk gkFk jgrk gS] tks lekt esa

dqjhfrksa dk neu djrh gSA lkekUrk os fue gh uSfrd vknkZ dgykrs gSa] tks gekjs pfj= o

vkpjkksa ls lEcfUkr gksrs gSa vkSj ftuds ihNs Ofaumlksa ds vUrdjk o lkekftd kfaumlksa dh

vfHkefr gksrh gS vFkkZr~ buds lkFk lekt dk vuqeksnu tqM+k gksrk gSA uSfrdrk kCn dh mRifUgravek

laLmdashr Hkkkk dh ûh kkrq ls gqbZ gS ftldk rkRiZ ekxZnkZu djuk gksrk gSA lekt dh ekUrkvksa

ds vuqdwy dkZ djuk uSfrd ekuk tkrk gS] tcfd muds foijhr dkZ djuk vuSfrd ekuk tkrk

gSA slk Hkh ekuk tkrk gS fd uSfrdrk kCn dh OqRifUgravek ySfVu Hkkkk ds lsquoMoralisrsquo kCn ls gqbZ gS

ftldk vFkZ ^rkSjamprjhdk k ^pkyamppyu (Manner) ^pfj= (Character) vFkok ^mfpr Oogkj

(Proper behaviour) gSA

uSfrd vknkksa Z vFkok dUgravekZOksa ds i esa uSfrdrk dks fuEu ccedildkj ls ifjHkkfkr fdk xk gSamp

oa (MacIver and Page) ds vuqlkjamp^ûSfrdrk frac14uSfrd vknkZfrac12 fueksa dh

og OoLFkk gS] ftlds kjk Ofauml dk vUrdjk mls mfpr vkSj vuqfpr dk cksk djkrk gSA bu

fokuksa ds erkuqlkj keZ oa uSfrdrk kfuB i esa dampnwljs esa xqiexclFks gq gSa rFkk bu nksuksa esa dsoy

funsZkksa dh lUgravekk oa vuqeksnu ds vkkkj ij gh Hksn fdk tk ldrk gSA keZ uSfrd fkkk dk minsk

nsrk gS rFkk keZ kjk vuqeksfnr fue uSfrd lafgrkiexcl dgs tkrs gSaA blhfy dksbZ lafgrk kkfeZd oa

uSfrd nksuksa iksa esa LohNtilder gks ldrh gSA

(Gisbert) ds vuqlkjamp^ûSfrd fue] fueksa dh og OoLFkk gS tks vPNs vkSj cqjs

ls lEc) gS rFkk ftldk vuqHko vUrjkRek kjk gksrk gSA mUgksaus tfVy ekuoh fOslashkvksa esa

lkekftd oa uSfrd eqiacuteksa dks ijLij kfuB i esa lEcfUkr ekuk gSA ftlcVZ us uhfrkkL= oa

lektkkL= esa ikjLifjd lgksx dks egUgraveo iznku djus dh odkyr dh gSA

(Davis) us fy[kk gSamp^ûSfrdrk dUgravekZO dh og vkUrfjd Hkkouk gS ftlesa

mfprampvuqfpr dk fopkj lfUufgr gksA mfprampvuqfpr dk fukkZjk lkaLNtildefrd ewYksa ds vkkkj ij

gksrk gSA blhfy izRsd lekt dh ewY OoLFkk uSfrdrk] keZ] izFkkvksa] ijEijkvksa] fooklksa tSls

vU igyqvksa ls kfuB i ls lEcfUkr gksrh gSA



miqZauml fopkjksa ls LiV gS fd uSfrdrk kjk gekjs vkpjk dk ewYkadu gksrk gSA tks

vkpjk uSfrd fueksa ds vuqlkj gksrs gSa] mls uSfrd vkpjk dgk tkrk gS vkSj tks bu fueksa ds

fo) gksrk gS mUgsa vuSfrd vkpjk dgk tkrk gSA

miqZauml ifjHkkkkvksa ds vkkkj ij uSfrdrk dh fuEufyf[kr ccedileq[k fokskrkiexcl LiV gksrh gSaamp

(1) uSfrd fue lEiwkZ leqnk kjk Lohmdashr gksrs gSa vFkkZr~ uSfrdrk dh ccedilmdashfr lkeqnkfd

gksrh gSA

(2) lkekU i ls uSfrdrk esa rdksaZ dh ccedilkkurk ikh tkrh gS vFkkZr~ uSfrdrk dk

rkfdZdrk ls xgjk lEcUk gksrk gSA

(3) uSfrdrk dk lEcUk Loa lekt ls gksrk gSA ftls lekt vuqfpr ekurk gS] ogh

vuSfrd Hkh ekuk tkrk gSA

(4) uSfrdrk d ifjorZukhy ladYiuk gS] Dksafd le oa LFkku ds vuqlkj blesa

ifjorZu gksrk jgrk gSA

(5) uSfrdrk dk ikyu Ofauml kjk LosPNk ls fdk tkrk gSA

(6) uSfrdrk dk lEcUk OfDrksa ds pfj= ls gksrk gSA

(7) uSfrdrk dk lEcUk lekt esa iks tkus okys ekU lkekftd ewYksa ls Hkh gksrk gSA

blhfy g ekuk tkrk gS fd uSfrdrk ds ihNs lekt dh kfDr fufgr gksrh gSA

(8) uSfrdrk eq[ i ls lRrk] bZekunkjh vkSj ifo=rk dh Hkkouk tSls ewYksa ij vkkkfjr

gksrh gSA

keZ vkSj uSfrdrk esa bruk kfuB lEcUk gS fd buesa cgqkk vUrj djuk Hkh dfBu gks tkrk

gSA (Benjamin) rFkk (Lewis) ds vuqlkj keZ dh lgkrk ds vHkko esa uSfrd

vknkZ u rks iwkZ gks ldrs gSa vkSj u gh lQyA (Huxley) vkSj (Herbert

Spencer) dk Hkh gh fopkj gSA muds vuqlkj uSfrd vknkZ rc rd viuh iwkZrk dks ugha ccedilkIr

dj ldrs tc rd fd mUgsa keZ dh foksk vfHklfefrksa kjk vyx ugha dj fyk tkA

g lR gS fd keZ vkSj uSfrdrk dampnwljs ds ijLij fudV ccedilrhr gksrs gSa ( ijUrq vusd

voljksa ij keZ vkSj uSfrdrk esa ijLij lakkZ Hkh gksrk vkk gS vkSj vkt Hkh gks jgk gSA keZ dk

Loi flt+oknh gS] tcfd uSfrdrk dh ccedilmdashfr ccedilxfrkhy gksrh gSA tc lekt esa ifjorZu vkrk gS

rks uSfrdrk esa Hkh ifjorZu vkus yxrk gS] ftlds ifjkkeLoi keZ vkSj uSfrdrk esa lakkZ fNM+

tkrk gSA oSKkfud ccedilxfr vkSj rduhdh fodkl ds ifjkkeLoi keZ dh viskk uSfrdrk dks vfkd

egUgraveo fnk tkus yxk gSA vU kCnksa esa] uSfrdrk keZ dks ihNs kdsyrh tk jgh gSA kkskk vkSj

nq[k ds fok esa keZ dk fopkj gS fd g bZojh nsu gS] ijUrq uSfrdrk ds vuqlkj fdlh dk

kkskk djuk vkSj mls nq[k igqiexclpkuk vuqfpr gSA gekjs nsk esa keZ vkSj uSfrdrk ds e lakkZ ds

vusd mnkgjk feyrs gSaA fookgampfoPNsn] lUrframpfujksk] fokokampiqufoZokg vkfn ds fo) keZ us

vusd ckkkiexcl [kM+h dh gqbZ gSaA d le Fkk tcfd fL=ksa dk lrh gksuk fgUnw keZ ds vuqlkj

vfuokZ Fkk] ijUrq uSfrdrk dh ndashfV ls g xyr FkkA bl dkjk gh vusd lekt lqkkjdksa us bl

kkfeZd mdashR ds fo) vkokt mBkbZA blh ccedildkj vLirk dks Hkh keZ mfpr ekurk jgk gS vkSj

mlds cuk j[kus ij cy nsrk vkk gS] ijUrq orZeku uSfrd ndashfVdksk bls iwkZrk vuqfpr Bgjk

pqdk gSA

laksi esa] keZ vkSj uSfrdrk ds e lakkZ dk ewy dkjk keZ dk vUkfooklh vkSj flt+qauml

gksuk gSA blds foijhr] uSfrdrk rdZ vkSj foosd ls qauml gSA g lR gS fd fkkk vkSj lHrk ds



ccedillkj ds lkFk keZ us vius Loi dks ikZIr lqkkjus dk ccedilkl fdk gS] ijUrq vHkh Hkh g iwk Zrk

foosd ij vkkkfjr ugha gks ikk gSA

lkekftd kksk esa uSfrd eqiacuteksa dk lEcUk kkskdrkZ ds uSfrd dUgravekZOksa ls gSA vU kCnksa esa ge

dg ldrs gSa fd bu eqiacuteksa dk lEcUk bl ccedilu ls gS fd lkekftd kksk djrs le kkskdrkZ ds

fy Dk mfpr gS vFkok slh dkSuamplh ckrsa gSa ftuls mls cpus dh vkodrk gSA mls bl ckr

dk ku j[kuk gS fd mlus ftu lwpuknkrkvksa ij kksk fdk gS] muds ccedilfr mlds dqN uSfrd

dUgravekZO gSaA bu uSfrd dUgravekZOksa dks vuns[kk ugha fdk tk ldrkA pwiexclfd kksk dk lEcUk OfDrksa ls

gS] vr blesa dqN uSfrd ekudksa (Ethical standards) dk ikyu djuk vfuokZ gS rkfd vu gsrq

pfur OfDrksa frac14lwpuknkrkvksafrac12 dks dksbZ uqdlku u gksA fpfdRlk foKku lEcUkh kksk esa g

uqdlku vRUr xEHkhj ifjkkeksa okyk gks ldrk gS Dksafd g fdlh lwpuknkrk k jksxh dh eRq

rd esa izfrQfyr gks ldrk gSA blhfy lHkh nskksa esa fpfdRlk foKku ds Okolkfd laxBu

(Professional organizations) fpfdRldksa ds Oogkj gsrq uSfrd fue fukkZfjr djrs gSaA fpfdRld

dks bu fueksa dk ikyu u djus ij bl laxBu kjk mldh Okolkfd lsokvksa ij izfrcUk Hkh

yxkk tk ldrk gSA

vesfjdk tSls nskksa esa fpfdRlk foKku ds lekuUrj lektkkL= tSls fok esa Hkh vesfjdh

lektkkL=h lak (American sociological association) kjk lkekftd kksk gsrq vkpkj lafgrk

(Code of ethics) fukkZfjr dh xbZ gSA bl vkpkj lafgrk esa lokZfkd egUgraveoiwkZ uSfrd fnkkampfunsZk

kksk dh xksiuhrk vkSj fooluhrk (Privacy and confidentiality) ls lEcfUkr gSA kkskdrkZ dks

vius lwpuknkrkvksa ds lUnHkZ esa bls cuk j[kuk vkod gSA ks=kkkfjr losZkkksa esa lwpuknkrkvksa

ds ckjs esa xqeukeh (Anonymity) blh lUnHkZ esa j[kh tkrh gSA

kkskdrkZ kjk xksiuhrk oa fooluhrk fdruh egUgraveoiwkZ gksrh gS] blds fy

(Mario Brajuha) uked kkskdrkZ dk mnkgjk fnk tk ldrk gSA czktqgk lgHkkxh

voyksdu kjk d jsLrjka osVj (Restaurant waiter) ds i esa UwkWdZ ds ykiexclx mihi esa viuk

kksk dj jgk FkkA nqHkkZXok ml jsLrjka esa vkx yx xbZA iqfyl dks vkxtuh oa ywVikV dk kd

gqvk rFkk mlus nks xokgksa ds dkuwuh cpko gsrq czktqgk ls mlds QhYM uksV~l dh ekax dhA tc

mlus bUgsa nsus ls euk dj fnk rks iqfyl us mls tsy esa Hkst nsus rd dh kedh nhA czktqgk us

rc Hkh budkj dj fnk rFkk vUrr nks okZ ckn fkdkrdrkZ dh eRq ij g ekeyk vnkyr kjk

cUn dj fnk xk (Brajuha and Hallowell 1986)A

d vU mnkgjk esa (Rik Scarce) uked xzstqV Nk=] tks fd decircjiaFkh

ikZojkfonksa dk vu dj jgk Fkk] us foofo|ky dh izksxkkyk esa decircjiafFkksa kjk rksM+ampQksM+

ds ipkr~ Ukky esa buds ckjs esa ladfyr rFksa ls lEcfUkr QhYM uksV~l nsus ls budkj dj

fnkA LdklZ dks blds fy Ukky dh voekuuk ds nksk esa Ng eghus ds fy tsy esa jguk iM+k

(Monaghan 1993)A

rhljk mnkgjk lektkkfL=ksa esa vUUr oknampfookn dk fok jgk gSA

(Laud Humphreys) us lkoZtfud kkSpkyksa esa iqk leySafxd lsDl dk vu fdkA mlus

vius bl kksk esa nks iqkksa kjk lsDl ds NtildeR dks djrs gq ckgj ls ns[kkA mlus bu nksuksa ds

ykblsal IysV ij fy[ks ukeksa ds vkkkj ij muds kj dk irk izkIr dj fykA d okZ ipkr~ mlus

Nn~eosk (Disguised) vFkkZr~ vius dks kkskdrkZ u crkdj mu nksuksa dk muds kj ij tkdj

lkkkRdkj fdkA vusd lektkkfL=ksa oa vU iZoskdksa us geYacutest dh vius lwpuknkrkvksa dh



xksiuhrk Hkax djus ds fy vkykspuk dhA geYacutest us g rdZ fnk fd mlus nksuksa ds okLrfod

uke mtkxj ugha fd gSa rFkk mudk kkSpky esa fdk xk g NtildeR xksiuh ugha Fkk Dksafd g

lkoZtfud LFkku ij fdk xk Fkk (Humphreys 1975)A

lkekftd kksk esa d vU eqiacutek lgefr (Consent) ls lEcfUkr gSA vesfjdk esa g ijEijk

gS fd kksk gsrq pfur lwpuknkrk dks lwfpr LohNtildefr gsrq d QkWeZ ij gLrkkj djus gksrs gSaA bl

QkWeZ ij kksk ds miacutes rFkk lwpuknkrk gksus ds ukrs mlds lEHkkfor [krjksa dk okZu gksrk gSA fn

kkskdrkZ ukckfyxksa ij vu dj jgk gksrk gS] rks mls muds lajkdksa ls lgefr ysuh vfuokZ gSA

|fi lwfpr lgefr okLrfod kksk gsrq d vkodrk gS] rFkkfi bl lgefr ls lEcfUkr vusd

uSfrd eqiacutes gSaA d ckj lgefr ij gLrkkj dj nsus ds ipkr~ lwpuknkrk mUgravekj nsus gsrq fook gks

tkrs gSa rFkk u pkgrs gq Hkh os blls budkj ugha dj ldrsA dbZ ckj lwpuknkrkvksa dks kksk eas

lfEefyr gksus gsrq iqjLdkj ds i esa 5 ls 20 MkWyj Hkh fn tkrs gSaA g vuSfrd oa lwpuknkrkvksa

ij kksk esa lgksx nsus gsrq vuqfpr ncko ugha rks vkSj Dk gS cfUnksa ds vusd vuksa esa sls

uSfrd eqiacutes lkeus vk gSaA

miqZDr mnkgjkksa ls g LiV gks tkrk gS fd fdlh kksk dks uSfrdrk dh nfV ls

Ukksfpr ekuuk lnSo bruk ljy ugha gSA blfy vesfjdk tSls nskksa esa egkfo|kyksa oa

foofo|kyksa esa slh lfefrksa dk fuekZk fdk xk gS tks kksk izjpukvksa oa izLrkoksa dk ewYkadu

dj g lqfufpr djrh gSa fd lakh fnkk funsZkksa (Federal guidelines) dk ikyu gks jgk gS fd

ughaA g lqfufpr djus ds ckn gh ml izjpuk k izLrko dks LohNtilder fdk tkrk gSA [ksn dk

fok g gS fd Hkkjr tSls nsk esa kksk esa uSfrdrk cuk j[kus lEcUkh u rks jkVordfh Lrj ij vkSj

u gh LFkkuh Lrj ij dksbZ foksk ku fnk tkrk gSA blhfy Hkkjrh foofo|kyksa esa gks jgs

kksk dh xqkoUgravekk ij leample ij izufpagrave yxk tkrs jgs gSaA

(Nan Lin) us ccedilfrosnu fy[krs le kkskdrkZ ds ftu nkfRoksa dk mYys[k fdk

gS muesa uSfrd mUgravekjnkfRo dks ccedileq[k LFkku fnk gSA mudk dguk gS fd kkskdrkZ dks ccedilfrosnu

rSkj djrs le vius uSfrd mUgravekjnkfRo dks ku esa j[kuk pkfg ftlesa nks ckrsa ccedileq[k

gSaamplwpuknkrkvksa oa lgksfxksa dk lajkk rFkk okLrfod oa iwkZ lwpukA

eq[ i ls lkekftd kksk esa fuEufyf[kr eqiacuteksa dks ccedileq[k ekuk tkrk gSamp

(1) ampkkskdrkZ dk loZccedilFke g uSfrd dUgravekZO gS fd og lwpuknkrkvksa dks

kksk ls lEcfUkr iwjh tkudkjh miyCk djkA mls lwpuknkrk dks lwfpr djuk gksrk gS fd bl

kksk ds Dk miacutes gSa] mUgravekjnkrkvksa dks Dk ykHk gks ldrk gS rFkk lwpuk nsus esa mUgsa fdl ccedildkj

ds [krjksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+ ldrk gSA vfkdkak foku~ bl lwfpr LohNtildefr (Informed consent)

dks uSfrd eqiacutek ekurs gSaA fn lkexzh frac14vkiexcldM+ksafrac12 dk ladyu izukoyh ls fdk tk jgk gS] rks

lgxkeh i= esa bu lcdk mYys[k gksuk vRUr vfuokZ gSA fn lwpuknkrk ds eu esa kksk ds ckjs

esa fdlh izdkj dk lUnsg gksxk rks og fufpr i ls lwpuk nsus esa vkukdkuh djsxk vFkok Hkzfer

djus okyh lwpuk nsxkA

(2) ampkkskdrkZ dk uSfrd dUgravekZO gS fd fdlh Hkh lwpuknkrk kjk nh xbZ

Ofaumlxr lwpuk dks mlds uke ls lkoZtfud u djsA kkskdrkZ dks bl fooluhrk

(Confidentiality) ds ckjs esa vfr lpsr jguk pkfgA lwpuknkrk dks iwjh rjg ls g fooLr dj

fnk tkuk pkfg fd mlds kjk nh xbZ lwpuk dsoy kksk dkZ gsrq gh izksx esa ykh tkxh rFkk

bldks fdlh vU miacutes ds fy lwpuknkrk ds uke ls izksx esa ugha ykk tkxkA



(3) amplkekftd kksk esa d ccedileq[k uSfrd eqiacutek xksiuhrk (Privacy) ls lEcfUkr

gSA okLro esa] g eqiacutek fooluhrk ls tqM+k gqvk gSA lwpuknkrkvksa kjk nh xbZ lwpukvksa dks

xksiuh j[kuk kkskdrkZ dk uSfrd dUgravekZO gSA bUgsa lkoZtfud djus esa lwpuknkrkvksa dk uqdlku gks

ldrk gSA mnkgjkkFkZampfn dksbZ kkskdrkZ lefyafxksa vFkok kjsyw fgalk ls ihfM+r efgykvksa ij

kksk dj jgk gS] rks lwpuknkrk dh igpku crkuk vuSfrdrk ekuk tkxkA dksbZ Hkh lefyaxh g

ugha pkgsxk fd fdlh vU dks g irk pys fd og lefyaxh gSA blh Hkkiexclfr] dksbZ Hkh efgyk g

ugha pkgsxh fd mlds iM+ksflksa vFkok ekSgYys ds vU yksxksa k fjrsampukrsnkjksa dks bldk irk

pysA fn kkskdrkZ oSfDrd vu (Case study) kjk viuh leLk dks LiV djus dk izkl

dj jgk gS] rks mls lefyafxksa vFkok kjsyw fgalk ls xzflr efgykvksa dk mYys[k dkYifud uke ls

djuk gksrk gSA muds okLrfod uke mtkxj djuk mudh cnukeh dk dkjk gks ldrs gSaA

(4) ampkkskdrkZ dks lwpuknkrkvksa dks kkjhfjd k ekufld dV

(Physical or mental distress) nsus ls cpuk pkfgA g mldk uSfrd dUgravekZO gS fd mlds kjk iwNs

tkus okys ccediluksa ls lwpuknkrkvksa dks fdlh ccedildkj dk ekufld dV u gksA blhfy g dgk tkrk

gS fd lkkkRdkj ds le vFkok lkkkRdkj vuqlwph esa lfEefyr izuksa dks iwNrs le kkskdrkZ dks

cM+h lkokkuh j[kuh pkfgA mldk g fujUrj izkl gksuk pkfg fd lwpuknkrk esas fdlh izdkj

dh ghu Hkkouk fodflr u gksA g kkskdrkZ dk uSfrd dUgravekZO gS fd og lwpuknkrkvksa ls Loa

lEidZ djsA dbZ ckj slk Hkh gksrk gS fd vusd ckj tkus ij lwpuknkrk xUrO LFkku ij ugha

feyrk gSA kkskdrkZ dks lnSo g lkspuk pkfg fd lwpuknkrk mlds vkhu dkZ djus okys

deZpkjh ugha gSaA vr muls le ysdj muls feyus esa fdlh izdkj dk ladksp ugha djuk pkfgA

(5) ampfn kksk ccedilkksftr (Sponsored) gS rks bldk ccedilkkstd kksk ds

fudkksaZ dks vius fgrksa dh iwfrZ gsrq rksM+ampejksM+dj ccedilLrqr djrk gSA blhfy kkskdrkZ dks ccedilkkstd

ls bl lEcUk esa vuqcUk djuk pkfg rFkk fn lEHko gks rks lwpuknkrkvksa dks kksk ds ccedilkkstd

dk irk ugha pyuk pkfgA pqukoksa ds le ifjkke vkus ls igys tks losZkk Vsyhfotu ij vusd

pSuyksa kjk nkkZ tkrs gSa] mu ij cgqkk izkksftr gksus dk vkjksi yxkk tkrk gSA ftl ny dks os

vkxs fn[kkrs gSa mlds fojkskh ny g dgus esa ladksp ugha djrs fd g dkZ fdlh foksk

jktuhfrd ny us iSls nsdj djokk gSA 2017 ds izkjEHk esa mUgravekj iznsk oa mUgravekjk[kM esa Hkkjrh

turk ikVhZ dh thr ds ckjs esa ftrus Hkh vksfifuu iksy vk Fks] mu ij lektoknh ikVhZ] cgqtu

lekt ikVhZ rFkk dkaxzsl us izkksftr gksus dk vkjksi yxkk FkkA pquko ds ifjkke vkus ij Hkkjrh

turk ikVhZ dh thr dk lHkh dks irk py xk] pkgs mUgsa lhVsa vuqeku ls dgha vfkd feyh FkhA

(6) ampkkskdrkZ dk g uSfrd dUgravekZO gS fd og ladfyr

lkexzh dks fdlh ccedildkj ls rksM+ampejksM+dj ccedilLrqr u djsA u rks mls bl ekeys esa fdlh ccedildkj dh

ykijokgh djuh pkfg vkSj u gh ikikriwkZ lkexzh ccedilLrqr djuh pkfgA blls cpus gsrq vu

ds fudkksa Z dh tkiexclp gsrq kksk dh iqujkofUgravek oa lgksfxksa dh jk fyk tkuk vfuokZ gSA oSKkfud

dnkpkj oa kks[kk (Scientific misconduct and fraud) d slh vuSfrdrk gS ftlls kkskdrkZ dks

lnSo cpuk pkfgA fn slk ugha gksrk gS rks vU yksxksa kjk fd x kkskksa ds vkkkj ij

dnkpkj oa kks[ks ls lEcfUkr okLrfodrk lkeus vk ldrh gSA

(7) ampkkskdrkZ dks kksk djrs le oa ccedilfrosnu rSkj djrs le

ewYampfujisk gksuk pkfgA tSls lektkkfL=ksa us vius i)frkkL= esa ewYampfujiskrk

dks ccedileq[k LFkku fnk gSA mUgksaus Kku ds fuekZk ij cy fnk u fd mls Oogkj esa ykxw djus ijA

blds foijhr] dk dguk gS fd kkskdrkZ dks nfyrksa oa xjhcksa ds fotsrk (Champion)



ds i esa viuk dkZ djuk pkfgA kksk ls bu oafpr oxksaZ dks fdlh ccedildkj dk uqdlku ugha gksuk

pkfgA blh lUnHkZ esa us jpukRed kksk dh ckr dgh gSA oLrqr vkkqfud qx esa

oSKkfud leFkZu (Scientific advocacy) dk gksuk fdlh Hkh kksk ds fy vfuokZ ekuk tkrk gSA

(8) ampkkskdrkZ dks vfrlaosnukhy oxksaZ dk ku j[kuk

pkfgA kksk ls lEcfUkr fdlh Hkh dkZ esa mu ij dksbZ ncko k tksjamptcjnLrh ugha dh tkuh

pkfgA vfrlaosnukhy oxksaZ (Protecting vulnerable clients) esa bldk cgqr cqjk ccedilHkko iM+ ldrk

gSA ftrus Hkh vu e|iku rFkk eknd nzO Olu ds izksx ij gq gSa] muesa kkskdrkZ dk g

izkl jgk gS fd vu esa lfEefyr lwpuknkrkvksa ds fgrksa dks fdlh izdkj dk uqdlku u igqiexclpsA

sls gh qok oxZ dks vfrlaosnukhy ekuk tkrk gSA blfy bl oxZ ls lEcfUkr fd tkus okys

kksk esa lkokkuh j[kh tkuh vkod gSA qok oxZ esa M~l tSls jksxksa dh tkudkjh gsrq tc kksk ds

fudkZ crk tkrs gSa] rks bl ckr dk ku j[kk tkuk pkfg fd M~l ds dkjk muesa lsDl ds

ckjs esa mRlqdrk iSnk u gksA M~l ds dkjkksa dh tkudkjh gsrq Hkh kCnksa dk pu cM+h lkokkuhiwoZd

fdk tkuk pkfgA

(9) ampkksk ds fudkksa Z dks fdlh Hkh

mipkj gsrq ccedilksx esa ykus ls igys bl ckjs esa vkoLr gksuk vfuokZ gS fd fudkZ fooluh gSaA

fn fudkksa Z ds ckjs esa FkksM+kampcgqr Hkh lUnsg gS rks bUgsa mipkj gsrq LFkfxr j[kk tkuk pkfgA

fpfdRlk lEcUkh foKku esa gksus okys kksk esa FkksM+kamplk Hkh lUnsg gksus ij kksk ds miacutesksa gsrq

mipkj dks LFkfxr j[kuk (Withholding treatment for research purposes) d ije uSfrd drZO

ekuk tkrk gSA fpfdRlk foKku esa dksbZ Hkh vfooluh dkZ jksfxksa ds thou ds fy [krjk iSnk

dj ldrk gSA

lkekftd kksk esa uSfrdrk dks cuk j[kuk vRUr vkod gSA bl nfV ls izRsd kksk esa

fuEufyf[kr lkokkfukiexcl j[kh tkuh vkod ekuh tkrh gSaamp

(1) ampoSKkfud kksk esa bZekunkjh (Honesty) cuk j[kus dk izkl djuk pkfgA

lkexzh] ifjkkeksa] i)frksa] dkZampizkkfyksa oa izdkku fLFkfr dk bZekunkjh ls mYys[k fdk tkuk

pkfgA lkexzh dk tkyh oa vlR fuekZk ugha djuk pkfg vkSj u gh bls feFk vFkZ esa izLrqr

djuk pkfgA vius lgksfxksa] kksk izkkstdksa oa turk dks kks[kk nsus ls cpuk pkfgA

(2) ampkksk esa lkexzh ds forsquoysrdquokk] Ok[k frac14fuoZpufrac12] ewYkadu] oSfDrd fukZksa

lEcUkh ikikr ls cpuk pkfgA vkReampizrkjkk (Self-deception) ls cpuk pkfg vFkok bls

deamplsampde j[kus dk izkl djuk pkfgA kksk dks izHkkfor djus okys OfDrxr oa foUgravekh fgrksa

dh LiV i esa kkskkk djuh pkfgA slk djus ls kksk esa oLrqfuBrk (Objectivity) vkrh gSA

(3) ampkksk ls lEcfUkr fd x vius oknksa oa vuqcUkksa dk ikyu djuk pkfgA

bZekunkjh ds lkFk kksk dkZ djuk pkfg rFkk fopkjksa oa dkksplusmn dh fLFkjrk gsrq lnSo izkljr

jguk pkfgA blls kksk dh v[kMrk (Integrity) lqfufpr gksrh gSA

(4) ampkksk esa dh tkus okyh ykijokg =qfVksa oa vlkokkfuksa ls cpuk pkfg]

vius oa vius lgksfxksa ds dkksplusmn dk lehkkRed ijhkk djuk pkfg] lEiwkZ kksk izfOslashk dk

Bhd izdkj ls fjdkWMZ j[kuk pkfg vFkkZr~ lkexzh ladyu] kksk izjpuk rFkk tsaflksa k tuZyksa ls

i=kpkj lqjfkr j[kuk pkfgA blls kksk esa lrdZrk (Carefulness) cuh jgrh gSA



(5) amplkexzh] ifjkkeksa] fopkjksa] U=ksa frac14izfofkksafrac12] lalkkuksa dks vU yksxksa ds lkFk

lkgtk djds kksk esa [kqykiu (Openness) cuk j[kuk pkfgA lkFk gh kkskdrkZ dks viuh vkykspuk

oa uohu fopkjksa gsrq rSkj jguk pkfgA

(6) ampkkskdrkZ dks ykblsal frac14isVsVfrac12 oa lokZfkdkj frac14dkWihjkbVfrac12

dk vknj djuk pkfgA fcuk vuqefr ds vizdkfkr lkexzh i)frksa vFkok ifjkkeksa dk izksx ugha

djuk pkfgA vU fokuksa dh kksk esa izqDr lkexzh dks lnSo vknj lfgr vfHkLohNtildefr nh tkuh

pkfg rFkk lkexzh dks nwljksa ds xzUFkksa ls pksjh ugha djuk pkfgA

(7) ampkkskdrkZ dks izdkfkr djkus vFkok xzkV izkfIr gsrq Hksts x kkski=ksa]

OfDrxr fjdkWMZ] Okikj oa lSU jkt (Military secrets) rFkk lwpuknkrkvksa ds fjdkWMksa dh

xksiuhrk (Confidentiality) dks cuk j[kuk pkfgA

(8) ampkksk dk izdkku dsoy vius Loa ds dSfjj dks vkxs clt+kus ds

lkFkamplkFk Kku ds izpkjampizlkj gsrq Hkh fdk tkuk pkfgA kksk dks OFkZ rFkk fdlh i esa

ckjampckj d gh ckr dgus gsrq izdkfkr djus ls cpuk pkfgA vU kCnksa esa mUgravekjnkh izdkku

(Responsible publication) dks gh izkFkfedrk nh tkuh pkfgA

(9) ampkksk dk izfkkk nsus okys vkidksa oa fokskKksa dks Nk=ksa dks

kksk dh ckjhfdkiexcl legtkrs le vuqHkoh ijkekZnkrk (Responsible mentoring) ds i esa dkZ

djuk pkfgA mudh HkykbZ dk ku j[kuk rFkk mUgsa lgh fukZ ysus dk izfkkk nsuk vkod

gSA lkFk gh vius Nk=ksa oa lgksfxksa ds izfr xSjampHksnHkko (Non-discrimination) dh Hkkouk gksuh

pkfgA

(10) ampkksk kjk lkekftd vPNkbZ dk izpkjampizlkj rFkk lkekftd

cqjkbksa dks lekIr djus dk izkl djuk pkfgA kkskdrkZ esa vius fok rFkk lekt ds ekudksa ds

izfr lkekftd mUgravekjnkfRo (Social responsibility) gksuk vkod gSA

xzsV fczVsu esa vkfFkZd oa lkekftd kksk ifjkn~ (Economic and Social Research Council)

us 2015 esa kksk uSfrdrk ds fy YacuteseodZ (Framework for Research Ethics) izdkfkr fdk gSA

g ifjkn~ kksk gsrq d vxzkh oa egUgraveoiwkZ laLFkku gSA bl YacuteseodZ esa fuEufyf[kr Ng

fnkkfunsZkksa dks lfEefyr fdk xk gSamp

(1) kksk dk vkkstu] ewYkadu oa izkjEHk v[kMrk] xqkoUgravekk rFkk ikjnfkZrk lqfufpr

djus gsrq gksuk pkfgA

(2) kksk esa lfEefyr deZpkfjksa oa izfrHkkfxksa dks lkekUr kksk ds miacutesksa] i)frksa oa

blds lEHkkfor izksx ds ckjs esa iwkZ tkudkjh gksuh pkfgA blesa izfrHkkfxrk ds [krjksa ds ckjs esa Hkh

mUgsa irk gksuk pkfgA

(3) kksk izfrHkkfxksa kjk nh xbZ lwpukvksa dh xksiuhrk rFkk izfrHkkfxksa dh xqeukeh frac14uke

dks xqIr j[kukfrac12 dks lqfufpr j[kk tkuk pkfgA

(4) kksk izfrHkkfxksa frac14lwpuknkrkvksafrac12 dks kksk esa fcuk fdlh ncko oa ykyp ds LosPNk ls

Hkkx ysuk pkfgA

(5) lnSo kksk izfrHkkfxksa ds fgrksa dh jkk dh tkuh pkfg rFkk g ku j[kk tkuk

pkfg fd mUgsa fdlh Hkh i esa uqdlku u gksA

(6) kksk dh LokUgravekrk lqLiV gksuh pkfg rFkk fn fgrksa esa fdlh izdkj Vdjko gS rks og

LiV gksuk pkfgA



bl ifjkn~ ds vuqlkj kksk esa uSfrdrk cuk j[kuk kkskdrkZ rFkk mlds laLFkku dk

mUgravekjnkfRo gSA kksk laLFkkulaxBu dks g lqfufpr djuk pkfg fd miqZDr fnkkfunsZkksa dk

ikyu gks jgk gS k ughaA fnkkfunsZkksa dk ikyu gksus dh fLFkfr esa gh kksk izjpuk vFkok izLrko dk

vuqeksnu fdk tkuk pkfgA

Hkkjr esa Hkh vusd Ntildefk foofo|kyksa us kksk dh xqkoUgravekk oa uSfrdrk dks cuk j[kus dks

kksk lfefrksa dk xBu fdk gSA bu lfefrksa ds eke ls gh lHkh kksk oa kksk i= vfUre i

ls vuqeksfnr gksrs gSaA g rF ku nsus ksX gS fd Ntildefk foofo|kyksa dk xBu vesfjdh i)fr

ij vkkkfjr gS rFkk buesa fkkk ds lkFkamplkFk foLrkj oa kksk dks vRfkd egUgraveo fnk tkrk gSA

vkodrk bl ckr dh gS fd lHkh foofo|kyksa dks kksk dh xqkoUgravekk oa uSfrdrk gsrq slh kksk

lfefrksa dk xBu djuk pkfgA

kksk dh lEiwkZ izfOslashk Aringij ls ftruh ljy fn[kkbZ nsrh gS] okLro esa g mruh gh tfVy

gSA blds izRsd lksiku frac14pjkfrac12 esa oLrqfuBrkampOfDrfuBrk] uSfrdrkampvuSfrdrk] oSKkfudrkamp

voSKkfudrk] Lofgramplekt ds fgr lEcUkh vusd eqiacuteksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gSA vkkqfud qx esa

fpfdRlk foKku esa gks jgs kksk dh Hkkiexclfr lektkkL= lfgr vU lkekftd foKkuksa esa Hkh bu eqiacuteksa

dh vksj dkQh ku fnk tkus yxk gSA lektkkL= esa kksk esa uSfrdrk dk lEcUk kksk dh vkpkj

lafgrk dks viukus ls gSA kksk esa xksiuhrk] fooluhrk] lwfpr lgefr vkfn dks ysdj dqN

fukZ ysus vkod gSa ftlls kksk ds izfrHkkfxksa ds fgrksa dks fdlh izdkj dk uqdlku u gksA

vusd nskksa esa izRsd fok esa mlls lEcfUkr Okolkfd laxBuksa kjk kksk esa uSfrdrk cuk j[kus

gsrq fnkkfunsZk izfrikfnr fd x gSaA blls u dsoy kksk dh xqkoUgravekk cuh jgrh gS vfirq

vuSfrdrk Hkh deamplsampde gksrh gSA vkkk gS fd ikB~amplkexzh ds vu ds ipkr~ vki kksk esa

uSfrd eqiacuteksa dh nfV ls j[kh tkus okyh lkokkfuksa dks legt x gksaxsA

amp uSfrdrk frac14uSfrd vknkZfrac12 fueksa dh og OoLFkk gS tks vPNs vkSj

cqjs ls lEc) gS rFkk ftldk vuqHko vUrjkRek kjk gksrk gSA

amp lwpuknkrkvksa dks kksk ls lEcfUkr iwjh tkudkjh miyCk djkdj

mudh kksk esa lgHkkfxrk lqfufpr djus dks lwfpr LohNtildefr dgk

tkrk gSA

amp blls vfHkizk lwpuknkrk dks iwjh rjg ls g fooLr djus ls gS

fd mlds kjk nh xbZ lwpuk dsoy kksk dkZ gsrq gh izksx esa

ykh tkxh rFkk bldk fdlh vU miacutes ds fy lwpuknkrk ds

uke ls izksx esa ugha ykk tkxkA

amp uSfrdrk dh nfV ls blls vfHkizk kkskdrkZ kjk lwpuknkrkvksa

kjk nh xbZ lwpukvksa dks xksiuh j[kus ls gSA

18 uSfrdrk fdls dgrs gSa lkekftd kksk ds izeq[k uSfrd eqiacuteksa dh foospuk dhftA

19 uSfrdrk dks ifjHkkfkr dhft rFkk lkekftd kksk esa xksiuhrk vkSj fooluhrk

lEcUkh uSfrd eqiacuteksa dks mnkgjk lfgr LiV dhftA



20 lkekftd kksk ds izeq[k uSfrd eqiacuteksa ij d foLrr ys[k fyf[kA

21 lkekftd kksk esa uSfrd eqiacuteksa dh nfV ls j[kh tkus okyh izeq[k lkokkfuksa dk mYys[k

dhftA

22 uSfrdrk dh vokkjkk ij lafkIr fVIikh fyf[kA

23 lkekftd kksk esa uSfrdrk dh Dk vkodrk gS bls cuk j[kus ds izeq[k miksa dh

lafkIr foospuk dhftA

J H Jones (1981) Bad Blood The Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment Free Press New

York

Kingsley Davis (1949) Human Society The Macmillan Company New York

L Humphreys (1975) Teamroom Trade Impersonal Sex in Public Places Aldine

Chicago IL

M Brajuha and L Hallowell (1986) Legal Intrusion and the Politics of Fieldwork

The Impact of the Brajuha Case Urban Life Vol 14 pp 454ndash478

P Gisbert (1989) Fundamentals of Sociology Orient Longman Bombay

P Monaghan (1993) Sociologist is jailed for refusing to testify about research

subject Chronicle of Higher Education Vol 39 P 10

R M MacIver and C H Page (1962) Society An Introductory Analysis Holt

Rinehart and Winston New York



इकाई -5 अनसॊधान सभसमा का ननभााण

Formulation of Research Problem

इकाई की रऩयखा

50 इकाई क उददशम

51 परसतािना 52 अनसॊधान सभसमा का चनाि एिॊ परनतऩादन

53 अनसॊधान की परकनत

54 कामाकायी ऩरयबाषा एिॊ िऻाननक शबदािरी

55 अिधायणाएॊ

56 ऩरयकलऩनाएॉ

57 चय

58 सायाॊश

59 शबदािरी 510 सनदबा गरनथ सची 511 सहामक उऩमोगी ऩापम साभगरी

512 ननफॊधातभक परशन

50 rdquobl bdkbZ dks ilt+us ds ckn] vki

अनसनधान मा शोध सभसमा ककस कहत ह मह िान सक ग| अनसनधान मा शोध सभसमा का चनाि ककस परकाय ककमा िाता ह का अधममन कय सक ग | अनसनधान मा शोध सभसमा क चनाि एिॊ इसक परनतऩादन भ शोध क करभ की वमाखमा कय

सक ग | अनसनधान मा शोध सभसमा क चयणो क अधममन क ऩशचात आऩ शोध सभसमा का

करभिाय िणान कय सक ग |

51

fdlh Hkh lkekftd vuqlUkku esa kksk leLk ds fukkZjk esa kksk leLk dk LiV oa

rdZlaxr gksuk furkar vkod gS A kksk leLk dk mfpr pu fdlh Hkh lkekftd vuqlUkku

dh uho gS oa gkiexcl ij g ku j[kuk vkod gS fd lEiwkZ kksk]pjk c) rjhds ls oa

lkekftd kksk ds ccedilekfkdrk ds vkkkj ij gh lEikfnd fdk tks rHkh g lkekftd vuqlUkku

dh ifjfk esa vkrk gS A tc d ckj kksk leLk dk LiV i ls fukkZjk gks tkrk gS rHkh mls

LiV vuqlUkku dh leLk ds i esa ifjHkkfkr fdk tk ldrk gS A kksk leLk dks d dFku

ds i esa LiV djus ds fys kksk ds pjk dks HkkfyHkkafr legtuk vRu vkod gS A

kksk leLk ds pjkksa dks LiV i ls legtus ds fys bldk Oslashec) vu fdk tkuk

vkod gS]Dksafd lkekftd vuqlUkku esa kksk leLk ds pu esa og rkfdZdrk ]Oslashec)rk oa



xqkkRedrk gksuk vRar vkod gS A ftl fok k kksk leLk ij vkids kjk kksk fdk tkuk

gS A vr kksk leLk dk pquko gh kksk dh vkkkjfkyk gS A kksk leLk Dk gS bldk

foojkkRed ys[kk tks[kk gh gesa ifjdYiuk fuekZk esa enn djrk gS fn leLk ij xkSj fdk tks

rks g ccediluokpd i esa gekjs lkeus vkrh gS fd leLk dk Loi Dk gS oa nks k nks ls vfkd

pkjksa ds e fdl ccedildkj dk k Dk lEcUk gS A leLk ds pquko esa vkSj blds ccedilfriknu esa tks

foojk ccedilLrqr fdk tkuk gksrk ml dkZ gsrq gesa d lqOofLFkr ijs[kk dk fuekZk djuk gksrk gS

A bl v esa ge vkxs ijs[kk fuekZk dh ccedilfOslashk ls voxr gksaxs A

5 2

gkiexcl ij ge kksk leLk ds fukkZjk dh ccedilfOslashk ls voxr gksaxs oa blds lkFkamplkFk kksk ds pjkksa

ds fok esa Hkh Kku ccedilkIr djsaxs ftldk foojk fuEuor gSamp

vkbULVhu rFkk u uQSYM ds vuqlkj]^^leLk dk ccedilfroknu ccedilk blds lekkku ls vkod

gSAszlig

leLk ds pquko ds lkFk leLk ls lEcfUkr vokkjkkvksa] ifjHkkkkvksa]okD foUklksa vkSj

ifjdYiukvksa dk foojk ccedilLrqr fdk tkuk vkod gS A lkekftd vuqlUkku esa khkZdksa ds pquko

dk ks= mruk gh Okid gS ftruk fd lkekftd Oogkj dk blfy vuqlUkku dk fok

rdZlaxr gksuk vRar vkod gS A d lkekftd vuqlUkkudrkZ dks OfaumlRo oa ikZojk nksuksa dk

gh Kku gksuk furkar vkod gS A

kksk leLk fuekZk ds pjkksa dk foojk fuEuor gS amp

1- leLk dk dFku

2- leLk dh ccedilmdashfr

3- miyCk lkfgR dk iqukZoyksdu

bl ccedildkj ls fdlh vuqlUkku gsrq leLk ds pu esa fopkjksa dks df=r djus ds vusd Jksr gSa A

tSls fyf[kr miyCk lkexzh ]Ofaumlksa ds vuqHko ]Ofaumlxr ckrphr]rF ]ewY oa fl)kar ]kksk xzUFk]

kksk fok ls lEcfUkr fofHkUu i=ampif=dkvksa dks kkfey fdk tkrk gS A blds lkFk gh g Hkh

ku j[kk tkuk vkod gS fd tks Ofauml k vuqlUkkudrkZ vuqlUkku djus tk jgk gS mldk

OfaumlRo oa ogkiexcl dk ikZojk ls lEcfUkr dkjd Hkh vuqlUkku ij ccedilHkko Mkyrs gS A Dksafd

vuqlakkudrkZ ds vius futh ewY fookl euksozfrkiexcl oa vfHkfpka gksrh gS vkSj fQj d

vuqlUkku dkZ cgqr gh kSZ]ifjJe]aeligltrk dh vkokdrk gksrh gS tc vuqlakkudrkZ kjk pquk xk

fok mlds viuh fp dk oa mlds OfaumlRo dks esy [kkrk gqvk gksrk gS rks vfkd mfpr gksrk gS

blh dks lanfHkZr djrs gq okbZVgsM us LiV fdk gS fd amp

^^xqk lEcUkh fukZ HkkSfrd foKkuksa dh fokoLrq ds vax ugha gS fdUrq os bldh mRifUgravek dh ccedilsjkk

ds vax gS^^ ] vUoskk ds fy oSKkfud ks=ksa ds vakksa dk psru pquko fdk tkrk gS vkSj bl psru

pquko esa ewYska ds fukZ lfEefyr gSaA^^

bl ccedildkj ls vuqlUkku leLk k vuqlUkku khkZd ds pquko ds nkSjku dqN ccediluksa ds mUgravekj [kkstuk

vRar vkod gS tSls amp

ƒ- mauml vuqlUkku fok ij Dk iwoZ esa Hkh dksbZ dkZ fdk xk gS ]fn fdk xk gS rks

mldk fyf[kr nLrkost miyCk gS Dk ]vkSj Dk kkskdrkZ us mldk vu fdk gS A

bdquo- mauml vuqlUkku dh miksfxrk Dk gksxh A



hellip- mauml vuqlUkku dk khkZd vuqlUkku ksX gS k ugha A

dagger- Dk mauml vuqlUkku lekt ds fys miksxh gksxk A

Dagger- bl dkZ esa vuqlUkku fdk xk fok lekt fojkskh rks ugha gS A Dksafd slk gS rks

fojksk dk lkeuk Hkh fdk tk ldrk gS A

bl ccedildkj ls vuqlUkku ds dqN vaxHkwr bl ccedildkj ls gks ldrs gS amp

ƒ- vuqlUkku esa dkSu yksx lEefyr gksaxs oa bldk foLrkj ks= Dk gksxk A

bdquo- vuqlUkku ds miacutes Dk gS

hellip- vuqlUkku ds miacutesksa dh iwfrZ gsrq lkku Dk miyCk gS A

dagger- og ikZojk ftlls vuqlUkku lEcfUkr gS frac14 ccedilRk oa viRk i ls lEefyr yksx frac12

53bl ccedildkj ls miacutesksa dks ku esa j[krs gq g tkapuk vkod gS fd vuqlUkku dh ccedilmdashfr

Dk gS] vFkkZr vkids kjk fdk tkus okyk vuqlUkku Okogkfjd gksxk ]fokq) gksxk vFkok g

fOslashk kksk ij vkkkfjr gksxk A blesa vkidh ccedilkFkfedrka Dk gksaxh oa Dk g leLk dk

LiV ccedilLrqrhdjk djus esa lke gksxk vkSj leLk dh [kkst esa ennxkj lkfcr gksxk vFkok ugha

gkiexcl g Hkh ku j[kus ksX gS fd bu miacutesksa dh iwfrZ gsrq LiV ]rdZlaxr oa lEiwkZ lqpuk

dks ccedilukoyh k vuqlwph esa lekfgr fdk tkuk vRar vkod gS A kksk leLk ds mfpr

ccedilfriknu gsrq Oslashec) vu esa OslashekccedilFkerk vkids kjk pqus xs fok k khkZd esa leLk

dk LiV ccedilRkhdjk gksuk vkod gS vFkkZr leLk dk mfpr i esa vkSj LiV ltax ls

LiVhdjk gksuk pkfg A blds lkFk leLk dh ccedilmdashfr leLk ks= dk ifjlheu frac14ifjlheu

mruk gh gks ftruk dkZ kksk drkZ kjk lQyrkiwoZd lEgkyk tk ldsfrac12leLk ls lEcfUkr

ekUrkvksa oa mIdYiukvksa dk LiV oa foLrr okZu gksuk pkfg A leLk ds ckn esa mlls

lEcfUkr lHkh igyqvksa dk LiV fp=k fdk tkuk pkfg A

tgksMk oa vU kjk LiV kCnksa esa g fy[kk xk gS fd amp

THORNccedilfriknu ccedilfOslashk ds nkSjku vuqlakku dkZjhfr esa ckn esa vkus okys pjkksa dh vkkk fd tkus

dh vkodrk gS rkfd g vkoklu ccedilnku fdk tk lds fd leLk dk ccedilfriknu sls ltax ls

fdk xk gS A ftlds lkFk dkZ miyCk ccedilfofkksa ds lkFk fdk tk ldrk gsA g vkkk

oSKkfud rFkk ccedilkksfxd pjkksa ls lEcfUkr gSA loZ ccedileq[k ckr g gS fd lekt oSKkfud dks

vius efLrd esa g ckr lnSo j[kuh pkfg fd ccedilfniknu dHkh Hkh lekIr u gksus okyh ccedilfOslashk

gS tks iwNrkaN ds lHkh pjkksa esa OkIr gksrh gSAszlig

kksk leLk ds ccedilfriknu ls iwoZ kksk drkZ dks dqN ccedilu vius vki esa LiV tj djuk pkfg

tSlsampkksk leLk ds fok esa mldh tkudkjh fdruh gS oa bu tkudkfjksa ds Jksr Dk gSa A

miyCk tkudkjh dh iBHkwfe Dk gS A bldh lEiwkZ tkudkjh gksuk tjh gS A ku]le oa

ccedilklksa dh tkudkjh ds lkFk LiV tkudkjh gksuh pkfg A mauml rFksa ds ekxZnkZu ds Jksr Dk

gS A midYiukvksa ds ccedilksx gsrq vokkjkksa]pkjksa oa ccedilkksfxd aeligfVdkskksiexcl dh miqauml oa LiV

ifjHkkkk ccedilLrqr dh tkuh pkfg A



54 dkZdkjh ifjHkkkk oa oSKkfud kCnkoyh ds ccedilksx dh vfuokZrk gksuh pkfg A vuqlUkku dh

leLk midYiuk ds i esa gks k vUosukrked vFkok foojkkRed i esa ij mldh oSKkfud

kCnkoyh dk okZu fdk tkuk vkod gS A blds lkFk gh dkZdkjh ifjHkkkk tks vkids dkZ

dks iwkZ djus esa LiVrk ccedilnku dh tksxh dk okZu fdk tkuk pkfg A Dksafd ccedilRsd foKku

vius kCnksa oa vokkjkkvksa dks fodkl ds ifjkkeksa ls voxr djus gsrq gh bldk fodkl drkZ

gS

THORNkCn dksk dh LFkwy dkZdkjh ifjHkkkka dsoy kCnksa ds vFkZ ij dqN ccedildkk Mkyrh gS fdUrq

tc kCnksa dk okLrfod ccedilksx cyiwkZ dFkuksa esa fdk tkrk gS rks budh vfufprrk lansg dks

mRiUu djrh gSAszlig

55

vokkjkk dks lkkkjk i ls bl ccedildkj legt ldrs gS fd g lekUrk Hkkookpd vfHkOfauml

gS ftles vokkjkkiexcl ccedileq[k i ls rFksa kjk Oauml dh tkus okyh kVukvksa dk ladsfrdjk gksrk

gS A yScksfot rFkk gstMkuZ ds vuqlkj ^^d vokkjkk slk kCn vFkok ladsr gS tks vUFkk

fofHkUu ccedildkj dh kVukvksa esa lekurk dk ccedilfrfufkRo djrk gsA mnkgjkkFkZ] |fi euq vius

vusd oSfaumld ykkksa esa fHkUu gksrs gSa fdUrq lHkh dks dqN tSfod fokskrkvksa esa lekurk ds

vkkkj ij Lrukkjh dh Jskh es oxhZmdashr fdk tk ldrk gSA^^ vokkjkksa oSKkfud miksx ds

lkFk ekuoh fOslashk lapkj gsrq Hkh vkod gSA

56 ऩरयकलऩना उऩकलऩना ifjdYiuk vFkok midYiuk dks nks k nks ls vfkd pkjksa ds chp vuqekfur lacakksa ds rFksa ds

LiVhdjk ds i esa legt ldrs gSA vuqlakkudrkZ kjk tc fdlh leLk vFkok fok dk

pu fdk tkrk gS rks og d dkZdkjh ifjHkkkk dk fuekZk djrk gS ftldks og d vkLFkkbZ

vkkkj ds i esa ccedilksx djrk gS ]ftldks d vkks LraHk ekudj og dkZ dks vkxs cltkrk gS A

g ifjdYiuk ckn esa tkiexclp ds ipkr LiV gksrh gS fd g lgh Fkh vFkok xyr |g kksk ds

vkjaHk esa d ccedilLrkfor tkiexclp gksrh gS ftldks ifjkk ds ipkr LiV fdk tkrk gS Abldk

vkkkj lanfHkZr fok ls lacafk kkskdrkZ dk Kku gksrk gS tks midYiuk dk vkkkj LraHk gksrk

gSA bl lUnHkZ s bldh vFkkZr ifjdYiuk dh tkiexclp fdk tkuk vkod gksrk gS oa kkskdrkZ

jk cukha xbZA midYiuk mlds kjk pqus xs vu ds fok ls lElacafkr gksuh pkfg

|ifjdYiuk rdZiwkZ gksuh pkfg oa ferOh gksuh pkfg |ifjdYiuk vkids kjk ccedilksx fds

tk jgs fl)karksa oa rFks ls esy [kkrh gksuh pkfg rHkh vkidk kksk fok ds rjQ mUeq[k gksxh

Dksafd mnkgjk ds rkSj ij fn vki lkekftd foKku ds varxZr kksk dj jgs gS rks fufpr

i ls mlh ls lEcfUkr fl)karksa dk ccedilksx djsaxs vkSj mlh ls lEcfUkr leLk ds gy dh mj

mUeq[k gksxsa vr g ku fnk tkuk pkfg dh midYiuk fok ls brj ugha fufeZr dh tkuh

pkfg A d ifjdYiuk dks vokkjkkRed i esa ccedilLrqr fdk tkuk pkfg ]oa g oLrqfuV

gksuh pkfg A ifjdYiukvksa ds fuekZk esa tSlk fd igys gh dgk xk gS dh ml fok ls

lEcfUkr Kku gh vkkkj gS mlh dks ku esa j[krs gq ifjdYiuk fuekZk gsrq dqN lgkd rFksa

dk okZu fdk tk jgk gS blesa kkskdrkZ ds Ofaumlxr vuqHko ] lEcfUkr fok esa iwoZ esa fds



xs kksk ds ifjkke]kksk ccedili= ]iqLrdksa ]fok fokskK ds vuqHko oa er bRkfn dk lgkjk fyk

tkrk gS A

pj dks lkkkjk kCnksa esa d vokkjkk ds ifjekk ds igyw ds i esa legtk tk ldrk gS A tks

d bdkbZ vFkok d le esa d ls vfkr bdkbZksa ds fofHkUu leksa esa d ls vfkd eku

xzgk djrk gS| iqk vkSj efgyk ds tSfod fofHkUurk oa Hkkj esa varj bRkfn ]d ds xqk amp

nksk nwljs ls fHkUu gS A pj nks ccedildkj ds gksrs gS Lora= pj oa vkfJr pj A vkfJr pj og gS

ftlds fok esa Hkfookkh dh tkrh gS ogh Lora= pj og gS tks Hkfookkh djrk gS| s

ifjorZukhy oa lfOslash pj dgykrs gS A os pj ftudh ifjHkkkk dh tk lds os fukkZfjr pj

dgykrs gS A d ckj ccedilksx esa yk tkus okys pjksa dh ifjHkkkk gks tkus ds ipkr g fukZ

fyk tkrk gS fd pjksa dks fLFkj j[krs gq k ifjofrZr djrs gq dkZ fdk tkuk gS rks g

ifjorZu fdl lhek rd fdk tksxk |gkiexcl g ku fnk tkuk vkod gS fd vuqlUkku dh

midYiuk oa kksk vu ds miacutes oa ml ifjfLFkfr ij fuHkZj djrk gS ftlij leLk dk

ccedilfriknu fdk tkrk gS |mnkgjk ds rkSj ij g dgk tk ldrk gS fd leLk ftruh fofkV

oa vifjorZukhy ifjfLFkfr ds fys [kksth tkuh gS rks pjksa dks d fofkV ewY ij fLFkj

j[kk tksxk vkSj leLk ftruh gh lkekU gksxh mrus vfkd pjksa esa vkSj mruh gh vfkd lhek

esa ifjorZu djus iM+saxs A

bl ccedildkj ls kksk leLk ds fukkZjk gsrq mijksauml Lrjksa ls gksdj xqtjuk gksrk gS rc d kksk

leLk dk fuekZk gksrk gS ftlij iqu kksk fdk tkuk laHko gksrk gS A

kksk ccedilfOslashk ds pjkksa dk vu djus gsrq gkiexcl ij blds pjkksa dk lafNIr foojk ccedilLrqr fdk

tk jgk gS A

ƒ- kksk leLk dk fuekZk leLk dk dFku

bdquo- miyCk lkfgR dk iqujkoyksdu

hellip- midYiuk vFkok ifjdYiuk dk fuekZk

dagger- vu ds miacutes

Dagger- kksk vu dh ccediljpuk

bull- kksk vu dh ccedilmdashfr oa fok ks=

- vu dk lexz oa funkZ

- funkZu dh fofk

- vkadM+ksa ds laxzg dh fofk

ƒaring- vkadM+ksa ds laxzg ds ccedilkFkfed oa frhd Jksr

ƒƒ- ccedilkIr vkadM+ksa dk forsquoysrdquokk

ƒbdquo- ifjdYiuk dh tkiexclp

ƒhellip- lkekUhdjk oa Ok[k djuk

ƒdagger- ccedilfrosnu rSkj djuk

ƒDagger- lUnHkZ xzUFk lwph



58 सारााश

fdlh Hkh lkekftd kksk ls rkRiZ g gksrk gS fd iqu vuqlUkku ds eke ls kksk djds mu

rFksa dks mtkxj djuk ftudks vkius viuh kksk leLk ds fys pquk gS A lekftd kksk dks

lkkkjk vFkksa Z esa bl ccedildkj ls legt ldrs gS fd euq d ftKklq ccedilkkh gS og vius vkl ikl ds

okrkojk dks legtus gsrq rks rjhdksa dk ccedilksx drkZ gS k rks og fuaf=r iwNrkN drkZ gS k

vkfukaf=r i ls rFksa dk ladyu dj tkudkjh ccedilkIr djrk gS]tc og vfuaf=r i ls iwNrkN

dj tkudkjh bdB~Bk djrk gS rks bls lkekU Kku dh Jskh esa j[krs gS ijUrq tc og iwNrkN d

foksk fnkk esa vuqlUkku dh i)fr dk ccedilksx djrs gqbZ dh tks rks bls vuqlUkku dh Jskh esa

j[krs gS Dksafd blesa lc dqN vuqlUkku dh i)fr ds vuqi gksrk gS vkSj blls ccedilkIr Kku

lkekftd vuqlUkku kjk ccedilkIr kksk ds lkj ds i esa ifjyfkr gksrk gS A lkekftd kksk dks

djus ds fys tks ccedilFke ckr lkeus vkrh gS og gS kksk leLk dk pu bl ij gh leLr kksk

dk dsaaelig fcnq fVdk gksrk gS vr kksk leLk ds pu esa dqN fukkZfjr ekunaMksa ds vkkkj ij kksk

leLk dk ccedilfriknu fdk tkrk gS A bl vk esa vkius g tkuk fd kksk leLk dk fukkZjk

fdl ccedildkj gksrk gS vkSj blesa fdl ccedildkj ds ccedilkl kjk vuqlakku dh kksk leLk dk fuekZk

laHko gksrk gS A

bull kkskampKku dh [kkst esa ccedilekkhmdashr dkZjhfr

bull vokkjkk ampndashfofHkUu ccedildkj dh kVukvksa esa lekurk dk ccedilfrfufkRo

bull midYiukamp ndashdkZdjk lacakksa dk iwokZuqeku

bull pjamp vokkjkk ds ifjekk dk igyw

bull Lora= pjampHkfookkh djus esa lkeFkZ~

bull vkfJr pj amp ftlds fok esa Hkfookkh dh tkrh gS

510

१ साभाजिक अनसनधान स आऩ कमा सभझत ह

२ शोध सभसमा कमा ह

३ चय स आऩ कमा सभझत ह

४ चय ककतन परकाय क होत ह

५ ऩरयकलऩना अथिा उऩकलऩना स आऩ कमा सभझत ह

5 11 सनदरभ गरनथ सची १ गड एिॊ हाट -भथ स ऑप सोशर रयसचा भकगरा िहर कोऩनी नममाका १९५२ | २ सयॊताकोश एस ndashसोशर रयसचा भकमभरन -रनदन -१९९८ | ३ मॊग ऩी० िी० ndashसाइॊिटकपक सोमसअर सिि एॊड रयसचा इॊडडमन रयवपर ॊटयपोथा वपर ॊिटॊग परजनटस हॉर ऑप इॊडडमा

पराइिट मरमभटड नई िदलरी १९७७ | ४ मस ॊह सयनर -साभाजिक शोध उततय परदश िहॊदी गरनथ अकादभी रखनऊ |

512

१ कोठायी की० आय० ndashरयसचा भथोडोरॉिीभथोस एॊड टजकनकस २००४ | २ फी मसकनय िद आऩयशनर एनामरमसस आप साइकोरोजिकर टोसा |

513

१ शोध सभसमा क ननधाायण क आमाभो का िणान कीजिए | २ साभाजिक शोध क चयणो का िणान कीजिम |



इकाई -6

िणाातभक अनिषणातभक परमोगातभक एिॊ ननदानातभक शोध परयचना Descriptive Explanatory Experimental amp Diagnostic Research Design



61 परसतािना 62 शोध परयचना का अथा एिॊ परकाय एिॊ परभख अॊगबत

63 िणाातभक शोध परयचना

64 अनिषणातभक शोध परयचना 65 परमोगातभक शोध परयचना

66 ननदानातभक शोध परयचना


68 शबदािरी 69 सनदबा गरनथ सची 610 सहामकउऩमोगी ऩापम साभगरी 611 ननफॊधातभक परशन

60 इकाई क उददशय

इस इकाई क अधममन क ऩशचात आऩ - साभाजिक अनसनधान भ शोध परयचना की अिधायणा को सभझ सक ग |

शोध परयचना क परकायो का अधममन कय सक ग |

शोध परयचना की उऩमोधगता को सभझ सक ग |

शोध की परकनत क अनसाय शोध परयचना का चनाि कयना सीख सक ग |

61 परसतािना

अनसनधान मा शोध की परयचना को एक ऐसी मोिना क रऩ भ सभझ सकत ह कक इसक अॊतगात हभ ऩहर स ही सभसमा क परनतऩादन अथिा चनाि स रकय अनसॊधान परनतिदन क अॊनतभ चयण तक क विषम भ बमरबाॊनत सोच सभझ विचाय कय तथा सबी उऩरबध विकलऩो एिॊ साधनो को धमान भ यख कय क इस परकाय स ननणाम मरम िात ह कक नमनतभ सभम परमासोरागत एिॊ वमम स अनसनधान क उददशमो की पराजपत परबािऩणाता ढॊग स अधधकतभ परापत की िा सक | इस परकाय स ककसी शोध की परयचना मह तम कयती ह कक उकत शोध को आऩ कमा िदशा दना चाहत ह | आऩ शोध दिाया सभसमा क कायणो की वमाखमा कयना चाहत ह उसका विियण तमाय कयना चाहत ह मा कपय कोई नमा परमोग



कयना चाहत ह अथिा सभसमा क ननषऩादन को ननदान क रऩ भ परसतत कयना चाहत ह |इस अधमाम भ हभ साभाजिक शोध हत परमोग की िा यही शोध परयाचनाओॊ का अधममन कयग |

62 शोध पररचना का अथभ एवा परकार एवा परमख अागरत

अनसनधान को करभफदध एिॊ परबािऩणा ढॊग स नमनतभ परमासो सभम एिॊ रगत क साथ सॊचामरत कयन हत परयचना का ननभााण आिशमक ह |मधवऩ ककसी बी ढॊग क परमोग दिाया अननजशचतता को ऩणारऩ स सभापत नहीॊ ककमा िा सकता ह |ककनत करभफदध रऩ स िऻाननक ढॊग का परमोग कयत हए अननजशचतता क उन ततिो को कभ ककमा िा सकता ह |िो सचना की कभी क ऩरयणाभसिरऩ उतऩनन होत ह|अनसनधान क मरम परसतावित परशनो क मरम विकलऩीम उततयो की उऩमकतता क विषम भ ननणाम रन क मरम आिशमक ऩरयणाभो को सॊमोग ऩय आधारयत ढॊग का परमोग कयत हए न परापत कयत हए करभफदध रऩ स मथासॊबि अधधक स अधधक ननमजनित ढॊग का परमोग कयत हए परापत ककमा िाता ह |िासति भ सभसमा परनतऩादन क अॊतगात हभ सचना क उन परकायो का विमशषट विियण परसतत कयत ह िो मह हभ आशिाशन दत ह कक परसतावित परशनो क उततय परदान कयन क मरम इजछित एिॊ अिशमक परभाण उऩरबध हो िामग िफकक अनसनधान परयचना का ननभााण कयत हए हभ आिशमक एिॊ इजछित परभाणो क सॊगरह भ ििटमो स मथा सॊबि फचना तथा परमासो सभम एिॊ रगत को कभ कयना चाहत ह |

साभाजिक अनसनधान क ि भ परभख रखको दिाया की गई परयचना की ऩरयबाषाएॊ परसतत ह - आय० एर० एकाप० क अनसाय rsquoपरयधचत कयना ननमोजित कयना ह अथाात परयचना

उस ऩरयजसथनत क उतऩनन होन स ऩिा ननणाम रन की परककरमा ह जिसभ ननणाम को राग ककमा िाता ह |मह एक आशाजनित ऩरयजसथनत को ननमॊिण भ रन की औय ननदमशत िानफझकय की गई आशा की परककरमा ह |rdquo

करमय समरि तथा अनम क अनसायrdquoएक अनसनधान की परयचना आॊकड़ो क सॊगरह एिॊ forsquoysrdquokk की शतो की ऐसी वमिसथा ह िो अनसनधान क उददशमो की सॊगतता को कमायीनतमो भ फचत क साथ सजोभमरत कयन का उददशम यखती ह |rdquo

सनपोडा रिोविि एॊड योफटा हिडाना क अनसायrsquorsquoएक अनसनधान परयचना उस ताकका क ढॊग को परतत कयती ह जिसभ वमजकतमो एिॊ अनम इकाईमो की तरना एिॊ forsquoysrdquokk ककमा िाता ह मह आॊकड़ो क वििचन का आधाय ह |परयचना का उददशम ऐसी तरना का आशिाशन िदराना ह िो विकलऩीम वििचना स परबावित न हो |rsquorsquo

सायाॊश भ अनसनधान परयचना िहीी तक विधधतॊिीम ढॊग स परायधचत होती ह जिस सीभा तक मह ननमोजित होता ह तथा अनसनधान सोफनधी ननणाम रन क ढॊग क



भलमाॊकन का अिसय परदान कयती ह तथा इस ढॊग को भलमाॊकन ककम िान मोगम फनाती ह |

अनसनधान पररचना क दो मौलऱक उददशय होत ह अनसनधान परशनो क उततय परदान कयना |

परसायण को ननमजनित कयना |

अनसनधान पररचना क परमख अागरत ह - १ सभसमा का परनतऩादन कयना |

२ िताभान अनसनधान कामा को सभसमा स सऩषट रऩ स सोफजनधत कयना |

३ िताभान अनसनधान कामा की सीभाओॊ को सऩषट रऩ स ननधाारयत कयना |

४ अनसनधान क विमबनन िो का विसतत विियण परसतत कयना |

५ अनसनधान ऩरयणाभो क परमोग क विषम भ ननणाम रना |

६ ऩमािण विियण अथिा ऩरयभाऩन क मरम उऩमोकत चयो का चनाि कयना तथा उनकी सऩषट ऩरयबाषा कयना |

७ अधममन क ि तथा सभगर का उधचत चनाि एिॊ उनकी ऩरयबाषा परसतत कयना |

८ अधममन क परकाय तथा इसक विषम ि क विषम भ विसतत ननणाम रना |

९ अधममन क मरम उऩमकत ढॊगो एिॊ परविधधमो का चनाि कयना |

१० ऩरयकलऩनाओॊ को ऩरयचारातभक सिरऩ परदान कयत हए इस परकाय वमकत कयना कक इनका उधचत ऩरयण ककमा िा सक |

११ अधममन क दसताििी शरोतो क रऩ भ उऩरबध सािहतम का मस ॊहािरोकन कयना |

१२ सॊगहीत आॊकड़ो क सॊऩादन की विसतत वमिसथा का उलरख कयना |

१३ आॊकड़ो को परमोग फनान हत की सभधचत वमिसथा का विकास कयना |

१४ ऩिा ऩरयण एिॊ ऩाइरट अधममनो का परािधान कयना |

१५ उततयदाताओॊ क चनाि एिॊ परमशण क ढॊगो एिॊ कामारयनतमो का उलरख कयत हए उनह कामा सॊतोष का अनबि कयना तथा अनसनधान सॊसथा क साथ साभॊिसम की जसथनत भ यखन क मरम कामा की शतो एिॊ ऩरयजसथनतमो को अधधक स अधधक परयणादामक फनाना |

63 वराभतमक शोध पररचना

िणानातभक अनसॊघान का उददषम ककसी अधममन विषमक क फाय भ मथाथा तथा तथम एकतरित कयक उनह एक विियण क रऩ भ परसतत कयना होता ह | साभाजिक िीिन क अधमन स सोफजनधत अनक विषम इस तयह होत ह जिनका अतीत भ कोई गहन अधममन परापत नही होता ह ऐसी दषा भ मह आिशमक होता ह कक अधममन स सोबॊिदत सभह सभदाए अथिा विषम क फाय भ अधधक स अधधक सचनाए एकतरिक कयक उनह िनसाभानम



क सभ परसतत की िाए ऐस अधममनो क मरम िो अनसॊघान ककमा िाता ह | उस िणानातभक अनसॊघान कहत ह | इस परकाय क अनसॊघान भ ककसी ऩिा ननधाारयत साभाजिक घटना साभाजिक ऩरयजसतधथ अथिा साभाजिक सभसमा क विमबनन ऩो स सोफजनधत तथमो को एकतरिक कयक उनका ताकका क forsquoysrdquokk ककमा िाता ह एिॊ ननषकषा ननकार िात ह |

तथमो को एकतरित कयन क मरम परशनािरी साातकाय अथिा अिरोकन आिद ककसी बी परविधध का परमोग ककमा िा सकता ह | ऐस अनसॊघान को सऩषट कयन क मरम िनगणना उऩकरभ का उदहायण मरमा िा सकता ह | िनगणना भ बायत क विमबनन परानतो भ मबनन-मबनन विशषताओॊ स मकत सभहो का सॊखमातभक तथा आॊमशक तौय ऩय गणातभक विियण िदमा िाता ह |

631वरभनातमक अनसाघान क चरर

1 अधममन विषम का चनाि

2 अनसॊघान क उददशम का ननधाायण

3 तथम सॊकरन की परविधधमो का ननधाायण

4 ननदाशन का चनाि

5 तथमो का सॊकरन

6 तथमो का forsquoysrdquokk

7 परनतिदन को परसतत कयना

64 अनवषरातमक शोध पररचना साभाजिक अनसनधान क अॊतगात हभ साभानम ननमभो का अनिषण कयत ह | इसक अॊतगात हभ दी गई ऩरयजसथनत की विशषताओॊ को वमकत कयन का परमास कयत ह | इसभ सभसमा क विमबनन कायणो क आशम स सोफजनधत खोि की िाती ह| इस परकाय क अधममन मसपा एक विमशषट आशम मा ढॊगो का ही परमाग नहीॊ ककमा िाता ह अवऩत इसक अॊतगात ककसी बी ढॊग का परमोग ककमा िा सकता ह जिसभ सिण क उददशमो का परनतऩादन आॊकड़ो क सॊगरह क मरम उऩमकत ढॊगो क विकास परनतदशा क चनाि आॊकड़ो क सॊगरह एिॊ सॊसाधन ऩरयणाभो क forsquoysrdquokk एिॊ वििचन औय ऩरयणाभो क परनतिदन की कामायीनतमो को बी परमोग भ रामा िाता ह |

इसक अॊतगात करभफदध अनिषण अथिा परनतऩादनातभक अधममन ककमा िाता ह |इस परकाय की परयचना का उददशम विमशषट ि भ ऐस परशनो अिधायणाओॊ एिॊ ऩरयकलऩनाओॊ का ऩता रगामा िाता ह जिसका अबी तक विकास नहीॊ हो ऩामा ह |इस परकाय क अधममन अनम अधममनो को आधाय परदान कयन क मसदधाॊतो का विकास कयत ह तथा इनह अनबि सिण कहना उऩमकत ह |इसक अॊतगात अकर सभगरो क सकषभ साॊखखकीम अधममन अथिा



एक िदम हए ऩरयभॊडर क अॊतगात ऩरयकलऩनाओॊ क विकास क मरम विमबनन सभगरो की तरना सजोभमरत ह |

इस परकाय क ि अधममनो तीन परभख उददशम होत ह - ि ndashऩरयजसथनतमो क अॊतगात भहतिऩणा चयो का ऩता रगाना |

चयो क सोफनध का ऩता रगाना |

आग चरकय कठोय ऩरयकलऩनाओॊ क ऩरयण क मरम सभधचत आधाय तमाय कयना |

65 परयोगातमक शोध पररचना

मह परयचना ऩरयकलऩनाओॊ क ऩरयण स सोफजनधत ह तथा ननमॊिण का तति आिशमक रऩ स इसक अॊतगात ऩामा िाता ह | सभाि विऻान अनसनधान भ परमोग कयना एक ककरमा ह|

मह िह ककरमा ह जिस हभ अनसनधान क मरम की गई ऩॊि ndash तािॊ कहत ह | इस परकाय स परमोग ऐसी ऩरयजसतधथ भ की गई ऩॊि ndash तािॊ ह जिसभ सजोभमरत िसतओॊ एिॊ घटनाओॊ को अनसॊधानकताा िाॊनित ढॊग स ऩरयिनतात कय सकता ह | सभाि विऻान अनसनधान भ परमोग कयना ननजशचत ही ऩॊिndashतािॊ ह ऩयत महाॉ ऩय मह धमान यखन मोगम आिशमक ह कक सभाि विऻान अनसनधान भ परतमक ऩॊि ndash तािॊ परमोग की शरणी भ नहीॊ यखी िा सकती ह | इस परकाय स कहा िा सकता ह कक साभाजिक अनसनधान भ ऩॊिndashतािॊ एक ननमजनित रऩ भ की गई खोि ह जिसका परमोग हभ अनसनधान की ऩनत ा हत कयत ह | ननमॊिण क अॊतगात एिॊ हय पय एिॊ ऩरयितान ही परमोग कहराता ह |

भयी िहओदा तथा अनम क भतानसायldquoअऩन सफस अधधक सथर अथा भ एक परमोग को परभाण क सॊगरह क सॊगठन क एक ऐस ढॊग भ सभझा िा सकता ह जिसस ऩरयकलऩना की सतमता क विषम भ ऩरयणाभ ननकरन की अनभनत हो सक |rdquo

एक परमोगशारा परमोग की आिशमकता मह ह कक इसक अॊतगात ननमजनित ऩरयजसथनतमो भ एक चय भ ऩरयिनतात कयत हए इन ऩरयितानो क परबाि का ऩमािण आधशरत चय ऩय ककमा िाता ह |परमोगातभक ऩरयितान क सोफनध भ सदि ही मह धमान यखन मोगम ह कक ऩरयितान मथासॊबि एस परकाय ककमा िाएॉ कक उततयदाताओॊ को कतरिभता का कभ स कभ आबास हो |मथासॊबि उततयदाताओॊ को परमोग क हाननकायक परबािो स फचन तथा उनह सहमोग परदान कयन क मरम पररयत कयन हत परमास ककमा िाना चािहए |

परमोगातभक सभह भ अनसॊधानकताा ऩरयकलऩना को lsquoमबननता क मसदधाॊतrsquo की दजषट स दखता ह |lsquoमबननता क मसदधाॊतrsquo का आिशमक तति मह ह कक ककसी बी कायक को ककसी अनम घटना क कायण क रऩ भ तफ तक नहीॊ सिीकाय ककमा िा सकता ह िफ तक कक मह मसदध न हो िाम कक िहाॉ कहीॊ बी मह कयक घिटत होता ह िहीी मह घटना बी घिटत होती ह | ननमजनित सभह क अॊतगात ऩरयकलऩना की िाॉच lsquoमबननता क मसदधाॊतrsquo क आधाय ऩय की िाती ह|



66 ननदानातमक शोध पररचना

इस परकाय क अधममनो भ पराम विियण परतत कयन अथिा ननदान कयन का परमास ककमा िाता ह साभाजिक अनसनधान क अॊतगात हभ साभानम ननमभो का अनिषण कयन क साथ विमशषट ऩरयजसथनतमो का ननदान खोित ह | इसभ हभ दी गई ऩरयजसथनतमो की विशषताओॊ को वमकत कयन का परमास कयत ह| ननदानातभक अधममन कायणातभक सॊफॊधो को वमकत कयन एिॊ सभाजिक ककरमा क मरम विमबनन आशमो का ऩता रगान स सोफजनधत ह| इस परकाय क अधममन एक विमशषट ढॊग अथिा ढॊगो क परमोग स ही सोफनध नहीॊ यखत फजलक इनक अॊतगात ककसी बी ढॊग का परमोग ककमा िा सकता ह| मह आभ तौय ऩय ननोन तरफॊदओॊ ऩय कामा कयत ह -

सिण क उददशमो क परनतऩादन भ | आॊकड़ो क सॊगरह क मरम उऩमकत ढॊगो क विकास भ | परनतदशा क चनाि भ | आॊकड़ो क सॊगरह एिॊ सॊसाधन भ | ऩरयणाभो क forsquoysrdquokkएिॊ वििचन भ | ऩरयणाभो क परनतिदन की कामायीनतमो क परमोग भ|

67 शबदावऱी १वराभतमक अनसाधान िणाातभक साभाजिक अनसॊधान भ घटना क सोफनध भ परभाखणक तथम एकतरित कयक उनका करभफदध एिॊ ताकका क िणान कयना ह२ऩरीरातमक अनसाधान ऐसा अनसॊधान जिसभ ननमॊतरित दशाओॊ क अनतगात भानिीम सोफनधो का अधममन ककमा िाता ह३अनवषरातमक अनसाधान ककसी घटना क सोफनध भ परायजोबक िानकायी परापत कयन हत ककमा गमा ४अनसाधान जिसस कक भखम अनसॊधान की रऩयखा एिॊ उऩकलऩना का ननभााण ककमा िा सक५करियातमक अनसाधान सभाि की भौिदा दशाओॊ को ऩरयिनतात कयन क उददशम स ककमा गमा अनसॊधान चाह गनदी फसती हो मा परिातीम तनाि६ननदानातमक अनसनधान साभानम ननमभो का अनिषण कयन क साथ विमशषट ऩरयजसथनतमो का ननदान खोिन की परककरमा

68 दीघभ उततरीय परशन

१साभाजिक अनसॊधान क विमबनन परकायो की चचाा उदाहयण सिहत कीजिम

२विशदध एिॊ वमािहारयक साभाजिक अनसॊधान की विशषताओॊ को सभझाइम



३अनिषणातभक औय िणानातभक साभाजिक अनसॊधान को उदाहयण सिहत सभझाइम

४ ननदानातभक अनसनधान को ऩरयबावषत कीजिम

५ वमाखमातभक अनसनधान स कमा सभझत ह

६ परमोगातभक अनसनधान परयचना की विशषताएॊ फताएॊ

69 सनदरभ गरनथ सची

१ मॊग ऩी० िी० ndashसाइॊिटकपक सोमसअर सिि एॊड रयसचा इॊडडमन रयवपर ॊटयपोथा वपर ॊिटॊग

२ सीए भोिय सि भथस इन सोशर इनिसटीगशन ३ आय० एर० एकाप िद डडिाईन ऑप सोशर रयसचा ४भयी िहोदा तथा अनम रयसचा भथडस इन सोशर यरशॊस ५ गड एिॊ हाट-भथस ऑप सोशर रयसचा भकगरा िहर कोऩनी नममाका १९५२ |

६ सयॊताकोश एस ndashसोशर रयसचा भकमभरन -रनदन -१९९८ |

७परजनटस हॉर ऑप इॊडडमा पराइिट मरमभटड नई िदलरी १९७७ |

८मस ॊह सयनर -साभाजिक शोध उततय परदश िहॊदी गरनथ अकादभी रखनऊ |

610 सहायकउऩयोगी ऩाठय सामगरी १ कोठायी की० आय० ndashरयसचा भथोडोरॉिीभथोस एॊड टजकनकस २००४ |

२ फी मसकनय िद आऩयशनर एनामरमसस आप साइकोरोजिकर टोसा |



foyskk

Comparative Analysis in Social Research

7-0 bdkbZ dk mn~nsrdquo

7-1 izLrkouk

7-2 rqyukRed i)fr k foyskk dk vFkZ oa ifjHkkrsquokk

7-2-1 rqyukRed i)fr k foyskk dk izksx

7-2-2 rqyukRed i)fr k foyskk ds miksx dh fofk

7-2-3 rqyukRed i)fr k foyskk dh miksx ls iwoZ vkordquodrksa

7-2-4 rqyukRed i)fr k foyskk dk egRo

7-2-5 rqyukRed i)fr k foyskk ds miksx esa dfBukbkWa

7-3 lkjkardquok

7-4 ldquokCnkoyh

7-5 vHkl izrdquouksa ds mRrj

7-6 lUnHkZ xzUFk lwph

7-7 lgkdmiksxh ikB~ lkexzh

7-8 fucakkRed izrdquou

rdquo

izLrqr bdkbZ ds vu ds ckn vkiamp

1- rqyukRed i)fr k foyskk dk vFkZ oa ifjHkkrsquokk dh tkudkjh izkIr dj ldsxasA

2- rqyukRed i)fr k foyskk ds izksx ds ckjs esa izdkrdquok Mky ldsxsaA

3- rqyukRed i)fr k foyskk ds miksx dh fofk ds ckjs esa fy[k ldsxsaA

4- rqyukRed i)fr k foyskk ds miksx ls iwoZ vkordquodrkvksa dk okZu dj ldsxsaA

5- rqyukRed i)fr k foyskk ds egRo dh Ok[k dj ldsxsaA

6- rqyukRed i)fr k foyskk ds miksx esa vkus okyh dfBukbvksa ds ckjs esa tkudkjh izkIr dj

ldsxsaaaA

izLrqr bdkbZ vki yksxksa dks rqyukRed i)fr k foyskk ds ckjs esa Kku iznku djsxhA okLro esa

lekt esa kfVr gksus okyh kVukvksa dk oSKkfud vu djuk o foyskk djuk cgqr gh vkordquod

gksrk gS] ftlds vkkkj ij Bksl fursquodrsquokZ fudkyuk vklku gks tkrk gSA g bdkbZ Hkh rqyukRed

i)fr ds vkkkj ij lkekftd kVukvksa dk foyskk djus ds egRoiwkZ rjhds ds ckjs esa vkidks

Kku iznku djsxhA okLro esa lkekftd kVukvksa ds oSKkfud vu ds fy vkt ftu i)frksa k



foyskkksa dks vfkd egRoiwkZ ekuk tkrk gS] muesa rqyukRed i)fr k forsquoysrdquokk dk d izeq[k

LFkku gSA g i)fr bl vkkkjHkwr ekUrk ij vkkkfjr gS fd dksbZ Hkh lkekftd kVuk Loa esa iwkZ

k fujisk ugha gksrh cfYd izRsd lkekftd kVuk viuh izd`fr ls rqyukRed gksrh gSA bldk vFkZ

g gS fd nks fofHkUu bdkbksa k kVukvksa dh ijLij rqyuk djds gh mudh okLrfod izd`fr dks

Kkr fdk tk ldrk gSA gh dkjk gS fd vkt dksbZ Hkh lkekftd foKku slk ugha gS ftlesa

fdlh u fdlh lhek rd rqyukRed i)fr k foyskk ds kjk lkekftd kVukvksa dk vu u

fdk tkrk gksA okLrfodrk g gS fd ge jkstejkZ ds thou esa Hkh fofHkUu lkekftd rFksa ds chp

rqyuk djds gh d lkekU fursquodrsquokZ fudkyus dk izRu djrs gSaaA tc ge dgrs gSa fd orZeku qx

esa gekjs lkekftd ewY cny jgs gSa] vijkkksa dh la[k esa of) gks jgh gS] rks slk dgrs le

gekjk ku orZeku lkekftd nrdquokkvksa dh vrhr ls rqyuk djds d lkekU fursquodrsquokZ iznku djus dk

gksrk gSA blds vykok nSfud thou esa dh tkus okyh rqyuk d lkekU nfrsquoVdksk ij vkkkfjr

gksrh gS tcfd oSKkfud vu ds d lkku ds Ik esa rqyukRed i)fr k forsquoysrdquokkdh izdfr

vRfkd OofLFkr gSA

foyskk

tc ge fofHkUu lkekftd kVukvksa ds chp ikh tkus okyh lekurkvksa k vlekurkvksa dh rqyuk

djds dzec) vkSj OofLFkr i ls dksbZ lkekU fursquodrsquokZ iznku djrs gSa rks vu dh bl i)fr

dks rqyukRed i)fr k foyskk dgrs gSaA blds ckn Hkh g ku j[kuk vkordquod gS fd dqN

lkekftd kVukvksa dks rqyukRed Ik ls izLrqr dj nsuk gh rqyukRed i)fr k foyskk ugha

gSA g slh i)fr gS tks fofHkUu lkekftd rFksa dh rqyuk djus ds lkFk gh mudh Ok[k vkSj

forsquoysrdquokkHkh djrh gSA blh vkkkj ij us fy[kk gS] ^^ rqyukRed i)fr k forsquoysrdquokkdk

rkRiZ dsoy dqN lkekftd kVukvksa ds chp rqyuk djuk gh ugha gksrk cfYd rqyuk ds eke ls

mldh Ok[k djuh gksrh gSA^^ bldk vFkZ g gS fd g i)fr vkkkjHkwr Ik ls rqyukRed fofk

ds kjk kVukvksa dh Ok[k esa fp ysrh gSA us vkxs fy[kk gS fd ^^ldquokqvkrh nkSj esa

rqyukRed i)fr k foyskk dk miksx fodkloknh lektrdquokkfL=ksa kjk djus ds dkjk g

legtkk tkrk Fkk fd g i)fr fodkloknh mikxe ls gh tqM+h gqbZ gS ysfdu okLro esa bldh

dkZfofk fodklokn ls dkQh fHkUu gSA^^

rqyukRed i)fr k foyskk vu dh og i)fr gS ftlds vUrxZr nks k nks ls vfkd

lkekftd rFksa] bdkbksa k leqnkksa dks vu dk vkkkj ekurs gq mudh d nwljs ls rqyuk

dh tkrh gS oa rqyuk ds nkSjku ikh xh leku vFkok vleku fordquoksrsquokrkvksa ds vkkkj ij lkekU

fursquodrsquokZ izLrqr fds tkrs gSaA fn bl nfrsquoVdksk ls ns[kk tk rks LirsquoV gksrk gS fd lkekftd

vuksa esa rqyukRed i)fr izksxkRed i)fr dk gh fodYi gSA lkekftd kVukvksa dks fdlh

izksx k ijhkk ds fy iwjh rjg fuaf=r ugha fdk tk ldrkA slh fLFkfr esa gekjs lkeus dsoy

gh fodYi jg tkrk gS fd ge nks lkekftd rFksa ds chp rqyuk djds d lkekU izofr dks

Kkr djus dk izRu djsaA bl vkkkj ij g LirsquoV gksrk gS fd rqyukRed i)fr k

forsquoysrdquokkvu dk og rjhdk gS ftlesa d ls vfkd lkekftd kVukvkssa ds chp rqyuk djds

mudk bl izdkj forsquoysrdquokkvkSj Ok[k gS ftlesa d lkekU izofr dk Kkr fdk tk ldsaA



rqyukRed i)fr k foyskk dh ifjHkkrsquokk fofHkUu fokuksa us leample ij izLrqr dh gS ftud

mYys[k vxzfyf[kr fdk tk jgk gS ftlls bl i)fr dks legtus esa vklkuh gksxhamp

amp rqyukRed i)fr k foyskk og gS ftlds kjk ge fofrdquokrsquoV ls

lkekU rd igqqWprs gSa o ftlesa ge mu fordquoksrsquokrkvkssa dks tku iks tks lc ekuo laLFkkuksa esa fofHkUu

iksa esa iks tkrs gSaA blds vUrxZr ge fuEufyf[kr dk vu djrs gSaamp

1- fofHkUu oxkZsa ess iks tkus okys jhframpjhoktksa dk rqyukRed vuA

2- lekt ds vUrxZr gksus okys ifjorZuksa dk vuA

3- fofrdquokrsquoV lkekftd kVukvksa dk vuA

rqyukRed i)fr k foyskk ml fofk dks dgrs gS ftlesa fHkUu lektksa

k d gh lekt ds fHkUuampfHkUu lewgksa dh rqyuk djds g irk yxkk tk lds fd buesas lekurk

gS k ugha] rFkk fn gS rks Dksa gS

amp ^^rqyukRed i)fr ds vUrxZr OfDrksa ds chp iks tkus okys Loiksa

dh rqyuk ekuoh laLFkkvksa rFkk fordquooklksa ds fodkliwkZ dze dks LFkkfir fdk tkrk gSA^^

foyskk

rqyukRed i)fr k foyskk dk izksx lektrdquokkL= vkSj ekuordquokkL= ds vusd fokuksa us fdk gSA

lkekftd vkSj lkaLd`frd ekuordquokkL=ksa us lkekftd vkSj lkaLd`frd mn~fodkl dks tkuus ds fys

bldk izksx fdk gSA izkjfEHkd ekuordquokkL=h] ftUgksaus bldk izksx fdk gS os gSa] eksxZu] oSdksfQu]

VsxkVZ] gsujhesu] Vkbyj] QzStj] ysoh vknh ds uke mYys[kuh gSA fodkloknh lekt oSKkfudksa us

sfrgkfld vkSj rqyukRed i)fr dk lkFkamplkFk izksx fdk gSA dqN lekt oSKkfudksa ds dkZ

vxzfyf[kr gSaamp

ampbUgksaus lekt o lkoo dh rqyuk dh vkSj nksuksa ds chp dbZ lekurkvksa dk

mYys[k fdkA blh vkkkj ij vkius lekt dks d lkoo dgkA mUgksaus fofHkUu lektksa dh

ijLij rqyuk dhA nq[khZe us viuh iqLrd ^^n Yl vkWQ lksfrdquokksykftdy esFkM^^ esa bl i)fr dk

izksx fdk rFkk mUgksaus wjksi ds fofHkUu nsrdquokksa esa vkRegRk dh nj o dkjkksa dk rqyukRed vu

fdk rFkk vkRegRk dk lkekftd fl)kUr izLrqr fdkA

ampvkius iqWathokn vkSj izksVssLVsV keZ ds lgamplEcUkksa dks nrdquokkZus ds fys nqfuk ds N

egku keksaZ dk rqyukRed vu fdk vkSj crkk fd dsoy izksVssLVsV keZ esa gh dqN sls vkfFkZd

fopkj gS ftUgksaus vkkqfud iqWathokn dks tUe fnkA

ampczkmu us rqyukRed i)fr dks viukdj lekt o lkoo dh rqyuk dh gS] os bl

fursquodrsquokZ ij igqWprs gSa fd] lekt lkoro dh Hkzkafr gS] nksuksa dk fodkl dqN fufrdquopr Lrjksa ls

ljyrk ls tfVyrk dh vksj gqvk gSA lekt o lkoo ds rqyukRed vu kjk gh bUgksaus dqN

vkkkjHkwr fordquoksrsquokrkvksa dk vu fdk gSA czkmu dgrs gSa fd r qyukRed i)fr ds kjk gh

lkekftd fodkl dh izfdzk dks legtk tkrk gSA lekt xRkRedrk ds fueksa dks rqyukRed fofk

kjk gh LirsquoV रऩ ls Kkr fdk tk ldrk gS o lekt esa gksus okys ifjorZuksa dk Hkh irk bl fofk

ds kjk py ldrk gSA rqyukRed fofk kjk OfDr] rFksa dks LirsquoV gh ugha djrs vfirq ml rF



dh ifjfLFkfrksa dks Hkh LirsquoV dj ldrs gSaA budk ekuuk gS fd tks lkekU izLrkouk gS mlh ds

vkkkj ij ge ekuo lekt dh lkekU fordquoksrsquokrkvksa ds rqyukRed LoIk dks LirsquoV dj ldrs gSa]

lkekU ls fordquoksrsquok rFkk fordquoksrsquok ls lkekU dh vksj ys tkus okyh bl izfdzk dks bl i)fr esa izksx

ugha fdk tkrkA bl i)fr kjk lkekftd vuqlakkudrkZ rqyuk djds vius vuosrsquokk dh ij[k

dj vokkjkkvksa dh iqfrsquoV dj ldrk gSA ifjorZurdquokhy lekt esa fofHkUu izfdzkvksa dk vu djus

esa g fofk vRUr miksxh gSAczkmu dk ekuuk gS fd lkekftd foKkuksa esa rqyukRed i)fr ds

eke ls ge fdlh vkfnampekuoh lekt ds forsquok ess dksbZ tkudkjh pkgrs gSa rks vlQyrk gh gkFk

yxsxh Dksafd rqyuk bl vkkqfud lekt ls ekuo lekt dh] dh tksxhA blds fys gesa

sfrgkfld i)fr dks dke esa ysuk iM+sxkA

foyskk

rqyukRed i)fr ds kjk tc lkekftd kVukvksa dk vu fdk tkrk gS rks d fordquoksrsquok dkZampfofk dks Oogkj esa ykuk iM+rk gS] bld vUrxZramp

1- loZizFke] vu ls lEcafkr forsquok vFkok bdkbksa dk voyksdu djd g tkuus dk

izkl fdk tkrk gS fd vu ds vUrxZr vkus okyh vfkd egRoiwkZ lkekftd bdkbkWa

dkSuampdkSu lh gSaA

2- nwljs Lrj ij] muls lEcafkr lkekftd rFksa dk laxzg djuk vkjEHk fdk tkrk gSA s

rF izkFkfed Ik ls df=r fd tk ldrs gSa vkSj Srhd lzksrksa ds eke ls HkhA

3- rFksa ds ladyu ds ckn leku lkekftd rFksa dks dampd oxZ essa j[kdj mudk bl

izdkj oxhZdjk dj fyk tkrk gS ftlls izRsd oxZ esa dampnwljs ls fHkUu izd`fr okys

lkekftd rF ladfyr gks tkaA

4- pkSFks Lrj ij] fofHkUu lkekftd oxksasZ dh lekurkvksa vkSj vlekurkvksa dh rqyuk djds

muds lgamplEcak k i`FkDdrk dk ewYkadu djus dk izRu fdk tkrk gSA g rqyuk

ftruh vfkd lkokkuhiwoZd dh tkrh gS] rqyukRed i)fr kjk mrus gh vfkd oSKkfud

fursquodrsquokZ fudkyuk laHko gks tkrk gSA

5- ikapos Lrj ij] fofHkUu lkekftd bdkbksa dh lekurkvksa k vlekurkvksa ds lacafkr mu

dkjdksa dks Kkr djus dk izRu fdk tkrk gS tks d fordquoksrsquok fLFkfr esa fdlh kVuk dks d

fordquoksrsquok ltax ls izHkkfor djrs gSaSA bl fLFkfr ds leqfpr forsquoysrdquokkls gh rqyukRed foospuk dks

vfkd oSKkfud cukk tk ldrk gSA

6- vU i)frksa ds leku rqyukRed i)fr dk vfUre pjk Hkh lkekftd rFksa dk

lkekUhdjk djuk gS] g lkekUhdjk ewyIk ls rqyuk ds vkkkj ij gh fdk tkrk gSA

rqyukRed i)fr dh bl dkZampfofk dk miksx loZizFke izkjfEHd ekuordquokkfL=kss us nks

fofHkUu LFkkuksa dh lkaLd`frd fordquoksrsquokrkvksa k d gh laLdfr dh fofHkUu fordquoksrsquokrkvksa dk

vu rqyukRed vkkkj ij djus ds fys fdk FkkA blds dqN le ckn gh gjcVZ

Lisalj us lkekftd thou dk vu djus ds fys rqyukRed i)fr dks lokZfkd

egRoiwkZ vkkkj ds Ik esa Lohdkj fdkA LisUlj us lekt vkSj thou jpuk ds chp rqyuk

djds g LirsquoV fdk fd bu nksuksa ds chp vusd lekurksa fo|eku gS a fd fn lekt dks

d lkoo dgks tk rks xyr ugha gksxkA blh le ls lkekftd kVukvksa ds vu es

rqyukRed i)fr dks vRfkd egRoiwkZ legtk tkus yxk vkSj ckn esa vusd lekt

oSKkfudksa us OofLFkr vkkkj ij bl i)fr ds miksx ls lEcafkr uha izfofkksa dks

fodflr fdkA bl le lektrdquokkL= ds tud vkWxLr dkWEV us fofHkUu qxksa esa ekuo ds



ckSf)d fodkl dh dampnwljs ls rqyuk djrs gq ^^rhu Lrjksa dk fue^^ izfrikfnr fdk

rFkk g LirsquoV fdk fd lkekftd rFksa dk oSKkfud vu dsoy voyksdu] izksx vkSj

rqyuk ds kjk gh fdk tk ldrk gSA rqyukRed i)fr ds miksx dk loZizFke mnkgjk

nq[khZe kjk fdk xk ^^vkRegRk dk fl)kUr^^ gSA nq[khZe us fofHkUu lkekftd lewgksa esa

vkRegRk dh nj dk rqyukRed vu djds g LirsquoV fdk fd lkekftd nrdquokkWa gh

vkRegRk dk izeq[k dkjk gksrh gSAeSDl oscj us vkfFkZd laLFkkvksas ds fodkl ij kkfeZd

vkpkjksa ds izHkko dks LirsquoV djus ds fys u dsoy rqyukRed iz)fr dk o`gn I ls miksx

fdk cfYd bl i)fr dh lQyrk ds fys d fufrdquopr dkZ fofk dks Hkh LirsquoV fdkA

eSDl oscj us g Hkh crkk fd lkekftd kVukvks a ds chp iks tkus okys dkZ dkjk

lEcUk dks rc rd LirsquoV ugha fdk tk ldrk tc rd fofHkUu lkekftd kVukvksa dks

lekurk ds vkkkj ij dqN lSkkafrd Jsafkksa esa foHkkftr u dj fyk tkA bl izdkj tc

ge rdZlaxr vkkkj ij dqN okLrfod lkekftd kVukvksa] OfDrksa k bdkbksa dks bl

izdkj pqu ysrs gSa tks viusampvius lkekftd oxksaZ dk izfrfufkRo djrs gksa rks buds kjk d

sls izkIk dk fuekZk gksrk gS ftls ge vknrdquokZ izkIk dg ldrs gSaA bu fofHkUu vknrdquokZ

izkiksa ds chp rqyuk djus ls gesa og vkkkj izkIr gks tkrk gS ftldh lgkrk ls d

lkekU fursquodrsquokZ izLrqr fdk tk ldrk gSSA bl izdkj vknrdquokZ izkiksa dk pu djuk

rqyukRed i)fr ds lQy miksx ds fy lcls vfkd vkordquod gSA orZeku le esa

lkekftd kVukvksa ds vu ds fy rqwyukRed i)fr dk miksx bruk vfkd gksus yxk

gS fd izRsd ldquokksk esa fdlh u fdlh Lrj ij bldk miksx vordquo nsss sssss[kus dks feyrk gSA

NksVs Lrj ij dh xbZ rqyukvksa ds kjk ifjdYiuk dh lRrk dh tkap djus ds fys Hkh

rqyukRed i)fr dks fordquoksrsquok Ik ls miksxh legtk tkrk gSA mnkgjk ds rkSj ij fn ge

ns[ks rks uxjh thou rFkk fookgampfoPNsn dh izdfr] ifjokj dk vkdkj rFkk lkekftd

xfrrdquokhyrk] ldquokSkfkd miyfCkkWa rFkk fofHkUu lkekftd oxZ vkfn rqyuk ds os izeq[k forsquok gSa

ftuls lEcfUkr vuqHko fl) fursquodrsquokZ nsuk bl i)fr ds kjk lEHko gks xk gSA blh vkkkj

ij oSKkfud QzheSu us g nkok fdk gS fd ^^vu ds fys rqyukRed i)fr dh

vfHkdYiuk gekjs qx dh egkure ckSf)d miyfCk gSA^^

rdquo frac14dfrac12 vius mUgravekj ds fy uhps fn x LFkku dk izksx dhftA

frac14[kfrac12 vius mUgravekjksa dk feyku ikB~ lkexzh ls dhftA

crkb fd fuEufyf[kr lgh gS k xyr vkSj lacafkr [kkus esa fVd frac14frac12 dk furdquokku yxkbA

rqyukRed i)fr d izfofk gSA

rqyukRed i)fr fofHkUu oxkZsa ess iks tkus okys jhframpjhoktksa dk

rqyukRed vu djrh gSA

rqyukRed i)fr dh dkZ fofk foyskkkRed gSA

czkmu us rqyukRed i)fr dks viukdj lekt o lkoo dh rqyuk ugha

dh gSA

rqyukRed i)fr k forsquoysrdquokkdk izksx lektrdquokkL= vkSj ekuordquokkL= ds

vusd fokuksa us fdk gSA

vknrdquokZ izkiksa dk pu djuk rqyukRed i)fr ds lQy miksx ds fy

lcls vfkd vkordquod gSA

lgh xyr



zrdquo

rqyukRed i)fr ds ckjs esa d lafkIr CkSjk rSkj dhftA

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------

-------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -----------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------ -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

rdquo

dfrac12 vius mUgravekj ds fy uhps fn x LFkku dk izksx dhftA

[kfrac12 vius mUgravekjksa dk feyku ikB~ lkexzh ls dhftA

rqyukRed i)fr k foyskk ds miksx dh fofk ds ckjs esa fyf[ks vkSj mRrj fy[kus ls igys

eq[ ldquokCnksa ij furdquokku yxkbsaA

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ----------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------- ---------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------------------

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------- -------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

rdquo

rqyukRed i)fr dk oSKkfud rjhds ls miksx rHkh fdk tk ldrk gS fd tc ldquokkskdrkZ blds

miksx ls lEcafkr dqN iwoZampvkordquodrkvksa dks iwjk djrk gksA bu iwoZ vkordquodrkvksa dks laksi esa

vxzfyf[kr Ik ls legtk tk ldrk gSamp



forsquok rqyukRed i)fr ds vkkkj ij oSKkfud vu djus

ds fys g vkordquod gS fd ldquokkskdrkZ dks vius vuampforsquok dk ikZIr Kku gksA forsquok dk ikZIr

Kku gksus ls gh ldquokkskdrkZ fofHkUu ikksa ls lEcafkr rFksa dk leqfpr Ik ls ladyu djds mudh

rqyukRed Ok[k djus esa lQy gks ldrk gSA

lwe voyksdu ds fcuk u rks ldquokksk ls lacafkr fofHkUu

lkekftd kVukvksa vkSj rFksa dk xgjkbZ esa tkdj vu fdk tk ldrk gS vkSj u gh mu

lkekftd oxkZsa dk fuekZk fdk tk ldrk gS ftudh rqyuk esa egRoiwkZ fursquodrsquokZ izkIr gks ldrs gSaA

forsquoysrdquokkdh kerk ls gh fofHkUu lkekftd rFksa ds fufgr vFkksaZ dks

LirsquoV djuk lEHko gksrk gSA g vFkZ ftruk vfkd LirsquoV vkSj laxr k lkisk gksrk gS] lkekftd

rFksa ds chp rqyuk djuk Hkh mruk gh vfkd ljy gks tkrk gSA forsquoysrdquokkdh kerk gh og vkkkj

gS ftldh lgkrk ls izRsd lkekftd kVuk dh irsquoVHkwfe k ifjfLFkfrksa dks leqfpr Ik ls LirsquoV

fdk tk ldrk gSA

rdquo lkekftd rFksa rFkk kVukvksa dh izd`fr bl izdkj dh gksrh

gS fd mu lHkh dk izRk voyksdu djuk laHko ugha gksrkA vus rFksa dh Ok[k ds fys

ldquokkskdrkZ es rkfdZd dqrdquokyrk dk gksuk vkordquod gSA rkfdZd dqrdquokyrk dh lgkrk ls gh g Kkr

fdk tk ldrk gS fd dkSu ls lkekftd rF vkordquod gSa vkSj dkSu ls vukordquodA blds

lkFk gh lkFk fofHkUu rFkds ds lg lEcUk dks ltwaltdj mudh vFkZiwkZ Ok[k djuk Hkh rkfdZd

dqrdquokyrk ij fuHkZj djrk gSA

rqyukRed i)fr ds izksx dk mn~nsrdquo lkekftd rFksa dks

rqyukRed vkkkj ij forsquoysrdquokkdjuk gh ugha gksrk cfYd rqyuk djds d oLrqfursquoB izfrosnu Hkh

izLrqr djuk gksrk gSA rFksa rqyuk rc rd vFkZghu gS tc rd mlds vkkkj ij fudkys xs

fursquodrsquokksaZ dks OofLFkr Ik ls izLrqr u dj fnk tksA

mUuhloha ldquokrkCnh rd rqyukRed i)fr dk izksxk fofHkUu lkekftd lewgksa ds chp rqyuk

djus rd gh lhfer Fkk ysfdu vkt bl i)fr dh Okid Okogkfjd miksx dks ku esa

j[kk tk rks bldk vkt dy cgqr miksx gks jgk gSA lkekftd kVukvksa ds vu essa a

rqyukRed i)fr ds egRo k bldh miksfxrk dks vxzfyf[kr fcunqvksa ds eke ls legtk

tk ldrk gSamp

fdlh Hkh lkekftd ldquokksk dh oSKkfudrk izekfkr

djus ds fy vkordquod gS fd vu forsquok ls lacafkr ifjdYiuk dh iwjh tkWap dj yh

tksA lektrdquokkL=h jsMfDyQ czkmu us ifjdYiuk dh ijhkk ds d lkku ds Ik esa

rqyukRed i)fr dks lcls vfkd egRoiwkZ ekuk gSA bldk dkjk g gS fd fofHkUu

lektksa] laLFkkvksa] lewgksa k vU rFksa dk rqyukRed foospu djds vu ls lEcafkr

ifjdYiuk dh ijhkk ljyrk ds dh tk ldrh gSA

lkekftd kVukvksa dh izd`fr bruh tfVy gS fd muds

chp dkZampdkjk ds lEcak dks Kkr djuk vDlj cgqr dfBu gks tkrk gSA HkkSfrd

foKkuksa esa dkZampdkjk ds lEcUk dks tkuuk blfy ljy gS Dksafd izksxkRed fofk

kjk fdlh Hkh rF ds vkUrfjd Ik dks legtk tk ldrk gSA blds foijhr lkekftd

vuksa esa izRk izksx dh dksbZ lEHkkouk ugha gksrhA slh fLkfr esa oSKkfud nq[khZe



dk dFku gS fd ge dsoy ^vizRk izksx dh fofk^ ds Ik esa rqyukRed i)fr ds kjk

gh lkekftd kVukvksa ds dkZampdkjk lEcUk dks legt ldrs gSaA bldk vFkZ g ugha

gS fd rqyukRed i)fr iwkZrk izksxkRed i)fr ds leku gS ysfdu fofHkUu kVukvksa

ds chp OofLFkr rqyuk djus ls g vordquo tkuk tk ldrk gS fd dkSuampdkSu ls

lkekftd rF fdu nwljs rRoksa ls vfkd lEcafkr gSa vkSj mudh iqujkofRr dk dze

Dk gSA bl izdkj ge dg ldrs gSa fd lkekftd vuksa esa rqyukRed i)fr ds

egRo dh vogsyuk ughas dh tk ldrh gSA

rqyukRed i)fr d slh i)fr gS ftldh

lgkrk ls lkekftd kVukvksa dk Lkkaf[dh forsquoysrdquokk djuk Hkh lEHko gks ldrk gSA

blds vUrxZr tc ge fofHkUu xqkkRed rFksa dh vkofr dks legtus esa lQy gks tkrs

gSa rks ljyrk ls mu rFksa dh izd`fr dks izfrrdquokr k vuqikr ds Ik esa LirsquoV fdk tk

ldrk gSA bl vkkkj ij vusd foku ifjekkkRed vuksa ds fy rqyukRed i)fr

dks vRfkd egRoiwkZ ekurs gSaA

rdquo orZeku ifjorZurdquokhy lektksa esas rqyukRed i)fr dh

lgkrk ls g ljyrkiwoZd Kkr fdk tk ldrk gS fd fofHkUu lkekftd kVuk sa

fdl Ik esa ifjofrZr gks jgh gSa rFkk rqyukRed Ik ls fofHkUUu rFksa ds chp ifjorZu

dh nj k lhek Dk gS orZeku esa] ifjorZu Lpa esa d rqyukRed vokkjkk gSA ge

d rF esa mEiUu gksus okys ifjorZu dks nwljs rF dh rqyuk esa gh legt ldrs gSaA

blh ds ckjs es lekt oSKkfud jkmUVordfh vkSj ckmys us dkQh le ds vUrj ls d gh

leqnk dh fordquoksrsquokrkvksa dk rqyukRed vkkkj ij vu djds g LirsquoV dj fnk fd

dsoy rqyukRed i)fr ds kjk gh lkekftd ifjorZu dh izd`fr vkSj fnrdquokk dk lgh

Kku fdk tk ldrk gSA

vkt ldquokksk dh uh izfofkk sa ds fodkl gksus ds lkFk gh

g vuqHko fdk tkus yxk gS fd dqN fordquoksrsquok lektksa esa NksVs Lrj ij fds tkus okys

vuksa esa bl i)fr dk Okid Ik ls miksx fdk tk ldrk gSA okLro esa NksVs

ks= k NksVs Lrj ij tks vu fds tkrs gSa muesa vu forsquok ls lacafkr fofHkUu

bdkbksa dk rqyukRed forsquoysrdquokkfds fcuk dksbZ Hkh miksxkh fursquodrsquokZ ugha fns tk

ldrsA gh dkjk gS fd fofHkUu m|ksxksa] Okolkfd izfrrsquoBkuks]a ljy lektksa rFkk

frdquokkk OoLFkk vkfn ij lektrdquokkL=h ldquokksk djus ds fys rqyukRed i)fr dk fordquoksrsquok

miksx gSA

lkekftd vu esa rqyukRed i)fr egRoiwkZ vordquo gS ysfdu bl i)fr ds miksx es

vusd dfBukbkWa gSa ftudk fuokjk djds gh bls d miksxkh i)fr cukk tk ldrk gSA

bl i)fr dh lhek dks LirsquoV djds lektrdquokkL=h jsMfDyQ czkmu us fy[kk gS ^^rqyukRed

i)fr vdsys gh vkidks dqN ugha ns ldrhA Hkwfe ls rc rd dqN iSnk ugha gks ldrk tc rd

vki igys mlesa cht ugha ckssaxsA bl izdkj rqyukRed i)fr Hkh ifjdYiuk ds ifjkk dk

d rjhdk ek= gSA^^ bldk vFkZ g gS fd d vksj rqyukRed i)fr Loa dqN lhekvksa ls

qDr gS vkSj nwljh vksj blds miksx esa Hkh vusd dfBukbkWa gSaA bu dfBukbksa dks

fuEufyf[kr Ik ls legtk tk ldrk gSamp



1- oSKkfud cksVkseksj dk dFku gS fd ^^ rqyukRed i)fr ds

miksx es vkus okyh d izeq[k dfBukbZ g gS fd blds vUrxZr k rks ifjdYiukvksa dk

vHkko gksrk gS k fdlh ifjdYiuk dk fuekZk djuk vkordquod ugha legtk tkrk gSA^^ fdlh

Hkh oSKkfud ldquokksk ds fy ifjdYiuk dk fuekZk djuk vRfkd vkordquod gksrk gSA Dksafd

ifjdYiuk gh ldquokksk dks okLrfod fnrdquokk iznku djrh gSA fn vu esa ifjdYiuk dk

vHkko gksrk gS rks vDlj egRoikZ vu Hkh nkrdquokZfud cudj jg tkrs gSaA mnkgjk

LoIk vkWxLr dkEV us vius ^rhu Lrjksa ds fue^ dks LirsquoV djus ds fys rqyukRed

i)fr dk miksx vordquo fdk ysfdu blesa d oSKkfud ifjdYiuk dk vHkko gksus ds

dkjk g lEiwkZ Ok[k êkuork ds fodkl dk nrdquokZu^ cudj jg xbZA

2- rqyukRed i)fr ds miksx ds fys vu

ds lacafkr dqN slh bdkbksa dk pu djuk vkordquod gksrk gS ftuds chp rqyuk djds

miksxh fursquodrsquokZ fns tk ldsaA bl dkZ ds fys d vksj slh bdkbksa dk pu djuk

iM+rk gS tks d nwljs ls iwkZrk vleku u gksa rFkk lkFk gh mudh leqfpr foospuk Hkh

dh tk ldsA bl dkZ esa lcls cM+h dfBukbZ g vkrh gS fd ldquokksk ds vurxZr ftu

cgqramplh bdkbksa vFkok rFksas dk lekosrdquok gksrk gS muesa ls rqyuk ds fys miqDr

bdkbksa dk pu djuk cgqr dfBu gks tkrk gSA lkekftd rF brus fofok oa

ifjorZurdquokhy gksrs gSa fd dHkhampdHkh tks bdkbkWa ldquokq esa cgqr egRoiwkZ fn[kkbZ nsrh gSa]

dqN le ckn rqyuk ds nfrsquoVdksk ls mudk dksbZ egRo izrhr ugha gksrkA bl izdkj

rqyuk ds fys pquh xbZ bdkbksa dk pu nksrsquokiwkZ gks tkus dh lEHkkouk gesrdquokk cuh jgrh

gSA

3- lektrdquokkL=h eSfyuksokLdh us dgk gS fd ^^

fofHkUu bdkbksa dh rqyuk djuk vkSj mUgsa leqfpr i ls ifjHkkfrsquokr djuk Hkh d dfBu

dkZ gSA d vksj g vRfkd dfBu gS fd nks lektksa ds lHkh ikksa dh d nwljs ls

rqyuk dh tk lds vkSj nwljh vksj fofHkUu lektksa ls lEcafkr fdUgha nks laLFkkvksa k

bdkbkas ds chp rqyuk djuk Hkh d dfBu dkZ gksrk gSA lHkh bdkbkssa dk LoIk d

nwljs ls dkQh fHkUu gksrk gS rFkk muds ckg~ vkSj vkUrfjd LoIk esa Hkh d LirsquoV

fHkUurk fo|eku gksrh gSA tks laLFkksa Aringij ls foYdqy leku izrhr gksrh gSa] fofHkUu

lektksa esa mudk vkUrfjd Ik d nwljs ds fcYdqy fHkUu gks ldrk gSA fn ge fdlh

laLFkk k bdkbZ dks mldh lkekftd irsquoBHkwfe ls vyx djds ns[kus yxas rks slh Ok[k

iwkZrk Hkzked gks tkrh gSA^^

4- rqyukRed i)fr ds vUrxZr ftu lkekftd laLFkkvksa] rFksa

k bdkbksa dks ysdj rqyuk dh tkrh gS mUgsa lkkkjkrk ml lEiwkZ lekt ls vyx

djds ns[kk tkrk gS ftlesa fd ml laLFkk k bdkbZ dh d fufrdquopr Hkwfedk gksrh gSA

blds QyLoIk muds okLrfod LoIk dks legt lduk cgqr dfBu gks tkrk gSA

rqyukRed i)fr ds vUrxZr fdlh laLFkk k bdkbZ dh lkekftd irsquoBHkwfe dks leqfpr

egRo u feyus ds dkjk vDlj lEiwkZ forsquoysrdquokkds nksrsquokiwkZ vkSj voSKkfud cu tkus dh

lEHkkouk gks tkrh gSA



miqZDr dfBukbksa ds ckn g lR gS fd izksxkRed i)fr ds d fodYi ds Ik esa

rqyukRed i)fr vRfkd miksxh fl) gqbZ gSA fn d lhfer ks= esa bl i)fr dk

izksx fdk tk rks bldh lgkrk ls vusd miksxh fursquodrsquokZ izkIr fds tk ldrs gSaA

rdquo

fiz fo|kfFkZksa izLrqr bdkbZ dks ilt+us ds ckn vki yksx rqyukRed i)fr ds ckjs esa o`gn tkudkjh

izkIr dj pqds gksxsaA vc vki rqyukRed i)fr ds vFkZ oa ifjHkkrsquokkvksa ds ckjs esa Kku vftZr dj

fyk gksxkA okLro esa rqyukRed i)fr k forsquoysrdquokk vu dh og i)fr gS ftlds vUrxZr nks

k nks ls vfkd lkekftd rFksa] bdkbksa k leqnkksa dks vu dk vkkkj ekurs gq mudh d

nwljs ls rqyuk dh tkrh gS oa rqyuk ds nkSjku ikh xh leku vFkok vleku fordquoksrsquokrkvksa ds

vkkkj ij lkekU fursquodrsquokZ izLrqr fds tkrs gSaA fn bl nfrsquoVdksk ls ns[kk tk rks LirsquoV gksrk gS

fd lkekftd vuksa esa rqyukRed i)fr izksxkRed i)fr dk gh fodYi gSA lkekftd kVukvksa

dks fdlh izksx k ijhkk ds fy iwjh rjg fuaf=r ugha fdk tk ldrkA slh fLFkfr esa gekjs

lkeus dsoy gh fodYi jg tkrk gS fd ge nks lkekftd rFksa ds chp rqyuk djds d lkekU

izofr dks Kkr djus dk izRu djsaA bl vkkkj ij g LirsquoV gksrk gS fd rqyukRed i)fr k



bl bdkbZ ds vkkkj ij vki yksx rqyukRed i)fr k forsquoysrdquokkdk izksx Hkfy Hkkafr dj ldsxsa oa

rqyukRed i)fr k forsquoysrdquokkds miksx dh fofk dh izfdzk ij izdkrdquok Mky ldsxsaA g bdkbZ

vkidks bl ksX cukrh gS ftlls vki rqyukRed i)fr k forsquoysrdquokkdh miksx ls iwoZ

vkordquodrkvksa dks tku ldsxsaA vkrdquokk gh ugha oju~ iwkZ fordquookl gS fd izLrqr bdkbZ vki ds Kku esa

mRrjksRrj of) djksxh ftlls vki yksx rqyukRed i)fr dk izksx vklkuh ls dj ldsxasA

ldquokCnkoyh

amp rqyukRed i)fr k forsquoysrdquokk vu dk og rjhdk gS ftlesa

d ls vfkd lkekftd kVukvkssa ds chp rqyuk djds mudk bl izdkj forsquoysrdquokk vkSj Ok[k gS

ftlesa d lkekU izofr dk Kkr fdk tk ldsaA

amp g og fofk gS ftld kjk orZeku dky esa kfVr gksus okyh kVukvksa dks

vrhr esa kfVr kVukvksa ds dzfed fodkl dh d dM+h ds Ik esa ns[kdj mudk vu fdk

tkrk gSA

rdquo

rdquo

1- lgh

2- lgh

3- lgh

4- xyr

5- lgh

6- lgh



1- fxUlcxZ] n izksCysEl M esFkM~l vkWQ lksfrdquokksykth bu jhtUl M vufjtUl bu

lkslkbVhA

2- dksVsM bu ckVeksjs lksfrdquokksykth] ist ua0 55A

3- Qzh eSu] b0 0] dEijsfVo ikfyfVDlA

4- jsMfDyQ czkmu] uspqjy lkbal vkWQ lkslkbVhA

5- eSfyuksoLdh] dYpj] bu nh bulkbDyksihfMk vkWWQ lksrdquoky lkbalstA

6- xksy] MkW0 lquhy oa xksy] laxhrk] îzkjfEHkd lkekftd vuqlakku] vkj0 ch0 l0 0

ifCyrdquoklZ] tiqj] orsquokZ 2005] ist la0 54amp61A

1- lksfrdquokksykth fjVsu ckbZ ckVeksjsA

2- dEijsfVo ikfyfVDl fjVsu ckbZ Qzh eSuA

3- uspqjy lkbal vkWQ lkslkbVh fjVsu ckbZ jsMfDyQ czkmuA

rdquo

1- rqyukRed i)fr k forsquoysrdquokk ds vFkZ oa ifjHkkrsquokk ds ckjs esa izdkrdquok MkfysA

2- rqyukRed i)fr k forsquoysrdquokk ds izksx ds ckjs esa fyf[ksA

3- rqyukRed i)fr k forsquoysrdquokk ds miksx dh fofk dh Ok[k dhfta

4- rqyukRed i)fr k forsquoysrdquokk dh miksx ls iwoZ vkordquodrkvksa dh foospuk dhftsA

5- rqyukRed i)fr k forsquoysrdquokk ds egRo ij izdkrdquok MkfysA

6- rqyukRed i)fr k forsquoysrdquokkds miksx esa dfBukbvksa ds ckjs esa fyf[ksA



विशरषणTextual AnalysisMedia amp Content Analysis

8-0 bdkbZ dk mn~nsrdquo 8-1 izLrkouk

8-2 VsDpqvy foyskk]

8-3 ehfMk foyskk

8-4 vUroZLrq forsquoysrdquokkdh ifjHkkrsquokk

8-4-1 vUroZLrq foyskk dh fordquoksrsquokrkiexcl

8-4-2 vUroZLrq foyskk ds mIgravesrdquo

8-4-3 vUroZLrq foyskk ds miksx

8-4-4 csjsylu kjk fds xs vUroZLrq foyskk ds miksx ds fofHkUu mikxe

8-4-5 vUroZLrq foyskk ds izdkj

8-4-6 vUroZLrq foyskk oxhZdjk ds vkkkj

8-4-7 vUroZLrq foyskk dh ijs[kk ds fuekZk esa izeq[k lksiku

8-4-8 vUroZLrq foyskk dh ijs[kk dk fuekZk

8-4-9 foyskk dh ijs[kk dk miksx

8-4-10 vUroZLrq foyskk dh izeq[k leLkiexcl

8-5 lkjkardquok

8-6 ldquokCnkoyh





rdquo

bl bdkbZ dk mIgravesrdquo VsDpqvy foyskk] ehfMk foyskk oa vUrZoLrq foyskk dh vokkjkk rFkk

miksxksa dks LirsquoV djuk gS ftlesa vUrZoLrq foyskk ds izdkjksa ds ckjs esa Hkh crkus dk izkl fdk

xk gSA

bl bdkbZ ilt+us ds ckn vki amp



VsDpqvy foyskk ds ckjs esa tkudkjh izkIr dj ldsxasA

ehfMk foyskk ij izdkrdquok Mky ldsxasA

vUroZLrq foyskk dh ifjHkkrsquokk ds ckjs esa tkudkjh izkIr dj ldsxsaA

vUroZLrq foyskk dh fordquoksrsquokrkvksa ds ckjs esa fy[k ldsxsaA

vUroZLrq foyskk ds mIgravesrdquoksa ds ckjs esa Kku izkIr dj ldsxsaA

vUroZLrq foyskk dk miksx vius ldquokksk esa dSls djs ds ckjs esa tkudkjh izkIr dj ldsxsaA

csjsylu kjk fds xs vUroZLrq foyskk ds miksx ds fofHkUu mikxeksa ds ckjs esa fy[k

ldsxsaA

vUroZLrq foyskk ds izdkjksa ds ckjs esa tku ldsxsaA

vUroZLrq foyskk oxhZdjk dk okZu dj ldsxsaA

vUroZLrq foyskk dh ijs[kk ds fuekZk esa izeq[k lksikuksa ds ckjs esa c`gn tkudkjh izkIr

dj ldsxsaA

vUroZLrq foyskk dh ijs[kk dk fuekZk dSls fdk tkrk gS ds ckjs esa iwkZ tkudkjh izkIr

dj ldsxsaA

foyskk dh ijs[kk dk miksx dSls fdk tkrk gS ds ckjs esa Kku izkIr dj ldsxsaA

vUroZLrq foyskk dh izeq[k leLkvksa dks tku ldsxsaA

fiz fo|kfFkZksas vkius iwoZ dh bdkbZ essa rqyukRed i)fr k foyskk ds ckjs esas tkudkjh izkIr dh

rFkk tkuk dh fdl izdkj ls rqyukRed i)fr dk izksx fdk tkrk gSA blh dze esa izLrqr bdkbZ

vkids lkeus izLrqr gS ftlds eke ls vki yksx VsDpqvy foyskk] ehfMk foyskk oa vUroZLrq

forsquoysrdquokkds ckjs esa tkudkjh izkIr djsaxsA okLro esa lkekftd kVukvksa dh izdfr HkkSfrd kVukvksa

dh izdfr ls loZFkk fHkUu gksrh gSA HkkSfrd kVuka izk LoHkkor ek=kRed rFkk ewrZ gksrh gSA blds

izfrdwy lkekftd kVuka LoHkkor xqkkRed rFkk vewrZ gksrh gSA xqkkRed kVuka viskkd`r

vLirsquoV rFkk tfVy gksrh gSA dqN le igys g eku fyk xk Fkk fd lkekftd kVukvksa dh

izd`fr xqkkRed gksus ds dkjk mUgsa ek=kRed i esa Oauml djuk vFkok ifjekiu lEHko ugha gSA

vr lkekftd vuqlakku esa miyCk lkexzh dk ek=kRed iznrdquokZu ugha fdk tk ldrkA ijUrq

vkkqfud dky esa g Lohdkj dj fyk xk gS fd lkekftd xqkkRed lkexzh dk izLrqrhdjk

ek=kRed i esa fdk tk ldrk gSA

tc lkekftd vuqlakkudrkZ izkd`frd lkekftd kVukvksa ds vfHkys[kksa vFkok d vuqlakku

ifjkstuk ls xqkkRed lkexzh ds lewg dks izkIr djrk gS] og vUroZLrq dks miqauml Jsfkksa esa

oxhZdr djuk pkgsxk rkfd og bldk d OofLFkr oa Oslashec) i esa okZu dj ldsA Jsfkksa esa

oxhZdjk dh bl izfOslashk dks lkekUr ^^vUroZLrq foyskk ^^ vFkok ^^lkadsrhdjk^^ ds uke ls

lEcksfkr fdk tkrk gSA igyk ikfjHkkfrsquokd ldquokCn vUroZLrq forsquoysrdquokkdk izksx izk LokHkkfod i ls

vfHkysf[kr dh xbZ xqkkRed lkexzh ds lUnHkZ esa fdk tkrk gSA fiNyk frac14lkadsrhdjkfrac12 lkekUr



vuqlakku kjk mRiUu lkexzh ds forsquoysrdquokkds lUnHkZ esa izqauml fdk tkrk gSA lkadsrhdjk dk izksx

fordquoksrsquok i ls ml izfOslashk dks lEcksfkr djus ds fy fdk tkrk gS ftlds kjk lkkkRdkjksa ds

mUgravekjksa dks Jskhc) fdk tkrk gSA blds izfrdwy ^^lqOofLFkr vUroZLrq foyskk] vUroZLrq ds

dkjkkRed okZuksa dk vfkd ifjrsquodkj djus dk izkl djrk gS] ftlls fd ikBdksa vFkok Jksrkvksa ls

lEcfUkr mUgravekstukvksa dh izdfUgravek rFkk lkisfkd ldquokfauml dks oSrsquokfd i esa iznfrdquokZr fdk tk ldsA^^

g lR gS fd vkkqfud vUroZLrq foyskk vuqlakku mIgravesrdquoksa ds fy lEizsrsquokk vUroZLrq ds miksx

esa uwru fordquoksrsquokrkvksa dks lfEefyr fdk xk gSA tSls lkexzh ds ek=kfReddjk k ifjkkeu gsrq

foLrr izfofkksa dk fodklA vUroZLrq foyskk ds izksx ij fordquoksrsquok cy nsus okyksa esa p0Mh0

ylosy rFkk muds lgksfxksa ds uke fordquoksrsquok i ls mYys[kuh gSa] ftUgksaus bld izksx tuer o

izpkj lEcUkh lgksfxksa ds uke fordquoksrsquok i ls mYys[kuh gSa] ftUgksaus bldk izksx tuer o izpkj

lEcUkh vuksa esa fdk FkkA Dysj lsyfVt] esjh tgksnk rFkk muds lgksfxksa ds vuqlkj

forsquoysrdquokkdh izfOslashk dqN fufrdquopr fua=dksa ls gksdj xqtjrh gS ftlls fd vfHklkefd frac14ijEijkxrfrac12

iqujkoyksdu vFkok lEizsrsquokk vUroZLrq dh lehkk dh rqyuk esa bls OofLFkr rFkk oSrsquokfd i esa

izLrqr fdk tkrk gS] os fuEufyf[kr gSa amp

foyskk dh Jsfkkiexcl] tks vUroZLrq dks oxhZd`r djrh gSa] dks LirsquoVr ifjHkkfrsquokr fdk tkrk gS

rkfd vU yksx mlh vUroZLrq ij fursquodrsquokksZ dks lRkfir dj ldsaA

fordquoysrsquokd dks blesa g Lora=rk ugha jgrh fd og tks pkgs vUroZLrq esa ls pqu ys] vFkok

mls tks jkspd yxs mls gh izfrosfnr dj nsA okLro esa mls vius funsZrdquoku esa leLr

laxriwkZ lkexzh dk i)fr vuqlkj oxhZd`r djuk gksrk gSA

fofHkUu egRoiwkZ fopkjksa dks ifjekiu iznku djus ds fy ek=kRed izkkyh dks izksx esa

ykuk gksrk gSA mnkgjkLoi fn ge v[kokjksa ds lEiknfdksa dk d OofLFkr funrdquokZu ysa rFkk mudh lkisk la[k dh fxurh djsa tks fdlh fonsrdquokh jkrsquoVordf ds ckjs esa vuqdwy]

izfrdwy rFkk rVLFk euksofUgravekksa dks Oauml djsa rks g ek=kfReddjk dk d ljy Loi gS

tks Okogkfjd oa fordquooluh gSA

izLrqr bdkbZ esa ek=kRed oa xqkkRed rFksa dks ku esa j[krs gq VsDpqvy foyskk] ehfMk

forsquoysrdquokkoa vUroZLrq forsquoysrdquokkds ckjs esa tkudkjh iznku dh xh gS ftlds ckjs esa Kku izkIr dj

budk lgh miksx vki yksx vuqlakku forsquoysrdquokkesa dj ldsxsaA

विशरषणvkt ds qx esa tgkWa d rjQ fofHkUu izdkj ds vuqlakkukas esa fofHkUu izdkj ds df=r rFksa ds

forsquoysrdquokkgsrq fofHkUu izdkj ds foyskk izfofkksa dk izksx fdk tk jgk gS ogha ij VsDpqvy

forsquoysrdquokkdk Hkh izksx ogqrkr ek=k esa ns[kus dks fey jgk gSA okLro esa VsDpqvy foyskk og

izfofk gS ftlds eke ls fdlh Hkh ys[kd kjk fy[ks xs VsDLV dk okLrfod vFkZ fuik mlds

kjk fy[ks xs Hkkrsquokk esa gh djus dk izkl fdk tkrk gSA

cgqr ls vuqlakkudrkZ lekt foKku ds fofHkUu ks=ksa esa vuqlakku dk dkZ dj jgs gSa tks okLro esa

fofHkUu izdkj ds Hkkrsquokk oa Hkkrsquokkh lkexzh ij d er ughsa gSaaA os viusampvius forsquokksa ds vkkkj ij

VsDLV] laokn oa ldquokksk lkkkRdkj dk foyskk djrs gSaA vr bu lHkh izdkj ds lkekftd foKkuksa

ds rFksa ds forsquoysrdquokkesa dksbZ fojkskkHkkrsquok u gks] blds fys nh ge VsDpqvy foyskk dk izksx djsa

rks foyskk vklku o rFkuqdwy gksxkA okLro esaa VsDpqvy foyskk ds vkkkj ij ge g irk

yxk ldrs gSa fd mRrjnkrk viuh Hkkrsquokk esa Dk dguk pkgrk gS k fdl leLk ds ckjs esa crkuk



pkgrk gSA ns[kk tk rks VsDpqvy foyskk fdlh OfDr ds kjk fy[ks k fns xs oDrOksa dk

okLrfod vFkZ fuik gSA fn fdlh OfDr ds kjk dgs k fy[ks xs Hkkrsquokk dk okLrfod vFkZ izkIr

gks tks o mldk foyskk lgh ldquokCnksa esa gks tks rks vuqlakku dk vuqekiu fdk tk ldrk gSA

VsDpqvy foyskk dks ge vkt ds le ds ifjizs esa ns[ks rks gesa Kkr gksxk fd g foyskk

Hkkrsquokk] gkoampHkko] izrhdksa oa ifjfLFkfrksa dk okLrfod fuik djus ij tksj nsrk gSA slk blfys

Dksafd OfDr tc fdlh izrdquou dk mRrj nsrk gS rks ml le mlds psgjs dh izfrfdzk mlds kjk

fns xs mRrj dh izfriqfrsquoV dj nsrh gSA dHkhampdHkh ge dksbZ n`rdquo ns[krs gSa rks mlds lkFk fdlh

izdkj dh Hkkrsquokk ugha fy[kh jgrh gS fQj Hkh ge ml n`rdquo dk okLrfod vFkZ fudkyus dk izkl

djrs gSa oa mldk vius Hkkrsquokk esa okZu Hkh djus esa leFkZ gksrs gSaA mnkgjk LoIk eku fyk tk

fd fdlh ckj esa dksbZ ukStoku iqrsquok izosrdquok djuk pkgrk gS vkSj og xsV ij [kM+s njoku ls vUnj

tkus ds fys dgrk gS vkSj njoku ukStoku ls mldh mez ds ckjs esa iqNrk gS ftlds mRrj esa

ukStoku dgrk gS fd mldh mez 22 lky gSA tc njoku ukStoku dh mez ds ckjs esA vkLoLr gks

tkrk gS tkrk gS rks ukStoku dks ckj esa tkus dh vuqefr ns nsrk gSA okLro esa bl mnkgjk ls

LirsquoV gS fd ckj esa tkus ds fys njoku us ukStoku ls mez Dksa iqNk rks ge gkWa ij VsDpqvy

forsquoysrdquokkdss vkkkj ij ns[krs gSa fd njoku us ukStoku ls mez blfys iwNk Dksafd ckj esa ogh yksx

izosrdquok dj ldrs gSa tks oLd gks vkSj ftudh vkq 22 orsquokZ ls mij dh gksA vr VsDpqvy

forsquoysrdquokkgesa okLrfod ifjfLFkfrksa ds ckjs esa tkuus ds fys ck djrh gSA

bl izdkj ge dg ldrs gSa fd VsDpqvy foyskk og foyskk gS ftlds eke ls ge okLrfod

ifjfLFkksa ds ckjs Kku izkIr djus dk izkl djrs gSaA og ifjfLFkfrkWa izrhdksa] HkkoampHkafxekvksa] izRk

k vizRk fdlh Hkh Ik esa gksaA

विशरषणxSj fofRr lgkrk izkIr laxBu oa vU laLFkkuksa dks viuh fLFkfr dks lekt esa ij[kus ds fys

ehfMk forsquoysrdquokkdh vkordquodrk gksrh gSA pwaWfd s laLFkksa lekt ls lhks laeidZ esa jgrh gSa rks

lekt ls lacafkr fofHkUu izdkj ds eqn~nksa ij budks jk nsuh iM+rh gSA vr fdlh Hkh eqn~ns dks

fdl izdkj ls j[kuk gS rFkk mldks lekt ds lkeus fdl izdkj izLrqr djuk gS ftlls Tknk ls

Tknk ehfMk dojst izkIr gks ds fys s laLFkksa ehfMk foyskk ds eke dk lgkjk ysrh gSaA

okLro esa ehfMk forsquoysrdquokkog forsquoysrdquokkgS ftlds eke ls dksbZ Hkh vuqlakkudrkZ g irk yxkus esa

ikjaxr gks ldrk gS fd fdl izdkj ds izrdquouksa ls ehfMk dojst Tknk izkIr gksxh rFkk fdl izdkj

ds lansrdquokksa dk lekt ls tqM+s eqn~nksa ij vfkd izlardquokk izkIr gksxhA ehfMk forsquoysrdquokkds kjk g Hkh

irk yxkk tk ldrk gS fd orZeku esa tks ehfMk dojst izkIr gks jgh gS og fdruh gS rFkk

bldks fdl izdkj vkSj clt+kk tk ldrk gSA bl izdkj dh ehfMk foyskk dks fdlh d izdkj

ds lekpkj cqysfVu k lekpkj iz=ksa esa izdkfrdquokr [kcj ds irsquoVkadu oa [kcj dh fordquoksrsquokrk ls irk

yxkk tk ldrk gS tks d lekc) le esa gh gksuh pkfgA bl izdkj dk foyskk fdlh eqn~ns

ls lacafkr ehfMk dojst dks fofHkUu Hkkxksa esa ckaVdj mldh fLFkfr dk vu djrk gS rFkk

fofHkUu izdkj ds lapkj Oogkj ds voljksa dh [kkst djrk gS ftlds vkkkj ij fofHkUu izdkj ds

laLFkku viuh dfeksa dks nwj dj iqu uh jkuhfrksa dk fuekZk djrs gSa ftlds vkkkj ij eqn~nksa

dks gy djus esa vklkuh gks lds rFkk laxBuksa ds lansrdquokksa dks tuekul rd igqpkus esa vklkuh gks

ldsA



tc dksbZ lapkj djus okyh laLFkk k ehfMk fordquoysrsquokd fdlh Hkh eqn~ns ij o`gn~ foyskk

djuk pkgrk gS rks mls pkfg fd og vxzfyf[kr fcUnqvksa dks vius ku esa j[ksA vxj og bu

fcUnqvksa dks ku esa j[ksxk rks fufrdquopr gh d vPNk ehfMk forsquoysrdquokkdj ldsxkA

d ehfMk foyskk vxzfyf[kr izrdquouksa dk mRrj ns ldrh gSamp

1- lkoZtfud eqn~ns dks ehfMk esa izLrqr fdl izdkj fdk tk frac14fofHkUu izdkj ds dgkuh ds

rRoksa dks ckjampckj nksgjkdj] fofHkUu izdkj ds lkekU foyskk dk izksx djds] d leku

yksxksa dk ckjampckj uke ysdj bRkfnfrac12A

2- d fofrdquokrsquoV ldquokhrsquokZd ij dkSu lk OfDr izeq[k oDrk gksxk vkSj fdl in uke ls mldks

lEcksfkr fdk tksxkA Dk os uhfr fuekZrk] sdsMsfed fordquoksrsquokK gksaxsa bRkfn

3- izk fofHkUu izdkj ds oDrk fdl izdkj lEcksfkr djasxs rFkk fdu lanHkksa Z esa A

4- fdu ldquokhrsquokZdksa dks cgl dk eqn~nk cukk tksxk rFkk fdu eqn~nksa dks NksMk tksxk

5- fdu ks=ksa dks fyk tksxk rFkk fdu ks=ksa dks NksMk tksxk rFkk dkSuampdkSu ls eqn~nksa

dkSuampdkSu lh laLFkks ns[ksxh

6- Dk mu eqn~nks gsrq dksbZ le lhek fukkZfjr dh tksxh

7- Dk tks ldquokhrsquokZd cgl ds fys pqus xs gSa os lekpkj ds izFke irsquoV ij izdkfrdquokr gksaxs k fdlh vkSj i`rsquoV ij

8- dkSu ls laoknnkrk k laLFkk bu eqn~nksa ij fy[ksaxs

9- fdl izdkj ds lansrdquok dk izksx fdk tksxk

d lelkefd ehfMk foyskk dk Rofjr mnkgjk vesfjdk esa dkZ djus okys Jfedksa ij fdk

xkA ftldk mn~nsrdquo Jfedksa dh de vk dk forsquoysrdquokk djuk FkkA bl mnkgjk dk vxzfyf[kr

fyad ij [kkstk tk ldrk gSA (Between A Rock and a Hard Place An Analysis of

Low-Wages Workers in the Media)

izrdquou

frac14dfrac12 vius mUgravekj ds fy uhps fn x LFkku dk izksx dhftA


VsDpqvy foyskk ds ckjs esa d lafkIr CkSjk rSkj dhftA

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------



------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

izrdquou



ehfMk foyskk ds miksx dh fofk ds ckjs esa fyf[ks vkSj mRrj fy[kus ls igy s eq[ ldquokCnksa ij

furdquokku yxkbsaA

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------- ------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

ifjHkkrsquokk

vUroZLrq forsquoysrdquokkdh izeq[k ifjHkkrsquokkiexcl fuEufyf[kr gSa amp

^varoZLrq foyskk lEizsrsquokk ds izdV varoZLrq ds oSrsquokfd]

OofLFkr rFkk xqkkRed okZu ds fy vuqlakku dh izfofk gSA^^

^^vUroZLrq foyskk d nh gqbZ ckrksa ds vFkksZ dh OofLFkr rFkk

ek=kRed i esa Ok[k djus dk izkl djrk gSA^^



^^vUroZLrq foyskk dks ladsr okgdksa ds oxhZdjk gsrq izfofk

ds i esa mfYyf[kr djds ifjHkkfrsquokr fdk tk ldrk gS -------- tks ek= fukZ ij fuHkZj djrk gSA^^

^^tc xqkkRed lkadsrhdjk dh fofHkUu

lEizsrsquokk lkkuksa] tsls if=dk] lekpkjampi=] jsfMks izksxzke vFkok blh rjg dh lkefxzksa dh vUroZLrq

ds lUnHkZ esa izqauml fdk tkrk gS] g vUroZLrq foyskk dgykrk gSA^^

^^vUroZLrq foyskk lkkkRdkjksa] izrdquoukofyksa] vuqlwfpksa rFkk vU

Hkkrsquokk forsquokd vfHkOfDrksa] fyf[kr vFkok ekSf[kd kjk izkIr vuqlakku nUgravek dh vUroZLrq ds

OofLFkr] oSrsquokfd rFkk ek=kRed okZu gsrq vuqlakku dh d izfofk gSA^^

miqZDr ifjHkkrsquokkvksa esa csjsylu kjk izLrqr dh xbZ ifjHkkrsquokk lkekftd vuqlakku ds ys[kdksa

kjk loksZRdqrsquoV oa izkekfkd ekuh tkrh gSA MkfoZu ih- dkVZjkbV ds vuqlkj amp ^^fn mnkjrkiwoZd

bldh Ok[k dh tk rks g d lUrksrsquoktud ifjHkkrsquokk gSA^^

rdquo

miqZDr foojkksa oa ifjHkkrsquokkvksa ds vkkkj ij vUroZLrq foyskk dh fuEufyf[kr fordquoksrsquokrkiexcl mYysf[kr dh tk ldrh gS amp

vUroZLrq foyskk vuqlakku dh d izfofk gSA

blds vUrxZr vuqlakku dh xqkkRed lkexzh dks fofHkUu mfpr Jsfkksa esa oxhZdr fdk

tkrk gSA

blds vkkkj ij xqkkRed lkexzh dk oSrsquokfd vu lEHko gksrk gSA

blds vUrxZr lkexzh dk OofLFkr vu fdk tkrk gSA

blds vUrxZr xqkkRed lkexzh dks ek=kRed lkexzh esa ifjfkr djds ifjekiu ksX cukk

tkrk gSA

blds vUrxZr xqkkRed lkexzh dk oSKkfud ltax ls forsquoysrdquokkrFkk fuoZpu fdk tkrk gSA

rdquo rdquo

vUroZLrq forsquoysrdquokkdk izkku mIgravesrdquo xqkkRed lkexzh dks oSKkfud Loi iznku djuk gSA

MkfoZu ih- dkVZjkbV ds vuqlkj ^^vUroZLrq dk mIgravesrdquo vifjrsquod`r kVuk dks sls nUgravekksa esa ifjofrZr

djuk gS tks oSKkfud ltax esa vkordquod i ls izLrqr dh tk lds rkfd Kku ds fudk dh jpuk

dh tk ldsA^^ Mkjfou ih- dkVZjkbV ds gh vuqlkj amp ^^vfkdkardquokr vUroZLrq foyskk dk lapkyu

bl izdkj djuk pkfg rkfd frac141frac12 iqujksRiknu ksX vFkok oSrsquokfd nUgravekksa dh mRifUgravek lEHko gks lds

tks frac142frac12 ifjekiu rFkk ek=kRed fOslashk ds izfr laosnurdquokhy gksa] frac143frac12 dqN OofLFkr fl)kar ds fy

egRoiwkZ gksa rFkk frac144frac12 tks foyskk lkexzh ds fofrdquokrsquoV lewg ds ijs lkekUd`r dh tk ldsA^^ rFkkfi

foospukxr vu dh lqexrk gsrq vUroZLrq foyskk ds izeq[k mIgravesrdquoksa dks fuEufyf[kr fcUnqvksa esa

izLrqr djds iznfrdquokZr fdk tk ldrk gSA

lkekftd kVukvksa dh

izd`fr ewyr xqkkRed gksrh gS ijUrq xqkkRed rFksa dks tc rd ek=kRed i esa iznfrdquokZr ugha fdk tkrk rc rd u rks mldk oSKkfud foyskk izLrqr fdk tk ldrk gS vkSj u

gh lkaf[dh i)frksa ds kjk fuoZpu fdk tk ldrk gS] vr vUroZLrq foyskk izfofk

ds kjk xqkkRed lkexzh dks slh lkexzh esa ifjofrZr fdk tkrk gS ftlls mldks oxhZdr



oa Jskhc) djds lkjfkksa esa j[kdj izLrqr djus ksX gks tkrk gS rFkk mudk oSKkfud o

lkaf[dh foyskk vklkuh ls gks tkrk gSA

vUroZLrq foyskk dk d egRoiwkZ mIgravesrdquo xqkkRed vuksa dks oSrsquokfd cukuk gSA dguk u gksxk fd oSrsquokfdrk ds vHkko esa vuqlakku

dh fordquooluhrk rFkk izkekfkdrk yqIr gks tkrh gSA

vUroZLrq foyskk dk rrh egRoiwkZ

mIgravesrdquo xqkkRed rFksa dks bl ksX cukuk gS] ftlls fd mudk ifjekiu ljyrk ls fdk

tk ldsA

vktdy lEizsrsquokk ds lkku ikZIr

fodflr gks xs gSaA vUroZLrq foyskk ds kjk lEizsrsquokk ds lkkuksa ds izHkkoksa dk vu

fdk tk ldrk gSA lkFk gh bl izfofk ds kjk lEizsrsquokk ds fofHkUu lkkuksa ds izHkko dk Hkh

rqyukRed vu lEHko gSA

okLro esa bl izfofk dh lgkrk ls izpkj ds

vPNs lkkuksa dk fodkl fdk tk ldrk gSA izpkj ds lkkuksa ds izHkko dks tkuus ds fy

Hkh vUroZLrq foyskk izfofk vRUr lgkd gksrh gSA

vUroZLrq foyskk dk d

egRoiwkZ mIgravesrdquo xqkkRed rFksa dk oSKkfud forsquoysrdquokkrFkk fuoZpu ljyrk ls djuk gSA

vUroZLrq foyskk dk lIre egRoiwkZ mIgravesrdquo OofLFkr fl)kar dk fuekZk djuk gSA

vUroZLrq foyskk dk d eq[ mIgravesrdquo rFksa dk

lkekUdjk djuk Hkh gSA bl izfofk ds kjk rFksa dks bl i esa izLrqr fdk tkrk gS fd

mUgsa lkekUdjk ds dkZ esa ykk tk lds rFkk muds vkkkj ij vu ds ks= ls ijs

vU lewgksa ds forsquok esa Hkh lkekUdjk fdk tk ldsA

rdquo




vUroZLrq forsquoysrdquokkvuqlakku dh d izfofk gSA

vUroZLrq forsquoysrdquokkds vUrxZr vuqlakku dh xqkkRed lkexzh dks

fofHkUu mfpr Jsfkksa esa oxhZd`r fdk tkrk gSA

vUroZLrq forsquoysrdquokkds vkkkj ij xqkkRed lkexzh dk oSrsquokfd

vu lEHko gksrk gSA

vUroZLrq forsquoysrdquokkds vUrxZr lkexzh dk OofLFkr vu fdk

tkrk gSA

vUroZLrq forsquoysrdquokkds vUrxZr xqkkRed lkexzh dks ek=kRed

lkexzh esa ifjfkr djds ifjekiu ksX cukk tkrk gSA

lgh xyr



vUroZLrq forsquoysrdquokkds vUrxZr xqkkRed lkexzh dk oSKkfud ltax ls

forsquoysrdquokkrFkk fuoZpu fdk tkrk gSA

zrdquo



vUroZLrq foyskk dh ifjHkkrsquokk oa mn~nsrdquoksa ds ckjs esa d lafkIr CkSjk rSkj dhftA

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

vUroZLrq foyskk ds vusdkusd miksxksa dk d foLrr foojk Loa csjsylu us izLrqr fdk gSA

csjsylu us ldquokkfCnd lkexzh ds vUroZLrq foyskk ds 16 miksxksa dh d lwph izLrqr dh gSA |fi

blds fofHkUu oSdfYid rjhds gSa] ftlesa ks=h dkZ dks oxhZd`r fdk tk ldrk gSA ijUrq csjsylu

kjk izLrqr dh xbZ lwph iwkZrk lUrksrsquoktud gSA ge gkiexcl izksxkas o miksxksa dk okZu ikfjHkkfrsquokr

ldquokCnkoyh ds ekudhdjk ds fgr esa izLrqr dj jgs gSaA vUroZLrq foyskk ds lUnHkZ xzUFkksa ds

izdkrdquokuksa ds lEcUk esa foLrr vu ds fy okpd csjsylu dh iqLrd dk vuqrdquokhyu djus ds

fy izksRlkfgr fds tk ldrs gSaA

csjsylu kjk izrhdkRed lkexzh ds foyskk ds rhu foLrr mikxeksa ds ukeksa dk mYys[k fdk

xk gSA izFker vuqlakkudrkZ izkFkfed i ls Loa vUroZLrq esa vfHkfp ysrk g SA frhr

vUroZLrq ds mRikndksa vFkok blds dkjkksa dh fordquoksrsquokrkvksa esa vfHkfp dk vUroZLrq dh izd`fr ls oSk

vuqekuksa dks cukus dk izRu djrk gSA rrhr og vUroZLrq dh Ok[k bl izdkj djrk gS rkfd

blds Jksrkxk blds ifjkkeksa dh izd`fr ds ckjs esa dqN mn~kkfVr dj ldsaA dksbZ dy vu ds

vUrxZr bu mikxeksa esa ls d ls vfkd mikxeksa dk ojk fdk tk ldrk gS] vFkok ugha Hkh fdk

tk ldrk gSA csjsylu us rhu foLrr mikxeksa ds vUrxZr vusd miampmikxeksa dk Hkh mYys[k fdk

gSA foospukxr vu dh lqxerk gsrq bldks fuEukafdr pkVZ kjk iznfrdquokZr fdk tk ldrk gSA

|fi vUroZLrq foyskk izfofk dk miksx izkFkfed i ls tulapkj lkkuksa ds lEcUk esa

gh fdk xk gSA g vU lkexzh ds lUnHkZ esa Hkh leku i ls izksT gSA mnkgjkkFkZ] oSrsquokfd



izys[kksa] vlajfpr lkkkRdkjksa] izksik ijhkkksa] jksxh fpfdRld vUrfOslashZkvksa ds vfHkys[kksa bRkfn ds

lUnHkZ esa vUroZLrq foyskk dk izksx fdk tkrk gSA

foyskk rdquo

i) lEizsrsquokk vUroZLrq esa ikbZ tkus okyh izofRrksa dk okZu djukA

ii) fork ds fodkl dk irk yxkukA

iii) lEizsrsquokk vUroZLrq ds vUrxZr vUrjkZrsquoVordfh fHkUurkvksa dks LirsquoV djukA

iv) lEizsrsquokk ds ekeksa vFkok Lrjksa dh rqyuk djukA

v) lEizsrsquokk ekunMksa dk fuekZk djuk rFkk izksx esa ykukA

vi) izfofkd vuqlakku fOslashkvksa esa lgkrk iznku djukA

vii) izpkj dh izfofkksa dks LirsquoV djukA

viii) lEizsrsquokk lkexzh dh iBuhrk dk ifjekiu djukA

ix) ldquokSyh lEcUkh fordquoksrsquokrkvksa dk vUosrsquokk djukA

i) lEizsrsquokdksa ds vfHkizkksa rFkk vU fordquoksrsquokrkvksa dk Kku djukA

ii) Ofaumlksa rFkk lewgksa dh euksoSKkfud fLFkfr dk fukkZjk djukA

iii) izpkj ds vfLrRo dk frac14izkFkfed i ls oSkkfud mIgravesrdquoksa ds fyfrac12 irk yxkukA

iv) jktuhfrd rFkk lSfud lekpkj izkIr djukA

i) tula[k lewgksa dh vfHko`fUgravekksa] vfHkfpksa rFkk ewYksa frac14lkaLd`frd izfrekuksafrac12 dks

ifjofrZr djukA

ii) ku ds dsUnz fcUnq dks LirsquoV djukA

iii) lEizsrsquokk ds vfHkoRkRed rFkk OogkjkRed izRqUgravekjksa dk okZu djukA

izfl) euksfoKkuosUgravekk Mh- lh- eSdDysySM us vUroZLrq forsquoysrdquokkds fofHkUu iksa dk mYys[k

fdk gS] tks fuEufyf[kr gSa amp

vUroZLrq forsquoysrdquokkds bl izdkj ds vUrxZr lkekftd

vUrfOslashZk ds lUnHkZ esa vUroZLrq dks oxhZd`r oa Jskhc) fdk tkrk gSA blds vUrxZr

ykqamplewgksa ds vuqlakkuksa dk foyskk fdk tkrk gSA

blds vUrxZr vUroZLrq dk oxhZdjk rFkk lEizRhdjk] Oogkj

bdkbksa esa mYysf[kr fofHkUu ewYksa ds vuqlkj djus dk izkl fdk tkrk gSA



blds vUrxZr tc forsquokh vfHkizsfjr fLFkfrk sa ds izHkko ds

vkkhu gksrs gsa] rks nUgravek esa tks ifjorZu kfVr gksrs gSa] dks izkIrkad iznku djus dk izkl

fdk tkrk gSA

fordquoksrsquokdj euksoSrdquoysfrsquokd lkexzh ^îzdV vUroZLrq ds ihNs vizdV

vFkZ ^ ds forsquoysrdquokkgsrq bl izfofk dk izksx fdk tkrk gSA

bl izdkj ds vfrfjDr dqN vU lekt oSKkfud vU izdkj ds lkekftd foyskk dh

ppkZ izLrqr djrs gSaA

rdquo



vUrZoLrq forsquoysrdquokkds miksxksa dks fcUnqor fyf[ks vkSj mRrj fy[kus ls igys eq[ ldquokCnksa ij

furdquokku yxkbsaA

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------- ------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------

-------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

vUrZoLrq foyskk ds izdkjksa ds ckjs esa d lafkIr CkSjk rSkj dhftA

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -----------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------



----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------- ----------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -----------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------ ------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

vUroZLrq forsquoysrdquokkoxhZdjk ds fuEufyf[kr vkkkj gksrs gSa amp

blds vUrxZr fdlh ifjoRZ dh mifLFkfr vFkok vuqifLFkfrA

g oxhZdjk fdlh de dh JSkh vFkok mlds Lrj dks crkrk gS] tSls

amp mPp] ee rFkk fuEu LrjA blds vUrxZr rhu vFkok rhu ls vfkd Lrj Hkh gks ldrs

gSaA

bl oxhZdjk ds vUrxZr oxkZUrj esa ifjoRZ foHkkftr gksrs gSaA

blesa ldquokwU Hkh gks ldrk gS rFkk ugha HkhA g ifjoRZ dh izdfr ij fuHkZj djrk gSA

d nh xbZ ifjkstuk ds fy lUrksrsquoktud vUroZLrq foyskk dh ijs[kk ds fuekZk esa

MkfoZu ih- dkVZjkbV us N izeq[k lksikuksa dk mYys[k fdk gS tks fuEufyf[kr gSa amp

rdquo rdquo d foyskk dh ijs[kk dh jpuk djus ds

lanHkZ esa g vkordquod gS fd tks nUgravek vuqlakkudrkZ ds lEiwkZ vuqlakku vfHkdYi ds fy

visfkr gS mldks fordquoksrsquok i ls vius efLrrsquod esa kkjk fds jguk pkfgs rFkk mldk

fofrdquokrsquoV foojk izLrqr djuk pkfgsA

lEiwkZ vuqlakku ds fy vkordquod nUgravekksa dk fofrdquokrsquoV i ls foojk fnk tkuk

pkfgA sls iwkZ fukkZfjr nUgravek forsquoysrdquokkdks d fufrdquopr fnrdquokk iznku djrs gSa rFkk vkordquod

rFksa ds ladyu esa lgkrk iznku djrs gSaA

foyskk ijs[kk dh jpuk djus ds

iwoZ lkadsfrd nUgravekksa ds lkjkhdjk ds fy LirsquoV vkkstu dj ysus ls ckn esa vkus okyh

dfBukbksa dks ifjgkj fdk tk ldrk gSA g fufrdquopr dj ysus ls fd lkadsfrd nUgravekksa dk

kaf=d izfOslashkdjk ds fy dkM+ksZ ij fNfnzr fdk tkuk gS] foyskk izfOslashk esa lgkrk

izkIr gksrh gSA lkjkhdjk gsrq slh kstukvksa ds fuekZk ls lkjkhdjk dh fOslashk vRUr

ljy gks tkrh gSA lkFk gh lkFk oxhZdjk esa Hkh lgkrk izkIr gksrh gSA

bl lksiku Lrj ij ifjoRksZ dh lwph rSkj djuk

vRUr miksxh gksxk ftlds vkkkj ij vUroZLrq dk lkadsrhdjk fdk tkrk gSA fn



vuqlakku esa lkkkRdkjksa dk foyskk djuk gS rks bu ifjoRksa dk izksx u dsoy

mRrjnkrkvksa ds euksoSKkfud laxBu ds ckjs esa izrdquouksa ds mUgravekjksa dh fofHkUu fordquoksrsquokrkvksa dks

oxhZdr djus esa fdk tkxk] izRqr sls rFksa] tSls mldh vkq] oSokfgd ifjfLFkfr rFkk

tuamplkaf[dh vFkok OogkjkRed fordquoksrsquokrkvksa ds oxhZdjk esa Hkh fdk tk ldrk gSA

Jsfkksa dh vusd OoLFkka gSa] ftudk izksx fdlh

fn x ifjoRZ ds lanHkZ esa fdk tk ldrk gSA budk pu vu ds mIgravesrdquo rFkk fds

tkus okys ifjekiksa ds izdkj ij fuHkZj djrk gSA ftl izdkj dh OoLFkk dk pu fdk

tk] forsquoysrdquokkdks ystklZfQYM rFkk ckjVu ds bl oaumlO ^^rkfdZd ldquokq)rk dh viskk^^ dh

iwfrZ djuh pkfgA izRsd ifjoRZ ds vuqi gh Jsfkksa dk fuekZk fdk tkrk gSA Jsfkksa

dh la[k bruh ikZIr gksuh pkfg rkfd rFksa dks muesa lqxerkiwoZd j[kk tk ldsA izRsd

ifjoZR dks i`Fkd Jskh esa j[kk tkuk pkfgA

vUroZLrq

forsquoysrdquokkds vUrxZr rhu izdkj dh bdkbksa amp frac141frac12 vfHkys[k bdkbZ] frac142frac12 lanHkZ bdkbZ rFkk

ifjxku bdkbZ dks lfEefyr fdk tkrk gSA vUroZLrq forsquoysrdquokkdh ijs[kk ds fuekZk esa bl

lksiku ds vUrxZr vu esa izksx dh tkus okyh bdkbksa dh dkZdkjh ifjHkkrsquokk izLrqr

djuh pkfg rkfd fofok lkadsfrd leku lkexzh dk izksx leku ltax ls djus esa lke

rFkk leFkZ gks ldsaA

forsquoysrdquokkijs[kk rFkk bdkbZc) dkZizkkyh dks fodflr dj ysus ds mijkUr] mUgsa izkjfEHkd

i esa vUroZLrq ds lanHkZ esa izqauml djuk pkfg rkfd g LirsquoV i ls Kkr fdk tk lds

fd fdl izdkj ds lardquokkskuksa dh vkordquodrk gSA slk djus ls forsquoysrdquokkdkZ OofLFkr gks

tkrk gSA

csjsYlu ds vuqlkj vUroZLrq foyskk dh ijs[kk ds vUrxZr fuEufyf[kr ckrksa dks

lfEefyr djuk pkfg amp

forsquokampoLrq lEizsrsquokk fdl forsquok esa gS

funsZrdquoku forsquok ds izfr fdk xk crkZo vuqdwy vFkok izfrdwy gS

ekunM og vkkkj k irsquoBHkwfe Dk gS ftl ij funsZrdquoku dk oxhZdjk fdk xk gS

ewY dkSuls mIgravesrdquo LirsquoV vFkok vLirsquoV i ls lkeus vk gS

ltax mIgravesrdquoksa dh izkfIr ds fy fdu ltaxksa vFkok dkksZ dk izksx fdk xk gS

ykk Ofaumlksa dh dkSulh fordquoksrsquokrkiexcl LirsquoV dh xbZ gSa

dUgravekkZ fOslashk dks dkSu vkjEHk djrk gS

vfkdkj fdlds uke esa dFku tkjh fds tkrs gSa

mRifUgravek lEizsrsquokk dh mRifUgravek dk Dk LFkku gS

y lEizsrsquokk fdld izfr fofrdquokrsquoV i ls funsZfrdquokr gS



lEizsrsquokk dk Loi g dFkk] lekpkj] Vsyhfotu bRkfn Dk gS

dFku dk Loi forsquoysrdquokkdh bdkbZ dk OkdjkkRed vFkok okDh Loi Dk gS

rhozrk lEizsrsquokk esaa fdruh ldquokfauml vFkok mUgravekstukRed ewY ikk tkrk gS

qfauml lEizsrsquokk dh lS)kfUrd vFkok izpkjkRed izdfr Dk gS

izRsd ifjoRZ dh Jsfkksa dks Hkjk tkuk pkfgA

lkexzh dks bdkbZc) djus dh dkZ jhfr dh LFkkiuk dh tkuh pkfgA

foyskk ijs[kk oa bdkbZc) djus dh dkZjhfr dks izksx esa ykk tkuk pkfgA

fn vUroZLrq fordquoysrsquokd miqZauml crks xs lksikuksa dk fuiqkrk ls izksx djrk gS] rc mls

mlds vuqlakku mIgravesrdquoksa] vUroZLrq dks miqauml] dkZdqrdquoky lkjkhu rFkk lkaf[dh Oogkj ds

miqauml d forsquoysrdquokkijs[kk cukus dh vkordquodrk gksrh gSA okLro esa bl Lrj ij fuEufyf[kr

lksikuksa ls gksdj xqtjus dk izkl djuk pkfg amp

lkadsrdksa dk pu

lkadsrdksa dk izfrdquokkk

lkadsrhdjk dh fOslashkfofk

bu rFksa dk mYys[k geus vk ^nUgravek izfOslashkdjk^ esa fdk gSA vr gkiexcl budh iqujkofUgravek

djuk vuqiqauml izrhr gksrk Gsa

vUroZLrq foyskk izfofk ds vUrxZr |fi lkekftd kVuk ds xqkkRed rFksa dks oSKkfud rFksa

esa ikUrfjr djus dk vFkd izkl fdk tkrk gS] rFkkfi bl dkZ dks lEikfnr djus esa dqN

Okogkfjd leLkiexcl vojksk mRiUu djrh gS tks fuEufyf[kr gS amp

vUroZLrq foyskk ds vUrxZr xqkkRed nUgravek lkexzh dks oSrsquokfd

nUgravekksa eas ifjofrZr djus dk izkl fdk tkrk gSA ijUrq leLk g gS fd g nUgravek oSrsquokfd

gSa vFkok ugha] bldh tkiexclp fdl vkkkj ij dh tkA okLro esa lkexzh ds ifjorZu djus ds

dqN ekSfyd fl)kar gksus pkfg ftlds vkkkj ij vU Ofauml Hkh bldh tkiexclp dj ldsA

mnkgjkLoi] ekuk fd d vuqlakkudrkZ us d jktuhfrd usrk kjk fns xs Ok[ku

dks nUgravek lkexzh ds i esa ladfyr fdk gS tks fdlh izfrfrsquoBr lekpkjampi= e sa izdkfrdquokr gks pqdk gS vFkok funrdquokZu lkkkRdkj esa mUgravekjnkrkvksa kjk fns xs izRqUgravekjksa dks ladfyr fdk

xk gSA bl foojkkRed lkexzh dks fdl izdkj fordquoysfrsquokr fdk tk fd vU

vuqlakkudrkZ Hkh bldks LorU=rk ls lRkfir dj ldsaA bl leLk ds pkj igyw LirsquoV

i ls nfrsquoVxkspj gksrs gSaamp

rdquo oSrsquokfdrk ds

fy g vkordquod gS fd LirsquoV i ls mu ifjoRZ dk fofrdquokrsquoV foojk izLrqr fdk tk

ftuds lEcUk esa miyCk lkexzh dk okZu fdk tkuk gSA ysfdu dHkhampdHkh fdlh lafkIr

foojk ds ckjs esa ifjoRksa dk fofrdquokrsquoV foojk tks vuqlakkudrkZ izLrqr djrs gSa muesa



vuqirk ugha jgrh gS] vFkok fdlh fofrdquokrsquoV foojk ds ckjs esa ifjoRksa dk foojk izLrqr

djuk dfBu gks tkrk gSA

ifjoRZ ds vuqi Jsfkksa dk fuekZk djuk

vkordquod gksrk gS] ijUrq dHkhampdHkh bl lEcUk esa dfBukbZ vk tkrh gSA vr slh fLFkfr esa

izRsd ifjoRksZa dh izFke Jskh esa j[kus esa vlqfokk izrhr gksrh gS] ijUrq iqujksRiknu ksX

vUroZLrq forsquoysrdquokkds fy g vkordquod gS fd izRsd ifjoRZ ds fy izksx dh tkus okyh

Jsfkksa dk fofrdquokrsquoV foojk izLrqr fdk tkA

fofHkUu fordquoysrsquokdksa kjk fd xs

forsquoysrdquokkesa lgefr izkIr djus ds fy mu fueksa dk LirsquoV mYys[k fdk tkuk pkfg tks

g funsZrdquok nsrs gSa fd lkexzh esa fdu ykkksa ds iks tkus ij bls d fofrdquokrsquoV Jskh esa LFkku

iznku fdk tkA bu fueksa ls lEcfUkr oaumlOksa dks gh Jskh dh ifjpkyukRed ifjHkkrsquokk

ds uke ls lEcksfkr djrs gSaA

ifjpkyukRed ifjHkkrsquokkvksa dk fuekZk djrs le loZizFke izksx esa ykh tkus okyh

forsquoysrdquokkdh bdkbksa dk ukekadu vkordquod gksrk gS ijUrq okLro esa slk ugha gks ikrk gSA

rdquo vRfkd rkfdZd i

ls fufeZr rFkk lS)kafrd i ls lkSUnkZRed forsquoysrdquokkdh kstuk Hkh o Srsquokfd ifjkke iznku

ugha dj ldrh tc rd fd og fordquoysfrsquokr dh tkus okyh lkexzh ds fy miqauml u gksA

vUroZLrq forsquoysrdquokkds vUrxZr vuqHkokRed vUroZLrq ls forsquoysrdquokkijs[kk dk vuqdwyu gksuk

d egRoiwkZ leLk gSA


lkexzh esa ifjofrZr djus dk izkl fdk tkrk gSA ijUrq ifjekku djrs le dbZ izdkj

dh dfBukbkiexcl vkrh gS ftuesa eq[ s gSaamp

izFke egRoiwkZ leLk bdkbksa ds fukkZjk dh gSA okLro

esa ifjekku ds fy bdkbZ dk fukkZjk lEiwkZ vUroZLrq forsquoysrdquokkds mIgravesrdquoksa ds vkkkj ij

fdk tkuk pkfg ijUrq slk djuk d dfBu dkZ gksrk gSA

ifjekku ds lUnHkZ esa frh leLk Jskhdjk dh

OoLFkk gSA okLro esa ifjekku u dsoy ifjxku dh bdkbksa ij gh fuHkZj djrk gS izRqr

Jsfkksa ds vUrxZr Oslashec) lEcUkksa dh mifLFkfr ij Hkh fuHkZj djrk gSA ijUrq Jskhdjk dh

OoLFkk djuk lgt ugha gS] tSlk fd lkkkjkr lkspk tkrk gSA

ifjekku ds lUnHkZ

esa vuqlakkudrkZ dks izrhdkRed xqkkRed lkexzh dks ek=kRed lkexzh esa ifjofrZr djrs

le fofHkUu izdkj ds oSKkfud izLrkoksa dk vuqxeu djuk iM+rk gS] tSls mldk eq[

mIgravesrdquo dkZdkjk lEcUkksa dks Kkr djuk gksrk gSA ijUrq xqkkRed lkexzh dk dkZ dkjk

lEcUk Kkr djus esa vusd dfBukbkiexcl vkrh gSA

vuqlakku esa vUroZLrq forsquoysrdquokkdh izeq[krk ds lUnHkZ esa d xaHkhj

vkykspuk g dh tk ldrh gS fd blds kjk izkIr ^^miyfCkksa^^ ds fl)kUr vFkok izksx

gsrq dksbZ LirsquoV lkFkZdrk ugha gSA bl ks= esa gq dkksZ dk flagkoyksdu djus ij d Ofauml

bl rF ls izHkkfor gks ldrk gS fd vfkdkardquok vu ifjrdquokq) xku vkdrsquokZk kjk funsZfrdquokr fds xs gSaA MkfoZu ih0 dkVZjkbV us mfpr gh fy[kk gS amp ^^nqHkkZXordquok vUroZLrq izksx



forsquoysrdquokkds fy fl)kUr vFkok izksx ds lUnHkZ esa fcuk fdlh ljkguh ksxnku ds

miZDr ifjxku dh oSrsquokfdrk rFkk ifjekiu dh vkordquodrkvksa dh iwfrZ djuk lEHko gSA^^

fl)kUrr vUroZLrq forsquoysrdquokkvius ifjkkeksa vFkok miyfCkksa

dks okLrfod i esa fordquoysfrsquokr lkexzh rd gh lhfer djus e sa fp ugha ysrk gSA og vius

forsquoysrdquokkifjkke dks nUgravekksa ds lkekU lexz ij lkekUhdr djrk gSA ijUrq d nUgravekksa ds

lhfer lewg ds vu ifjkkeksa rFkk miyfCkksa dks vfkd lexz ij ykxw o lkekUhdr

djuk rdZlaxr rc rd ugha gksxk tc rd fufrdquopr fLFkfrksa dh iwfrZ u dh tk rFkk

fufrdquopr dkZ izkkfyksa dk vuqxeu u fdk tkA ijUrq lkoZHkkSfed izLrkoksa dh LFkkiuk

rHkh oSk ekuh tksxh tcfd s izLrko lexz ds okLrfod izfrfufkRoiwkZ funrdquokZu ij

voyfEcr gksaA fn s izLrko izfrfufkRoiwkZ funrdquokZu ds vkkkj ij LFkkfir ugha fd x rks

s lkoZHkkSfed i ls lkekUhd`r ugha fd tksaxsA vUroZLrq forsquoysrdquokkds vUrxZr

izfrfufkRoiwkZ funrdquokZu dk pu djuk d eq[ leLk gSA

rdquo vUroZLrq foyskkkRed vu ds lEcUk esa d eq[

leLk fordquooluhrk dh Hkh gSA vUroZLrq forsquoysrdquokkds vUrxZr pwiexclfd xqkkRed nUgravek lkexzh dks

ek=kRed nUgravek lkexzh esa ifjofrZr fdk tkrk gS ijUrq g nUgravek lkexzh fordquooluh gS vFkok

ugha bldh tkiexclp dk vkkkj Dk gS bldk leqfpr oa rdZlaxr mUgravekj vUroZLrq

fordquoysrsquokd ugha ikrk gSA

vUroZLrq foyskk dh miqZDr leLkvksa ds ckotwn Hkh g dgus esa dksbZ ladksp ugha gksuk

pkfg fd xqkkRed lkexzh ds foyskk ds lUnHkZ esa vUroZLrq foyskk vRUr miksxh gSA blds

eke ls gesa fdlh Jskh fordquoksrsquok dks iznku fd x fofrdquokrsquoV vFkZ dk Kku gks ldrk gS rFkk fofHkUu

izdkj dh ubZ vUrnZfrsquoVkiexcl izkIr gks ldrh gSA ubZ vUrnZfrsquoVksa ds lUnHkZ esa eVZu us fy[kk gSamp

^^lkkkRdkj dk forsquoysrdquokklqjkx iznku djrk gS^^ rFkk csVsyfge rFkk tSuksfop us g mn~xkj ODr

fdk gS fd lkkkRdkj vfHkys[kksa dh ijhkk vfHkfpiwkZ izkdYiukvk sa dks lqgtkrh gS tks vkafrdquokd i

ls g LirsquoV dj ldrh gS fd dqN OfDr lkekU izpfyr izfrekuksa ls Dksa fopfyr gksrs gSaA

rdquo

bl bdkbZ esa izLrqr fds rFksa ds vkkkj ij vki yksx VsDpqvy] ehfMk oa vUroZLrq forsquoysrdquokkds

ckjs esa tkudkjh izkIr dj fys gksxsaA okLro esa VsDpqvy forsquoysrdquokkdks ge vkt ds le ds ifjizs

esa ns[ks rks gesa Kkr gksxk fd g forsquoysrdquokkHkkrsquokk] gkoampHkko] izrhdksa oa ifjfLFkfrksa dk okLrfod

fuik djus ij tksj nsrk gSA slk blfys Dksafd OfDr tc fdlh izrdquou dk mRrj nsrk gS rks

ml le mlds psgjs dh izfrfdzk mlds kjk fns xs mRrj dh izfriqfrsquoV dj nsrh gSA dHkhampdHkh

ge dksbZ n`rdquo ns[krs gSa rks mlds lkFk fdlh izdkj dh Hkkrsquokk ugha fy[kh jgrh gS fQj Hkh ge ml

n`rdquo dk okLrfod vFkZ fudkyus dk izkl djrs gSa oa mldk vius Hkkrsquokk esa okZu Hkh djus esa

leFkZ gksrs gSaA mlh izdkj vkt ds le esa ehfMk forsquoysrdquokkTpyar eqn~ nksa ds ckjs esa gesa Kku iznku

djrk gSA

izLrqr bdkbZ esa vUroZLrq forsquoysrdquokkds ckjs esa foLrr CkSjk izLrqr fdk xk ftlesa vUroZLrq

forsquoysrdquokkdh ifjHkkrsquokk izLrqr dh xb Z gSA okLro esa vUroZLrq forsquoysrdquokklEizsrsquokk ds izdV vUroZLrq ds

oSrsquokfd] OofLFkr rFkk xqkkRed okZu ds fy vuqlakku dh izofk gSA izLrqr bdkbZ esa vUroZLrq dh

fordquoksrsquokrka] mIgravesrdquo] miksx] izdkj rFkk leLkvksa ds ckjs esa c`gn ppkZ dh xbZ gSA



vkrdquokk gh ugha vfirq iwkZ fordquookl gS fd izLrqr bdkbZ ds kjk izLrqr fds xs Kku vki ds kjk

fds tkus okys vuqlakkuksa esa vRfkd egRoiwkZ lkfcr gksaxsA

ldquokCnkoyh

foyskk ampVsDpqvy foyskk og foyskk gS ftlds eke ls ge okLrfod ifjfLFkksa

ds ckjs Kku izkIr djus dk izkl djrs gSaA og ifjfLFkfrkWa izrhdksa] HkkoampHkafxekvksa] izRk k

vizRk fdlh Hkh Ik esa gksaA

foyskk fdlh Hkh eqn~ns dks fdl izdkj ls j[kuk gS rFkk mldks lekt ds lkeus fdl

izdkj izLrqr djuk gS ftlls Tknk ls Tknk ehfMk dojst izkIr gks] ehfMk foyskk dgykrk

gSA

foyskk vUroZLrq foyskk dk okLro esa LokHkkfod i ls vfHkysf[kr dh xbZ

xqkkRed lkexzh ds i ds fdk tkrk gSA g lkexzh ds ek=kfReddjk k ifjekku gsrq foLrr

izfofkksa dk fodkl djrk gSA

vuqlakku kjk mRiUu lkexzh ds foyskk ds lEcUk izqDr fdk tkrk gSA

d lektrdquokkL=h Fks ftUgksusa ldquokkfCnd lkexzh ds vUroZLrq foyskk ds 16 miksxksa dh

d lwph izLrqr dhA

rdquo7- lgh

8- lgh

9- lgh

10- lgh

11- lgh

12- lgh

flag] MkW- l-Mh-] oSKkfud lkekftd vuqlakku oa losZkk ds ewy rRo] dey izdkrdquoku] bUnkSj] ist

471amp482] orsquokZ 1995-

eq[kthZ] vkj-u-] lkekftd vuqlakku rFkk lkaf[dhA

eSfyuksoLdh] dYpj] bu nh bulkbDyksihfMk vkWWQ lksrdquoky lkbalstA

xksy] MkW0 lquhy oa xksy] laxhrk] îzkjfEHkd lkekftd vuqlakku] vkj0 ch0 l0 0 ifCyrdquoklZ] tiqj]

orsquokZ 2005] ist la0 54amp61A

1- Between A Rock and a Hard Place An Analysis of Low-Wages Workers in the Media 2- wwwgooglecoin

Learning material of Master of Social Work of Indira Gandhi National Open University

zrdquo

VsDpqvy foyskk ds ckjs esa izdkrdquok MkfysA

ehfMk foyskk ij d fucak fyf[ksa

vUroZLrq foyskk dh vokkjkk ds ckjs esa fyf[kA

vUroZLrq foyskk dh fordquoksrsquokrka dkSuampdkSu lh gS

vUroZLrq foyskk ds oxhZdjk ds vkkkj dkSuampdkSu ls gS

vUroZLrq foyskk ds izdkjksa ds ckjs esa fyf[k

vUroZLrq foyskk dh ijs[kk dk fuekZk dSls fdk tkrk gS



Evaluative Action amp Participatory Research


9-2 ewYkadukRed vuqlakku dk vFkZ oa ifjHkkrsquokk

9-2-1 ewYkadukRed vuqlakku dh izfofkka

9-2-2 ewYkadukRed vuqlakku dh leLksa

9-3 fdzkRed vuqlakku dk vFkZ oa ifjHkkrsquoksa

9-3-1 fdzkRed vuqlakku dh fordquoksrsquokrkWa

9-3-2 fdzkRed vuqlakku ds mn~nsrdquo

9-3-3 fdzkRed vuqlakku ds izdkj

9-3-4 fdzkRed vuqlakku ds fofHkUu lksiku

9-3-5 fdzkRed vuqlakku dk egRo o xqk

9-4 lgHkkxh vuqlakku dh vokkjkk

9-4-1 lgHkkxkh vuqlakku oa izRk vuqlakku

9-4-2 lgHkkxh vuqlakku rduhd ds xqk

9-4-3 lgHkkxh vuqlakku ds nksrsquok

9-4-4 lgHkkxh vuqlakku ds izdkj

9-5 lkjkardquok

9-6 ldquokCnkoyh





mn~nsrdquo


7- ewYkadukRed vuqlakku dk vFkZ oa ifjHkkrsquokk dh tkudkjh izkIr dj ldsxasA



8- ewYkadukRed vuqlakku dh izfofkkas ds ckjs esa ppkZ izLrqr dj ldsxsaA

9- ewYkadukRed vuqlakku dh leLkvksa dks tku ldsxasA

10- fdzkRed vuqlakku dk vFkZ oa ifjHkkrsquokkvksa ij izdkrdquok Mky ldsxsaA

11- fdzkRed vuqlakku dh fordquoksrsquokrkvksa ds ckjs esa fy[k ldsxsaA

12- fdzkRed vuqlakku ds mn~nsrdquoksa ij izdkrdquok Mky ldsxsaA

13- fdzkRed vuqlakku ds izdkjksa dk okZu dj ldsxsaA

14- fdzkRed vuqlakku ds fofHkUu lksikuksa dk o`gn vu dj ldsxsaA

15- fdzkRed vuqlakku ds egRo o xqkksa dh Ok[k dj ldsxsaA

16- lgHkkxh vuqlakku dh vokkjkk ds ckjs esa tkudkjh izkIr dj ldsxsaaaA

17- lgHkkxkh vuqlakku oa izRk vuqlakku ds chp vUrj LirsquoV dj ldsxsaA

18- lgHkkxh vuqlakku rduhd ds xqkksa dh Ok[k dj iksaxasA

19- lgHkkxh vuqlakku ds nksrsquokksa ij izdkrdquok Mky ldsxasA

20- lgHkkxh vuqlakku ds izdkjksa dk okZu dj ldsxasA

fiz fo|kfFkZksa izLrqr bdkbZ vki yksxksa ds lkeus izLrqr gS] tks vki yksxksa dks ewYkadukRed]

fdzkRed oa lgHkkxh vuqlakku ds ckjs esa tkudkjh iznku djsxhA okLro esa tc dksbZ vuqlakku

drkZ kstuk dkZdzeksa dk ewYkadu djuk pkgrk gS rks og ewYkadukRed vuqlakku dk izksx dj

dkZdzeksa dk ewYkadu djrk gSA blh bdkbZ esa fdzk vuqlakku ds ckjs esa Hkh okZu izLrqr fdk xk

gSA okLro esa fdzkRed k fdzk vuqlakku og gS tks fdlh leLk k kVuk ds fdzkRed ik dh

vksj viuk ku dsfUnzr djrk gS] lkFk gh vuqlakku esa izkIr fursquodrsquokksa Z dks lkekftd ifjorZu ds

lEcUk esa Hkforsquo dh kstukvksa ls lEcfUkr djrk gSA bdkbZ ds var esa lgHkkxh vuqlakku ds ckjs esa

Hkh ppkZ izLrqr dh xbZ gS ftlesa crkk xk gS fd lgHkkxkh vuqlakku rduhd esa d ekuordquokkL=h

dks mu yksxksa ds chp tkdj lkekftd lnL ds Ik esa jguk iM+rk gS ftudk og vu djuk

pkgrk gSA d ekuordquokkL=h dks lgHkkxkh vuqlakku ds izksx gsrq lEcUk LFkkiu dk lgkjk ysuk

iM+rk gSA og vu lewg ds chp tkdj fuokl LFkku dh [kkst djrk gSA

okLro esa Kku izkfIr ds mikxe ds vkkkj ij lkekftd vuqlakku dk rhljk izdkj ewYkadukRed

vuqlakku gSA izfl) lektrdquokkL=h vxLr dkWEVs dk dguk Fkk fd lekt dk fodkl Lor gksrk gS

vkSj var esa lekt slh voLFkk esa igqWap tkrk gS tgkWa fodkl dh izfdzk ekuo kjk fuaf=r]

funsZfrdquokr oa lapkfyr gksrh gSA ekuo vius kstuk dkZdzekssa dk ewYkadu djuk pkgrk gSA ekuo ds

bl mn~nsrdquo dh iwfrZ ewYkadukRed vuqlakku djrk gSA bl izdkj vki yksx izLrqr bdkbZ dks ilt+us

ds ckn ewYkadukRed] fdzkRed rFkk lgHkkxh vuqlakku ds ckjs esa o`gn tkudkjh izkIr dj ldsxsa

rFkk fofHkUu izdkj ds ldquokkskksa esa budk mfpr Ik ls izksx dj ldsxsaA

ewYkadukRed vuqlakku ml vuqlakku dks dgk tkrk gS ftlds kjk lekt esa OkIr xqkkRed

izd`fr ds rFksa oa izofrksa ds vu oa mlds forsquoysrdquokkds lkFk gh lkFk mudh miksfxrk dks Hkh

ewYkafdr fdk tkrk gSA bl izdkj dk vuqlakku LokHkkfod lkekftd ifjorZuksa oa fuksftr

lkekftd ifjorZuksa bu nksuksa ds gh LoIk dks legtus ds fy miksxh gSA fofHkUu ljdkjsa vius



fofHkUu laxBuksa ds kjk vusd rjg ds dkZdzeksas dks ykxw djrh gSaA sls dkZdzeksa dh lQyrk oa

izxfr dks tkuuk vkordquod izrhr gksrk gSA bl vkordquodrk dh iwfrZ ewYkadukRed vuqlakku ds kjk

dh tkrh gSA

ewYkadukRed vuqlakku dks fofHkUu fokuksa us ifjHkkfrsquokr fdk gS tks vxzfyf[kr gSaamp

ewYkadukRed vuqlakku dks ifjHkkfrsquokr djrs gq fofyelu] dkiZ oa MkyfQu us ^nh fjlpZ dzkQ~V

esa fy[kk gS] ^^ ewYkadukRed vuqlakku okLrfod lalkj esa lEikfnr dh xbZ slh xosrsquokkk gS ftlds

kjk g ewYkadu fdk tkrk gS fd OfDrksa ds fdlh fofrdquokrsquoV lewg ds thou esa lqkkj esa lqkkj

ykus ds fy tks dkZdze cukk xk] og vius yksa dks izkIr djus esa dgkWa rd lQy jgkA^^

g ifjHkkrsquokk LirsquoV Ik ls bafxr djrh gS fd bl vuqlakku ds kjk dkZdzeksa ds yksa oa

miyfCkksa dk vu fdk tkrk gSA lkFk gh g varj Hkh ekywe fdk tkrk gS fd y oa

miyfCkksa esa fdruk varj jgk oa varj ds Dk dkjk jgsA

Ekunhe us ewYkadukRed vuqlakku dks ifjHkkfrsquokr djrs gq fy[kk gS]^^ ewYkadukRed ldquokksk bl izdkj

dh ldquokksk gsrq izksx fdk xk d lkekU in gS] tks OfDrxr dkZdze ds mn~nsrdquoksa ds lanHkZ esa

lkekftd dkZdzeksa ds izHkkoksa ds ewYkadu gsrq dh tkrh gSA^^

ewYkadukRed vuqlakku gsrq OfDrxr Lrj ij xqkkRed rFksa dk ewYkadu djus ds fy vuqekiu

dh vusd ekiu izfofkka fukkZfjr dh xbZ gSa tks izeq[k Ik ls vn`rdquo lkekftd rFksa dks

lektferh ks= esa ewYkafdr djrh gSaA lkekftd ifjorZuksa oa lqkkjkRed dkZdzeksa dh lQyrk

ds ekiu ds fy cM+s Lrj ij vuqlakku pyk tkrs gSaA blesa vuqlakku ds ewYkadu dh

fuEufyf[kr izfdzksa viukh tkrh gSaamp

1- loZ izFke lexz ds vkdkj dks ku esa j[krs gq funrdquokZu dk pu fdk tkrk gSA

2- funrdquokZu ds pu ds ckn lacafkr bdkbksa ls lkkkRdkj] fujhkk oa voyksdu ds kjk

lEidZ LFkkfir fdk tkrk gSA

3- ewYkadukRed vuqlakku izfofk esa ewYkadu vuqlwph dk Hkh izksx fdk tkrk gSA bl ckr

dh iqfrsquoV ih0 oh0 ax us Hkh dh gSA mUgksaus bl lanHkZ esa vesfjdk ds tuLokLF laxBu dh

ewYkadukRed vuqlwph dk mYys[k fdk gSA

4- bl izfofk essa vuqekiampewYksa dk Hkh izksx fdk tkrk gSA ewYkadukRed vuqlakku esa

ekiampewYksas dk fukkZjk djds gh ewYkadu fdk tkrk gSA

ewYkadukRed vuqlakku dh dqN leLksa Hkh gSa tks vxzfyf[kr gSaamp

1- ewYkadukRed vuqlakku dh igyh leLk g gS fd dkZdze dh ifjorZurdquokhy izd`fr ds

dkjk ewYkadu djus esa fufrdquoprrk ugha vk ikrh gSA



2- ewYkadukRed vuqlakku dh nwljh leLk g gS fd vuqlakku kjk ifjkkeksa dk ewYkadu

fdk tkrk gS ysfdu dkZdze dh laxBukRed lajpuk dk ifjkkeksa ij tks izHkko iM+rk gS

muesa leLksa mRiUu gks tkrh gSaA

ewYkadukRed vuqlakku dh rhljh leLk g gS fd dkZdze dks lapkfyr djus okys rFkk

ewYkadudrkZvksa esa lacakksa dh leLk [kM+h gks tkrh gSA

rdquo




ewYkadukRed vuqlakku dh d izfofk gSA

Kku izkfIr ds mikxe ds vkkkj ij lkekftd vuqlakku dk rhljk izdkj

ewYkadukRed vuqlakku gSA

ewYkadukRed vuqlakku izfofk esa ewYkadu vuqlwph dk Hkh izksx fdk

tkrk gSA

ewYkadukRed vuqlakku izfofk essa vuqekiampewYksa dk izksx ugha fdk

tkrk gSA

ewYkadukRed vuqlakku izfofk esa dkZdze dh ifjorZurdquokhy izd`fr ds


lektrdquokkL=h vxLr dkWEVs dk dguk Fkk fd lekt dk fodkl Lor gksrk

gS

rdquo

ewYkadukRed vuqlakku dh izfofkkasa ds ckjs esa d lafkIr CkSjk rSkj dhftA

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------ ------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------- --------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

lgh xyr



----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------ ------------

------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------

zrdquo



ewYkadukRed vuqlakku dh leLk sa fyf[ks vkSj mRrj fy[kus ls igys eq[ ldquokCnksa ij furdquokku

yxkbsaA

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------- --------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------- ------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------

-------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

rdquo

vxzfyf[kr izrdquouksa ds mRrj nhft rFkk vius mRrj dk feyku fns ikB~ lkexzh ls dhftA mRrj

fy[kus ds fys fns xs LFkku dk izksx dhftA

1- ewYkadukRed vuqlakku ls vki Dk legtrs gS

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------ --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------



-------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------

2- ewYkadukRed vuqlakku dh leLkvksa dk lafkIr okZu dhftA

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------- ----------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------ --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------

fdzkRed vuqlakku dk lw=ikr vesfjdk esa gqvk gSA bl us vuqlakku dk vkUnksyu vkt ls

yxHkx pkj nrdquokd iwoZ izkjEHk gqvkA bl vkUnksyu dks xfr iznku djus esa VhplZ dkyst dksyfEck

fordquoofo|ky ds gksjsleu fyadu bULVhV~wV vkWQ Ldwy DlisfjesUVsrdquoku dk ksxnku izrdquoklauh gSA

vkUnksyu dk usrRo ogha ds LVsQu e0 dksjh us fdkA vc fdzkRed vuqlakku dk izksx gekjs

nsrdquok esa Hkh vRfkd ek=k esa gksus yxk gSA lkekftd leLkvksa ds visfkr lekkku ds fys

fdzkRed vuqlakku d veksk vL= gSA

Hkkjr tSls fodklrdquokhy nsrdquok esa tgkWa ekuoh thou ds fofok ks=ksa esa izxfr ds fys vusd izdkj ds

uohu izksx fds tk jgs gSa] fdzk vuqlakku egRoiwkZ gS] Dksafd vFkZ OoLFkk ds vUrxZr fdzk

vuqlakku lkekftd rFkk vkfFkZd fodkl ds fys ikbyV izksxksa ds eke ls uohu fopkj ds izksx

ds fy mTToy laHkkouk mifLFkr djrk gSA fdzk vuqlakku ds eke ls ksf= leLkvksa dk

leqfpr Ik ls pquko fdk tk ldrk gS] foLrr Lrj ij lQy fopkjksa oa dkZdzeksa dks yksdfiz

cukus ds fy vkordquod lt+axksa oa izfofkksa dk fodkl fdk tk ldrk gS rFkk blds ekxZ esa vkus

okyh fofHkUu leLkvkssa dk fujkdjk fdk tk ldrk gSA fodkl dh xfr dks rhoz cukus gsrq

fofHkUu ks=ksa esa viwkZ vkordquodrkvksa dh izHkkoiwkZ iwfrZ rFkk bl iwfrZ ds ekxZ esa vkus okyh leLkvksa



ds lekkku ds fys igys ls pys vk jgs dkZdzeksa esa vkordquod lardquokksku djus rFkk us dkZdzeksa dks

pykus ds leqfpr volj fdzk vuqlakku kjk iznku fds tkrs gSaA

okLro esa fdzk vuqlakku dk fodkl orZeku ldquokrkCnh ds e esa gqvk gSA fdzkRed k fdzk

vuqlakku og gS tks fdlh leLk k kVuk ds fdzkRed ik dh vksj viuk ku dsfUnzr djrk gS]

lkFk gh vuqlakku esa izkIr fursquodrsquokksaZ dks lkekftd ifjorZu ds lEcUk esa Hkforsquo dh kstukvksa ls

lEcfUkr djrk gSA us fy[kk gS] ^^ fdzkRed vuqlakku ml dkZdze dk Hkkx gksrk

gS] ftldk mn~nsrdquo lekt esa fo|eku ifjfLFkfrksa esa ifjorZu ykuk gS] pkgs os xUnh cfLrksa dh

nrdquokkW gksa k iztkrh ruko rFkk ikikr gks k d laxBu dh izHkkordquokhyrk gksA^^

xUnh cfLrksa ds ckjs esa fdzkRed vuqlakku ds miksx ij us cgqr vPNk izdkrdquok

Mkyk gSA buds vuqlkj xUnh cfLrksa esa rFksa dk ladyu djuk] mudh izekfkdrk dh tkWp djuk

vkSj bu xUnh cfLrksa esa lqkkj ds fys kstuk izLrqr djuk fdzkRed vuqlakku dk mnkgjk gSA

lkekftd thou esa OkIr fdlh Hkh leLk dk vu djds ml leLk ls izkIr fursquodrsquokksa Z dks

fdzkRed LoIk iznku djuk gh fdzkRed vuqlakku dgykrk gSA

fdzkRed vuqlakku djrs le vxzfyf[kr foUnqvksa ij ku nsuk pkfgamp

1- vu ds nkSjku lkekftd leLk k kVuk ds fdzkRed ik dh vksj ku nsukA

2- leLk k kVuk ds lEcUk esa KkuA

3- lgksx izkIr djuk] rFkk

4- izfrosnu dks dne gh vfUre Ik u iznku djukA

fdzkRed vuqlakku dh ifjHkkrsquokk us vxzfyf[kr nh gSA muds vuqlkj]

^^d vudrkZ vius fukZksa rFkk fdzkvksa ds fnrdquokk fukkZjk djus] mUgsa lgh cukus vFkok

mudk ewYkadu djus ds fys ftl izfdzk ds kjk viuh leLkvksa dk oSKkfud Ik ls

vu djrk gS] mlh dks fdzkRed vuqlakku dgk tkrk gSA^^

ds ldquokCnksa esaamp^îzk fdzkRed vuqlakku dk lEcUk lkekftd ifjorZu]

OfDrksa vFkok d ykq lkekftd lewg ds mipkj ls gksrk gS vFkok bldk mn~nsrdquo d

laxBu dh dqrdquokyrk dh of++) gksrk gSA^^

^^ fdzkRed vuqlakku laxfBr [kkstiwkZ fdzk gS ftldk

mn~nsrdquo OfDr vFkok lewg dh fdzkvksa esa ifjorZu rFkk fodkl djus ds fy vu

djuk jpukRed lqgtko izLrqr djuk gSA^^

miZqDr ifjHkkrsquokkvksa ds vkyksd esa g dgk tk ldrk gS fd fdzkRed vuqlakku ls rkRiZ

ml izfdzk ls gS ftlds kjk fdlh Okolkfd ks= esa dkZjr OfDr Loa dh leLkvksa

dk oSKkfud i)fr ls vu djrs gSa rkfd os vius fdzkdykiksa oa fukZksa dk ewYkadu

dj ldsa oa muesa lqkkj yk ldsaA fdzkRed vuqlakku dk lcls egRoiwkZ ykk gS] ks= esa

dkZ djus okys OfDrksa kjk vuqlakkuA blesa ekUrk g gS fd vuqlakku dsoy

fordquoofo|kyksa oa egkfo|kyksa esa fLFkr izkkidksa vFkok vuqlakkudrkZvksa dk lokZfkdkj

ugha gks ldrkA ks= esa dkZ djus okyk izRsd dkZdrkZ viuh leLkvksa dks igpku dj

mUgsa oSKkfud fofk ls gy dj ldrk gS vFkok g dgk tk ldrk gS fd ks= esa dkZ djus



okys dkZdrkZ kjk viuh leLk dk [kkstk gqvk gy nwj fLFkr fdlh mPp dksfV ds

vuqlakkudrkZ kjk lqgtks xs gy dh viskk vfkd miksxkh fl) gksxkA

bl izdkj ge dg ldrs gSa fd fdzkRed vuqlakku dk lEcUk lkekftd vuqlakku vu

ds fursquodrsquokksaZ dks fdzkRed Ik nsus dh fdlh rkRdkfyd k Hkkoh kstuk ls gksrk gSA

fordquoksrsquokrkW

fdzkRed vuqlakku dh fordquoksrsquokrkWaa fuEuor gSaamp

fdzkRed vuqlakku ks=h ifjfLFkfrksa esa lapkfyr fdk tkrk gSA

fdzkRed vuqlakku dh izd`fr miksfxrkoknh gksrh gSA

fdzkRed vuqlakku ds vurxZr ekSfyd Kku kjk miyCk fds xs lRksa ds

miksx ds fys vkordquod lt+axkas oa izfofkksa dk fodkl fdk tkrk gS rFkk

Okogkfjd vuqlakku kjk izLrqr fds xs fofHkUu lekkkuksa dks lkeqnkfd

ifjfLFkfrksa dh fofrdquokrsquoV vkordquodrkvksa ds vuqlkj lardquokksfkr oa ifjofrZr djrs gq

bUgsa leqnk kjk Lohd`r djkus dk izkl fdk tkrk gSA

fdzkRed vuqlakku ikbyV ifjkstukvksa dks dqN pqus gq ks=ksa esa pykrs gq

lEikfnr fdk tkrk gSA

fdzkRed vuqlakku ikbyV ifjkstukvksa ls izkIr vuqHkoksa ds vkkkj ij bu

ifjkstukvksa dks vfkd foLrr ks= esa ykxw djuk rFkk vafre Ik ls lEiwkZ ekuo

lekt dks blls ykHkkfUor djkuk gksrk gSA

fdzkRed vuqlakku dk lacak izRk Ik ls rkRdkfyd leLkvksa ls lacafkr jgrk

gSA blesa leLkvksa dk lekkku djus ds fy oSKkfud izRu fds tkrs gSaA

fdzkRed vuqlakku ds vUrxZr leLkvksa dk oSKkfud i)fr ds vkkkj ij vu

fdk tkrk gSA

fdzkRed vuqlakku ds vUrxZr Okolkfd dkZdrkZ viuh leLkvksa dks igpku

dj mudk oSKkfud gy lekkku [kkstrs gSaA bl i)fr dks vkRe forsquoysrdquokkdh i)fr

Hkh dgk tkrk gSA

fdzkRed vuqlakku ds vUrxZr OfDr k lewg dh fdzkvksa esa ifjorZu rFkk fodkl

djus ds fy vu fdk tkrk gSA

rdquo

fdzkRed vuqlakku dh izd`fr ds vkkkj ij blds fuEukafdr mn~nsrdquo gks ldrs gSaamp

1- fdzkRed vuqlakku ifjorZu dks fuksftr djrk gSA

2- fdzkRed vuqlakku Okfkdh ifjfLFkfrksa dks fuaf=r djrk gSA

3- fdzkRed vuqlakku lqkkj oa dYkk dks vkxs clt+krk gSA



fdzkRed vuqlakku ds izeq[k izdkj fuEufyf[kr gSaamp

1- amp blds vUrxZr vfkdkardquokr lewg vFkok leqnk ds

rukoksa ij cy fnk tkrk gS rFkk g izkl fdk tkrk gS fd ruko fdl izdkj

lekIr fds tk ldrs gSaA

2- fdzkRed vuqlakku ds bl izdkj ds vUrxZr

vuqlakku dkZ vuqlakkudrkZvksa] dkZdrkZvksa o vuqlakku fordquoksrsquokKksa ds lgksx ls fdk

tkrk gSA

3- blds vUrxZr OfDrksa o lewgksa ds fnu izfrfnu

dh dfBukbksa ds vuqHkoksa ds vkkkj ij vuqlakku dkZ lEikfnr fdk tkrk gS]

leLkvksa dks fukkZfjr fdk tkrk gS rFkk lekkkuksa dh [kkst dh tkrh gSA

4- blds vUrxZr izksxkRed fofkksa dk izksx fdk

tkrk gSA

rdquo

fdzkRed vuqlakku dh fordquoksrsquokrkvksa ds ckjs esa d lafkIr CkSjk rSkj dhftA

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -----------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------ -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------

-------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ---------------------

rdquo



1- fdzkRed vuqlakku ds izdkjksa dk okZu dhftA

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------



vuqlakku dk dkZ izkjEHk djus ls iwoZ mn~nsrdquoksa oa yksa dk LirsquoV Ik ls fofrdquokrsquoV foojk

izLrqr fdk tkrk gS ftlls fdzkRed vuqlakku esa Hkkx ysus okys vuqlakkudrkZ bu

mn~nsrdquokas dks vius lkeus fujUrj j[krs gq ks= esa viuk ldquokksk dkZ djus esa leFkZ gks ldsaaA

mn~nsrdquoksa dh LirsquoV ifjHkkrsquokk ds ckn fdzkRed vuqlakku ds nkSjku viuk tkus okys fofHkUu

pjk fuEu gSaamp

fdlh Hkh izdkj dk fdzkRed vuqlakku ifjkstuk ldquokq dju

ls igys g viordquod gS fd ifjkstuk ls lEcafkr lHkh vkordquod oa lkFkZd lwpuk

dks df=r dj fyk tksA lwpuk ds d=hdjk ds ckn LFkkuh ifjfLFkfrksa dh

fofrdquokrsquoVrk dks legtus ds fys vkordquod gksrk gS fd lkeqnkfd ifjfLFkfr dk losZkk

fdk tkA bl losZkk esa leqnk ds OfDrksa dh vkfFkZd fLFkfr] lkaLd`frd lkkuksa]

izkfofkd Kku] yksaxksa dh laxzgkrdquokhyrk] lkeqnkfd lfefrksa] laxBuksa oa laLFkkvksa]

yksaxksa ds fopkjksa] euksofrksa] fordquooklksa oa fdzkvksa] leqnk dh ldquokfDr dh LFkkiuk] usrRo

oa xqVcanh] lapkj ds fofHkUu lkkuksa oa izfrekuksa vkfn dk losZkk fdk tkrk gSA

vkkkj js[kk losZkk fdzkRed vuqlakku dks lapkfyr djus okyh laLFkk dks bl izdkj

dh ekSfyd lkexzh iznku djrk gS tks vkjfEHkd fLFkfr esa fds xs bl losZkk rFkk

ikbyV ifjkstuk ds ks= esa dqN fnuksa rd fdzkrdquokhy jgus ds ckn gq ifjorZuksa ds

rqyukRed ewYkadu esa lgkrk nsrh gSA vkkkj js[kk losZkk g lwpuk iznku djrs gS

fd og ks=h ifjfLFkfr ftlesa ikbyV ifjkstuk dks pykus dk fopkj gS] blds

lapkyu ds fys vkordquod vkordquodrkvksa dh iwfrZ djrh gS k ughaA

ifjkstuk ds lapkyu ds fy

vkordquod lkekU lwpuk oa ifjfLFkfr lacafkr rFksa dks df=r djus ds ckn fdzk dh

d kstuk rSkj dh tkrkh gS vkSj blds fuekZk ds ckn izfrdquokfkr deZpkfjksa dks

lsoksftr dj mudh fordquoksrsquokK lsokvksa dh lgkrk ls ifjkstuk dks ldquokq fdk tkrk gSA

xqkkRed oa ifjekkkRed

nfrsquoVdkskksa ls fdzkRed vuqlakku ifjkstuk dh bfPNr fnrdquokk esa esa izxfr ds ewYkadu

ds fy leample ij vkordquod vkadM+ksa dh lgkrk ls ewYkadu dkZ fdk tkrk gSA

ewYkadu gesa g crkrk gS fd ftu yksa dh izkfIr gsrq g ifjkstuk pykbZ xbZ Fkh

mudh iwfrZ gks jgh gs k ughaA

rdquo rdquo ewYkadu ls izkIr

ifjkkeksa ds vkkkj ij ekSfyd ifjkstuk esa vkordquod lardquokksku oa ifjorZu fds tkrs gSa

vkSj bl izdkj bls iqu orZeku lkeqnkfd ifjfLFkfrksa esa sfPNd mn~nsrdquoksa dh izkfIr

dh nfrsquoV ls leaftr fdk tkrk gSA

5 ifjkstuk dk ewYkadu IkkZIr le ds ckn fdk

tkuk pkfgA g ewYkadu ifjkstuk ds ks= esa pyrs jgus ds irdquopkr~ bldk dzec)

ewYkadu izkIr fds xs ifjkkeksa oa OfDrksa ij blds kjk Mkys xs izHkkoksa dks

ku esa j[krs gq fdk tkrk gSA OfDrksa dh laxzgkrdquokhyrk] mudks izkIr gksus okys

ykHk rFkk OfDrksa ds ifjkstuk esa lfEeyu dk irk yxk tkrk gSA bldh ldquokfDrksa

oa nqcZyrkvksa ij izdkrdquok Mkyk tkrk gSA vlQyrkvksa ds dkjkksa dk fordquoksrsquok mYys[k

fdk tkrk gSA vafre Ik ls g fukZ fyk tkrk gS fd Dk bl ifjkstuk dks vU



ks=ksa ij ykxw djuk miqDr gksxk vFkok ughaA g Hkh fufrdquopr fdk tkrk gS fd vU

ks=ksa esas bls ykxw djus ds ekxZ esa Dk dfBukbkWa vk ldrh gSa rFkk bldk fuokjk

fdl izdkj gks ldrk gSA kstuk dks foLrr Lrj ij ykxw djus ds fy vkordquod

laxBukRed lajpuk] deZpkfjksa oa vU izkfofkd vkordquodrkvksa ds forsquok esa laLrqfrkaa

dh tkrh gSaAfdzkRed vuqlakku ds fofHkUu lksikuksa dks vxzfyf[kr fp= la[kamp01 dh

lgkrk ls izLrqr fdk tk jgk gSamp

vkkkj js[kk losZkk

lelkefd ewYkadu

Source PRAI Action Research and its importance in underdeveloped economy p 13

Ikfjkstuk

dkZdrkZvksa ds lek mn~nsrdquo

forsquok ls lacafkr lwpuk dk laxzg rFkk OfDrksa dh ifjfLFkfrksa] leLkvksa oa

euksofrksa dk vu

fdzk dh kstuk

vkordquodrkvksa dk irk yxkk tkuk

ifjkstuk dk vkjEHk

OfDrksa dh mn~nsrdquo dh iwfrZ lkku fukkZfjr mRrjnkfRo dks dkZ dh izxfr

izfrfdzk gqbZ vFkok ugha fuHkkk xk vFkok ugha

izLrkfor ifjorZu ifjorZu

vafre ewYkadu

laLrqfrka



mnkgjk ds i esa d fdzkRed vuqlakku kstuk gkWa izLrqr dh tk jgh gSamp

Nk=ksa esa okpu dh vknr fodflr djukA

1- Nk=ksa ds ikl Loa dh iqLrdsa u gksus ds dkjk os ilt+us esa fp ugha ysrsA

2- Nk=ksa dks dkSu lh iqLrd ilt+uh pkfg bldk Kku u gksus ls os ilt+us esa fp ugha ysrsA

3- Nk=ksa dks iqLrdky ls iqLrdsa lqfokk ls miyCk ugha gks ikrhA

fn Nk=ksa dks muds Lrj ds fy miqDr iqLrdksa dh lwph izkIr gks lds rks muesa ilt+us dh

vknr fodflr gks ldrh gSA

fn vkid vu ds nkSjku Nk=ksa dks lanHkZ lkfgR ds lacak esa voxr djkosa oa sls

dkZ nsa ftuesa ikB~iqLrdksa dks ilt+us dh vkordquodrk gks rks Nk=ksa okpu dh vknr fodflr

dh tk ldrh gSA

fdzkRed vuqlakku dkZ izkjEHk gksus ds iwoZ ftl dkk ds Nk=ksa ij izksx fdk tk

jgk gS] mUgksaus fiNys orsquokZ vkSlru d ekg esa fdruh iqLrdsa ilt+h] g irk yxkk tkxkA

iqLrdky ls g lwpuk izkIr dh tksxha

fofHkUu forsquokksa ds vkid vius forsquokksa vius forsquokksa esa miyCk iqLrdksa dk

Lrjkuqdwy oxhZdjk dj lwfpkWa rSkj djsaxsA s lwfpkWa Nk=ksa esa forfjr dh tksaxhA

vkid ilt+krs le lUnHkZ iqLrdksa dh vksj Nk=ksa dk ku vkdfrsquokZr djsaxs rFkk

slh vkiu fokkWa dke esa ysaxs oa dkZ nsaxs ftuesa ikB~ iqLrdksa ds vfrfjDr iqLrdsa ilt+uh ilt+saA

iBuampikBu ds dkZdze esa Lokk ds fy d ihfjM izfrfnu dk izkokku gksxk

rFkk blesa Nk=ksa dks iqLrdas nsus dk izcak gksxkA

amp Nk= vius ikl d Mkjh j[ksaxsA muesa os tks iqLrdsa ilt+rs gSa mudk lkjkardquok

fy[ksaxsA

lsquo amp izksxk lekIr gksus ds mijkar Nk=ksa us vkSlru d ekg esa fdruh iqLrdas ilt+h] g

Kkr fdk tksxkA

izksx ds iwoZ d Nk= vkSlru d ekg esa fdruh iqLrdsa ilt+rk Fkk vkSj izksx ds

QyLoIk d Nk= dh vkSlru d ekg esa ilt+h gqbZ iqLrdksa dh rqyuk dh tksxh rFkk g Kkr

fdk tksxk fd iqLrdksa dh la[k esa fdruh of) gqbZ gS rFkk Dk g of) lkFkZd gS bu vadksa

ds vkkkj ij g fursquodrsquokZ fudy tksxk fd Dk miqZDr leLk izksx esa viuk x rjhdksa ls gy

gks ldrh gSA



rkRdkfyd lkekftd leLkvksa dk lekkku djus ds fy fdzkRed vuqlakku d uk fopkj gSA

iztkrU=kRed jkrsquoVordf dh vkordquodrkvksa dks iwjk djys ds fy d egRoiwkZ rjhdk gSA vkt ds rhoz

ifjorZurdquokhy lekt esa bldh vRUr vkordquodrk gSA g d ltho vuqlakku gS tks leLkvksa dks

gy djus dk izkl djrk gSA

gekjs nsrdquok ds fordquoofo|kyksa oa egkfo|kyksa esa izxfr oa lqkkj ykus dh nfrsquoV ls fdzkRed

vuqlakku d Bksl dne gSA blds kjk tks dqN Hkh lqkkj vFkok ifjorZu yk tksaxs os ikZIr

LirsquoV o Bksl gksaxsA fordquoofo|kyksa oa egkfo|kyksa dh izRsd leLk tks fordquoofo|kyksa oa

egkfo|kyksa dh xfrfofk eas ckkd fl) gks ldrh gS] mldk lekkku lt+wWalt+k tk ldrk gSA vktdy

gekjs fordquoofo|kyksa oa egkfo|kyksa esa tks Aringgkiksg dh fLFkfr mifLFkr gks xbZ gS] mldk fujkdjk

lEHko gks ldrk gSA rdquoofo|kyksa oa egkfo|kyksa esa vkidksa kjk foHkkxkk k izkkukpkZ dh

fuUnk k foHkkxkk k izkkukpkZ kjk vkidksa dk ehuampes[k fudkyuk] vkidksa esa ijLij

vlgksx] Nk=ksa kjk frdquokkdksa dh vkykspuk k frdquokkdksa kjk Nk=ksa dh HkRlZuk vkfn dh ti izofr

izpM Ik kkjk djrh pyh tk jgh gS mldk yksi fdzkRed vuqlakku ds voyEcu ls gh lEHko

gSA

fdzk vuqlakku us lS)kafrd Oogkj ds ctk izksx ij vfkd cy fnk gSA vuqlakku esa i zkIr

ifjkkeksa ds vkkkj ij Hkkoh Oogkj fuHkZj djrk gSA blls leLk lekkku ds volj izkIr gksrs gSaSA

ewys us blfy dgk gS fd]^^ fdzkRed vuqlakku leLkvksa dks lekkku ls mRiUu djrk gSA frdquokkd

budks ljyrk ls legtdj izksx dj ldrk gSA blls frdquokkd ds Oogkj rFkk vfHker esa ifjorZu

gksrk gSA^^

okLro esas fdzkRed vuqlakku dks egRo fuEufyf[kr nfrsquoVksa ds fordquoksrsquok gSamp

1- turU=kRed ewYksa dh lqjkk gsrqA

2- oSKkfud vkforsquodkjksa ds dkjk mRiUu uh ifjfLFkfrksa dk lkeuk djus ds fyA

3- lkekftd OoLFkk dh kaf=drk oa flt+okfnrk dk IkkZojk lekiu djus ds fyA

4- fordquoofo|kyksa oa egkfo|kyksa es dh dkZampi)fr esa ftruk gks lds lqkkj ykus ds fyA

5- Nk=ksa dh cgqeq[kh izxfr gsrq fordquoofo|kyksa oa egkfo|kyksa es dh fdzkvksa dk izHkkoksRiknd

jhfr ls vkkstu djus ds fyA

6- vkidksa] foHkkxkkksa] izkkukpkksaZ] izcakdksa rFkk fujhkdksa esa oSKkfud k oSrsquokfd nfrsquoV ls

viuh dkZampizkkfyksa dk ewYkadu djus oa muesa lekuqlkj ifjorZu ykus ds fy leFkZ

cukukA

7- fordquoofo|kyksa oa egkfo|kyksa dh vusd leLkvksa dk egt lekkku izkIr djus gsrqA

8- Nk=ksa dh miyfCkksa dk Lrj clt+kus ds fyA

lgHkkxkh vuqlakku rduhd esa d ekuordquokkL=h dks mu yksxksa ds chp tkdj lkekftd lnL ds

Ik esa jguk iM+rk gS ftudk og vu djuk pkgrk gSA d ekuordquokkL=h dks lgHkkxkh vuqlakku

ds izksx gsrq lEcUk LFkkiu dk lgkjk ysuk iM+rk gSA og vu lewg ds chp tkdj fuokl



LFkku dh [kkst djrk gSA og vius mn~nsrdquoksa ls yksxksa dks ifjfpr djkrk gS rFkk tc d vtuch

ds Ik esa vius ckjs esa izpfyr Hkzkafrka nwj gks tkrh gSa] rc vuqlakkudrkZ rFkk vu lewg ds

lnLksa ds chp lEcUk LFkkfir gks tkrk gSA ml lekt ds lnL vuqlakkudrkZ dks vius lekt

ds lnL ds Ik esa Lohdkj dj ysrs gSaA

Nk=fgr esa lgHkkxkh vuqlakku oa izRk vuqlakku ds chp varj LirsquoV djuk vkordquod gSA lgHkkxkh

vuqlakku esa vuqlakkudrkZ dh lgHkkfxrk u lewg ds lnLksa ds lkFk cuh jgrh gS] tcdh

izRk vuqlakku esa vu lewg rFkk vuqlakkudrkZ ds chp lgHkkfxrk dk vHkko ikk tkrk gSA

d lgHkkxkh vuqlakkudrkZ lgHkkfxrk ds lkFkamplkFk izRk vuqlakku Hkh djrk gS] ysfdu d

izRk vuqlakkudrkZ lgHkkxkh vuqlakku ughsa dj ikrk gSA bl izdkj lHkh lgHkkxkh vuqlakku izRk

vuqlakku ds mnkgjk gks ldrs gSa] ysfdu lHkh izRk vuqlakku lgHkkxkh vuqlakku ugha gks ldrsA

rdquo ekuordquokkL=h vu esa lgHkkxkh vuqlakku

rduhd dk izksx loZizFke fczfVrdquok ekuordquokkL=h ch0 ds0 eSfyuksoLdh kjk VordfksfczaM hi okflksa ds

vu esa fdk xk FkkA eSfyuksoLdh izdkZokn fl)kar ds tud FksA mUgksaus ekuo tkfr

okZurdquokkL= esa lgHkkxh vuqlakku rduhd dk izeq[k LFkku LFkkfir djkus esa lQyrk izkIr dh FkhA

eSfyuksoLdh us yxkrkj pkj orsquokksZa rd frac141914amp18frac12 VordfksfczaM hi okflksa ds chp ml lekt ds lnL

ds Ik esa jgdj lgHkkxh vuqlakku rduhd ds eke ls vuqHkokfJr rFksa dk irk yxkk FkkA

lgHkkxh vuqlakku rduhd ds izksx ds vkkkj ij mUgksaus VordfksfczaM hi okflksa dh lkaLd`frd]

lkekftd] kkfeZd] vkfFkZd rFkk jktuhfrd OoLFkk ds Ik esa lwpukvksa dk HkMkj LFkkfir djus esa

lQyrk ikbZ FkhA lgHkkxh vuqlakku rduhd ds izksx ds vkkkj ij mUgksaus g fn[kkus dk izkl

fdk fd fdl izdkj VordfksfczaM hi lekt lexzrk ds Ik esa dkZ djrk gSA VordfksfczaM hi okflksa

dh laLd`fr] lkekftd laxBu] vFkZOoLFkk] jktuhfr OoLFkk bRkfn ds ckjs esa mUgksaus tks dqN Hkh

fy[kk gS og muds lgHkkxh vuqlakku rduhd ls izkIr rFksa oa vuqHkoksa ij vkkkfjr gSA

eSfyuksoLdh ds ckn ekuordquokkL= esa lgHkkxh vuqlakku rduhd ds eke ls ks= dkZ dh ijaijk

LFkkfir gqbZA vktdy lHkh ekuordquokkL=h eSfyuksoLdh kjk LFkkfir bl ijaijk dk ikyu djrs gSaA

vr lgHkkxh vuqlakku rduhd ekuordquokkL=h ldquokksk dh vkRek dk Ik kkjk dj pdh gSA

lgHkkxh vuqlakku rduhd esa vxzfyf[kr xqk iks tkrs gSaamp

lgHkkxh vuqlakku esa d vuqlakku drkZ dks vius

lwpuknkrkvksa ls lacak LFkkfir djuk iM+rk gSA fcuk lacak LFkkiu ds d lgHkkxh

vuqlakku drkZ vius y izkfIr esa lQy ugha gks ldrk gSA lacak LFkkiu ds vkkkj ij

d vuqlakku drkZ lwpuknkrkvksaa ds chp viuh lgHkkfxrk nrdquokkZ ikrk gS rFkk lgHkkxh

vuqlakku djus esa lQy gksrk gSA vr lwpuknkrkvksa ls lacak LFkkiu lgHkkxh vuqlakku dk

d izeq[k xqk gSA lacak LFkkiu ds kjk d lgHkkxh vuqlakku drkZ csfgpd vius

lwpuknkrkvksa ls lc dqN tku ikus esa lQy gksrk gSA



d lgHkkxh vuqlakkudrkZ dks vius

vu lewg ds lnLksa kjk vius lekt ds lnL ds Ik esa ekUrk izkIr gks tkrh gSA

vuqlakkudrkZ oa lwpuknkrk ds chp dh nwjh lekIr gks tkrh gSA buds chp viukiu dk

Hkko fodflr gks tkrk gSA lwpuknkrkvksa kjk vuqlakkudrkZ dh Hkkouk dh dnz dh tkrh gS

rFkk vuqlakkudrkZ Hkh lwpuknkrkvksa dh Hkkoukvksa dk vknj djrk gSA nksuksa d nwljs ds

lq[kampnq[k ds Hkkxhnkj Hkh cu tkrs gSaA sls kfursquoV lacakksa dk ykHk d lgHkkxh vuqlakku

drkZ dks izkIr gksrk gSA

lgHkkxh vuqlakku esa lwpuknkrkvksa oa ldquokkskdrkZ ds chp

ladksp dk Hkko [kRe gks tkrk gSA vr ldquokkskdrkZ oa lwpuknkrk dampnwljs ls chuk fgpd

ds ckrphr djrs gSaA slh fLFkfr esa d vuqlakkudrkZ vius lwpuknkrkvksa ds izkd`frd

Oogkj dk vuqlakku djus esa lQy gksrk gSA lwpuknkrkvksa ds izkd`frd Oogkj dk vu

vU ekuordquokkL=h ldquokks rduhd ls laHko ugha gSA vU ekuordquokkL=h rduhd ds izksx esa

lwpuknkrk rFkk vuqlakku drkZ ds chp nwjh cuh jgrh gSA lwpuknkrk vuqlakku drkZ dks

tokc nsrs le fcYdqy lrdZ jgrk gSA vr lwpuknkrkvksa ds izkd`frd Oogkj dk vu

laHko ugha gks ikrk gSA

d lgHkkxh vuqlakku drkZ vius lwpuknkrkvksa

ds lekt dk vfHkUu vax cu tkrk gSA lwpuknkrkvksa ds lekt dk lnL gksus ds dkjk

d lgHkkxh vuqlakku drkZ ml lekt ds fdzkampdykiksa esa Hkkx ysus yxrk gS rFkk ml

lekt ds fdzkampdykiksa dk vu djus esa lQy gksrk gSA og fnuampjkr ml lekt ds

chp jgrk gS ftldk og vu djrk gSA og bl rF dk vuqlakku djus esa lQy gksrk

gS fd fdl izdkj ml lekt esa fofHkUu izdkj ds lkekftd fdzkdykiksa dk fuoZgu fdk

tkrk gSA d vuqlakkudrkZ ml lekt dh fofHkUu laLFkkvksa rFkk mlds izdkZ dks legtus

esa lQy gksrk gSA

d lgHkkxh vuqlakkudrkZ rFkk lwpuknkrkvksa ds chp

HkkoukRed lacak dk fodkl gksrk gSA og lwpuknkrkvks a ds lkFk lacak fodflr dj ysrk gSA

lkFk gh lkFk og ml lekt ds fofHkUu OfDrksa ds chp izpfyr lkekftd lacak ls voxr

gksrk gSA og ifjokj] oardquok] xks= rFkk xzke leqnk esa izpfyr lkekftd lacakksa dks cgqr

utnhd ls ns[krk gS rFkk lkekftd lPpkbZ ls voxr gksrk gSA

d lgHkkxh vuqlakkudrkZ mu yksxksa ds lekt esa

tkdj jgrk gS ftldk og vu djrk gSA og ml lekt dk d lnL cu tkrk gSA

vr og ml lekt dh fofHkUu leLkvksa ls voxr gksrk gSA og mu leLkvksa ls lacafkr

lPpkbZ dks tkuus esa lQy gksrk gSA

lgHkkxh vuqlakku esa d vuqlakkudrkZ gesrdquokk lwpuknkrkvksa ds e

jgrk gSA vr og lwpuknkrkvksa ls gesrdquokk lwpuk izkIr djus dh fLFkfr esa jgrk gSA og fcuk

fgpd fdlh lwpuknkrk ls ckrphr dj ysrk gSA bl lqfokk ds dkjk d ldquokk skdrkZ vius

mn~nsrdquoksa dh izkfIr esa tYn lQy gks tkrk gSA

d lgHkkxh vuqlakkudrkZ dsoy vius lwpuknkrkvksa

ds lekt dh leLkvksa ls gh voxr ugha gksrk gS] cfYd og ml lekt dh leLkvksa dks

lqygtkus esa Hkh lgkd gksrk gSA ml lekt ds lnL vuqlakkudrkZ ds Aringij Hkjkslk djus

yxrs gSa rFkk viuh fofHkUu izdkj dh leLkvksa ds lekkku esa mldh enn ysrs gSaA



leLkvksa dks lqygtkdj d lgHkkxh vuqlakkudrkZ viuh fLFkfr vkSj etcwr dj ysrk gS

rFkk lwpuknkrkvksa ls lwe tkudkjh izkIr dj ysrk gSA

lgHkkxh vuqlakkudrkZ lwpuknkrkvksa ds lekt esa fnuampjkr jgrk

gSA vr og ml lekt dh lPpkbZ ds ckjs esa mlds efLrrsquod esa d varjnfrsquoV dk fodkl

gksrk gSA mlh varjnfrsquoV ds vkkkj ij og lkekftd lPpkbZ dk foojk izLrqr djrk gSA

pWawdh d lgHkkxh vuqlakkudrkZ vius

lwpuknkrkvksa ds lkFkamplkFk jgrk gS] vr og ml lekt ds lwe ls lwe kVukvksa ds ckjs

esa tkudkjh izkIr djus esa lQy gksrk gSA og dqN oSlh lkekftd kVukvksa ds lacak esa Hkh

tkudkjh izkIr dj ysrk gS ftls lekt ds lnL d vutku OfDr ds lkeus izdV ughas

gksus nsuk pkgrs gSaA ysfdu lgHkkxh vuqlakku esa vuqlakkudrkZ rFkk lwpuknkrk ds chp

ladksp lekIr gks tkrk gSA gh dkjk gS fd d lgHkkxh vuqlakkudrkZ lwe ls lwe

kVukvksa dh tkudkjh izkIr djus esa lQy gksrk gSA

d lgHkkxh vuqlakkudrkZ lwpuknkrkvksa ds izkd`frd

Oogkj rFkk lkekftd lPpkbZ dks izRk Ik ls ns[kus esa lQy gksrk gSA vr og Tknk

lR lwpukvksa dks ladfyr djus esa lQy gksrk gSA

d lgHkkxh vuqlakkudrkZ ml

lekt dh ijEijkvksa oa jhframpfjoktksa dks xgjkbZ ls vu djus esa lQy gksrk gSA pWawfd

og jhframpfjoktksa esa Hkkx ysdj mldk dzec) lt+ax ls ldquokksk djrk gSA vr og lkekftd

lPPkkbZ dh xgjkbZ rd igqWap ikus esa lQy gksrk gSA

pwWafd d lgHkkxh vuqlakkudrkZ

lwpuknkrkvksa ds lEidZ esa jgrk gS] vr og fdlh Hkh forsquok ij lwpuknkrkvksa ls LirsquoVhdjk

izkIr djus esa lQy gksrk gSA og LirsquoVhdjk ds vkkkj ij lkekftd lPpkbZ dks vPNs lt+ax

ls legt ikrk gSA

d lgHkkxh vuqlakkudrkZ lekt ds lnL ds Ik

esa ekUrk feyus ds dkjk lekthdjk izfdzk dks cgqr lehi ls ns[k rFkk legt ikrk gSA

og lekt ds fofHkUu lnLksa ds Oogkj rFkk lkekftd xqk ls ifjfpr gksrk gSA og g

Hkh cgqr vklampikl ls ns[k ikrk gS fd fdl izdkj lekt esa d OfDr dks thou dh d

voLFkk ls nwljh voLFkk esa izosrdquok djkk tkrk gSA

lgHkkxh vuqlakkudrkZ lekt ds chp

jgus dk volj izkIr djrk gSA vr og ml lekt esas OkIr fofHkUu izdkj dh dqjhfrkas

rFkk dqizFkkvksa ls ifjfpr gksrk gS rFkk lgh tkudkjh izkIr djus esa lQy gksrk gSA tSlsamp

Mku] dqnfrsquoV] cky fookg bRkfnA

lekt ds chp jgus ds dkjk d lgHkkxh

vuqlakkudrkZ ykHkizn fLFkfr e sa jgrk gSA og lekt esa izpfyr lakrsquokZ rFkk lgksx dh

izfdzkvksa ls ifjfpr gksrk gS rFkk lkekftd lgksx oa lakrsquokZ ij lkekftd lPpkbZ ls

voxr gksrk gSA

izfrksfxrk Hkh d lkekftd izfdzk gS rFkk lHkh lekt esa

izfrksfxrk fdlh u fdlh Ik esa ikbZ tkrh gSA pWawfd d lgHkkxh vuqlakkudrkZ lekt ds

chp jgrk gS rFkk lkekftd fdzkampdykiksa dk vax cu tkrk gS] vr mls lekt esa izpfyr

izfrksfxrk izfdzk dh tkdkjh izkIr gksrh gSA



d lgHkkxh vuqlakkudrkZ vius lwpuknkrkvksa ls

dkQh yacs le rd lEidZ esa jgrk gSA vr og lwpuknkrkvksa ls ckrphr djrsampdjrs

mudh LFkkuh Hkkrsquokk dh tkudkjh Hkh izkIr dj ysrk gSA LFkkuh Hkkrsquokk dk Kku izkIr dj

d lgHkkxh vuqlakkudrkZ vius lgHkkxh vuqlakku esa fordquoksrsquok lQyrk izkIr djus esa lQy

gksrk gSA

d lgHkkxh vuqlakkudrkZ lwpuknkrkvksa ds e gesrdquokk

jgrk gSA vr og lkekftd lPpkbZksa dk dzec) ldquokksk djus esa lQy gksrk gSA vxj mls

fdlh izdkj dh leLk dk lkeuk dju iM+rk gS] rc og lwpuknkrkvksa ls feydj mls

vklkuh ls nwj dj ysrk gSA

lgHkkxh ldquokksk d ldquokkskdrkZ dks lkekftd lPpkbZ ds fLFkj

vfHkys[ku esa lgkd gksrk gSA lgHkkxh vuqlakkudrkZ khjsampkhjs lHkh lkekftd lPpkbZksa

dk dzec) ldquokksk dj mls fyf[kr Ik iznku djus esa lQy gksrk gSA

ldquokkjhfjd vaxksa dh xfr ds vu kjk

lgHkkxh ldquokkskdrkZ lwpuknkrkvksa dh ldquokkjhfjd Hkkrsquokk dks legt ikus esa lQy gksrk gSA tc

dksbZ lgHkkxh vuqlakkudrkZ lgHkkxh vuqlakku djrk gS rks mls fofHkUu izdkj dh rduhdksa

dk Hkh lgkjk ysuk iM+rk gS] Dksafd lgHkkxh vuqlakkudrkZ dks le o ifjLFkfr ds vuqIk

rduhdksa dk Hkh izksx dj leLk ds ckjs esa tkudkjh izkIr dj ysrk gSA

bl izdkj izdkj mijksDr fcUnqvksa ds eke ls vki yksx lgHkkxh vuqlakku rduhd ds

xqkksa ds ckjs esa tkudkjh izkIr fdkA tc dHkh Hkh bl izdkj ds xqk vkids lkeus izLrqr

gksaxs rks vki yksx legt ldrs gSa fd og rduhd lgHkkxh vuqlakku rduhd gSA

rdquo




d ekuordquokkL=h dks lgHkkxkh vuqlakku ds izksx gsrq lEcUk LFkkiu

dk lgkjk ugha ysuk iM+rk gSA

ch0 ds0 eSfyuksoLdh kjk VordfksfczaM hi okflksa dk vu fdk

xk FkkA

lgHkkxkh vuqlakku LFkkuh Hkkrsquokk tkuus esa lgkd gksrk gSA

lgHkkxkh vuqlakku kjk Lkkekftd leLk dh tkudkjh ugha izkIr dh tk

ldrhA

eSfyuksoLdh ds ckn ekuordquokkL= esa lgHkkxh vuqlakku rduhd ds eke

ls ks= dkZ dh ijaijk LFkkfir gqbZA

lHkh lgHkkxkh vuqlakku izRk vuqlakku ds mnkgjk gks ldrs gSa] ysfdu

lHkh izRk vuqlakku lgHkkxkh vuqlakku ugha gks ldrsA

lgh xyr



lgHkkxh vuqlakku rduhd ds xqkksa ds ckjs esa d lafkIr CkSjk rSkj dhftA

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

nksrsquok

gkykafd lgHkkxh vuqlakku rduhd dks ekuordquokkL=h ldquokksk dh vkRek ds Ik esa ekUrk izkIr

gqbZ gS] ysfdu lgHkkxh vuqlakku rduhd dh Hkh viuh dqN lheksa gSa ftlds dkjk lHkh izdkj ds

vu oa lHkh izdkj dh lwpuk ikus ds fy lgHkkxh vuqlakku rduhd dk izksx ugha fdk tk

ldrk gSA lgHkkxh vuqlakku rduhd ds fuEufyf[kr nksrsquok izdV gksrs gSaamp

1- d lgHkkxh vuqlakku drkZ vius

lwpuknkrkvksa ds lewg ds lkFk HkkoukRed Ik ls tqM+ tkrk gSA mlds rFkk lwpuknkrkvksa

ds chp HkkoukRed lacak dk fodkl gks tkrk gSA HkkoukRed lacak ds dkjk d lgHkkxh

vuqlakku drkZ nfrsquoV nksrsquok dk frdquokdkj gks tkrk gSA blds dkjk og lPpkbZ tkuus esa og

foQy gks tkrk gSA bl izdkj ldquokkskdrkZ rFkk lwpuknkrk ds chp HkkoukRed lacak ds fodkl

ds dkjk lwpuka izHkkfor gks tkrh gSaA

2- d ekuordquokkL=h dks lkekfrd ewY fukkZjk esa cM+h lkokkuh cjruh

iM+rh gSA lkekftd ewY fukkZjk esa mls lkaLd`frd lkiskokn dh vokkjkk eks

vkpkjrdquokkL=h fue ds Ik esa ikyu djuk iM+rk gSA og fdlh lekt dh laLd`fr dk

okZu ikikrjfgr lt+x ls izLrqr djrk gSA og viuh lkaLd`frd ewYksa ds lkFk rwyuk ugha

djrk gS rFkk ml laLd`fr dks AringWapampuhp] fodflrampvfodflr] vehjampxjhc bRkfn

lkisfkd ldquokCnksa ds eke ls ODr ugha djrk gSA ysfdu tc d lgHkkxh vuqlakku drkZ

vius lwpuknkrkvksa ls HkkoukRed lacak dkt fodkl dj ysrk gS] r cog lwpuknkrkvksa dk

ik ysuk ldquokq dj nsrk gS ftlds dkjk mlds kjk ladfyr rF ikikr iwkZ gks tkrs gSaA

og lgh lwY fukkZjk esa foQy gks tkrk gSA

3- d lgHkkxh vuqlakku drkZ lwpuknkrkvksa ds

chp gesrdquokk jgrk gS rFkk lwpuknkrkvksa rFkk ml vuqlakkudrkZ ds chp dh nwjh lekIr gks

tkrh gSA d lgHkkxh vuqlakku drkZ ml lekt dk lnL cu tkrk gSA lwpuknkrkvksa oa

vuqlakkudrkZ ds chp bruh kfursquoVrk clt+ tkrh gS fd vuqlakkudrkZ vusd egRoiwkZ

kVukvksa dks utjvankt dj nsrk gSA og mu lwpukvksa dh egRrk dks Hkwy tkrk gSA bl



izdkj d lgHkkxh vuqlakku drkZ kjk vusd egRoiwkZ kVukvksa dh vuns[kh dj nh tkrh

gSA

4- lwpuknkrkvksa rFkk d lgHkkxh vuqlakku drkZ

ds chp sls HkkoukRed lacak fodflr gks tkrs gSa ftlds dkjk vuqlakkudrkZ dh nfrsquoV

izHkkfor gks tkrh gSA mldh nfrsquoV rVLFk ugha jg ikrhA mldh nfrsquoV lwpuknkrkvksa dk ik

ysuk ldquokq dj nsrh gSA blds dkjk ewY fukkZjk esa ikikr dh laHkkouk clt+ tkrh gSA

5- d lgHkkxh vuqlakku drkZ dk vuqHko ladhkZ gks tkrk gSA mldk

vuqHko mUghsa yksxksa rd lhfer gks tkrk gS ftuds chp jgdj og viuk vu djrg gSA

mlh LFkku ij fuokl djus okys vU yksxksa ds Aringij og ku ughsa nsrk gSaA vr d

lgHkkxh vuqlakku drkZ viuk ladhkZ vuqHko ysdj okil ykSVrk gSA

6- d lgHkkxh vuqlakku drkZ dks vxj

lwpunkrkvksa kjk lgHkkfxrk dh vuqefr ughsa feyrh gS] rc mls vius y esa foQy gksuk

iM+rk gSA lgHkkxkh vuqlakku ds fys lgHkkfxrk dh vuqefr vfuokZ gksrh gS] Dksafd fcuk

vuqefr ds d lgHkkxh vuqlakku drkZ viuh lgHkkfxrk ugha fn[kk ldrk gSA dqN sls

lkekftd fdzkdyki gksrs gSa ftuesa ckgjh OfDrksa dh mifLFkfr vrdquokqHk ekuh tkrh gSA mu

fdzkdykiksa esa dsoy lekt ds yksx gh Hkkx ys ldrs gSaA mnkgjk ds fys] xHkkZkkjk

vuqrsquoBku] ukedjk vuqrsquoBku] vUu izklu vuqrsquoBku] eqaMu bRkfnA bu fdzkdykiksa esa Hkkx

ysus ds fys d vuqlakkudrkZ dks lkekftd vuqefr ugha fey ikrh gSA vr og bl izdkj

ds lkekftd fdzkdykiksa dk vuqlakku viuh lgHkkfxrk ds vkkkj ij ugha dj ikrk gSA

7- izRsd lekt esa dqN sls fue gksrs

gSa ftUgsa fursquoksk ds Ik esa ikyu fdk tkrk gSA mnkgjk ds fys izloxg esa izosrdquok oftZr

gksrk gS] nsork kj esa ckgjh yksxksa dk izosrdquok fursquoksk gksrk gS] tknw djrs le fdlh dk gksuk

oftZr gksrk gS] ukedjk ds le ckgjh yksxksa dk izosrdquok oftZr gksrk gSA blh izdkj lekt

esa dbZ fursquokskkRed fud izpfyr jgrs gSaA gkykafd d lgHkkxh vuqlakku drkZ dks ml

lekt ds lnL ds Ik esa ekUrk izkIr gksrh gS rFkk mlds oa lwpuknkrkvksa ds chp dh

nwjh lekIr gks tkrh gS] ysfdu d lkekftd lnL ds Ik esa mls Hkh mu lHkh fursquokskkRed

fueksa dk ikyu djuk iM+rk gSA vr fursquokskkRed fueksa ds ikyu ds dkjk d lgHkkxh

vuqlakku drkZ dks viuh lgHkkfxrk ugha nrdquokkZus ds fys ck gksuk iM+rk gSA

8- lekt esa OfDrampOfDr ds chp dqN xqIr

lEcUk gksrs gSaA mu xqqIr lEcUkksa dk vu lgHkkxh vuqlakku kjk lEHko ugha gS] Dksafd

nks OfDrksa ds xqIr lEcUkksa ds chp rhljs OfDr dh lgHkkfxrk dks cnkZrdquor ugha fdk tk

ldrk gSA vr OfDrxr lEcUkksa dk vu lgHkkxh vuqlakku kjk lEHko ugha gSA

9- lgHkkxh vuqlakku dh lQyrk lekt dh lgefr ij

fuHkZj djrh gSA eku fyk tks fd d vuqlakkudrkZ fdlh lekt ds fookg lEcakh

jhframpfjoktksa dk viuh lgHkkfxrk kjk vu djuk pkgrk gS] ysfdu lekt us u rks ls

jhframpfjoktksa esa Hkkx ysus ds fy vkeaf=r fdk gS vkAj u gh ls lekt us Hkkx ysus dh

vuqefr iznku dh gS] bl ifjfLFkfr esa d vuqlakku drkZ lgHkkxh vuqlakku rduhd ds

vkkkj ij lwpuk ladfyr dj ldrk gSA vr d lgHkkxh vuqlakku dh lqQyrk

lkekftd vkea=k k lgefr ij fuHkZj djrk gSA



10- eku fyk tks fd dksbZ kVuk igys gh

kfVr gks xbZ gS] rc ml fLFkfr esa ml kVuk dk vu lgHkkxh vuqlakku kjk lEHko

ugha gSA vr vrhr dh kVukvksa ds vu esa lgHkkxh vuqlakku rduhd dks foQyrk dk

lkeuk djrk iM+rk gSA

11- kSu thou d lkekftd lPpkbZ gSA kSu thou

thus ds fy lekt esa fookg uked izFkk izpfyr gS ysfdu lkFk gh lekt esa dqN voSk

kSu lEcUk dh kVuk Hkh izdkrdquok esa vkrh gSaA oSk kSu lEcUk nks OfDr rd gh lhfer gksrs

gSaA kSu thou dks izRsd OfDr vius rd lhfer j[kuk pkgrk gSA bl xqIr Oogkj esa

fdlh rhljs OfDr dh lgHkkfxrk lEHko ugha gSA vr lgHkkxh vuqlakku rduhd kjk kSu

thou ls lEcafkr lwpukvksa dks ladfyr ugha fdk tk ldrk gSA

12- srdquo osrdquokofRr d lkekftd jksx gSA dksbZ Hkh lekt

osrdquokofRr dks ekUrk ughsa nsrk gSA ysfdu osrdquokofRr xqIr Ik ls d Oolk ds Ik esa

izpfyr jgrh gSA lekt esa voSk kSu lEcUk esa fyIr efgykvksa dks osrdquok] fNukj] j[kuh]

j[kSy bRkfn ukeksa ls tkuk tkrk gSA slh efgyksa viuh kSu lsok ds eke ls iqrsquok

xzkgdksa dks larqrsquoV dj iSlk dekrh gSaA lekt esa bUgsaa gs nfrsquoV ls ns[kk tkrk gSA pWawfd

lekt esa osrdquokofRr xqIr nSfgd kakk ds Ik esa izpfyr gS rFkk osrdquokxkeh iqrsquokksa dks Hkh gs

nfrsquoV ls ns[kk tkrk gS] vr osrdquokofRr dk vu lgHkkxh vuqlakku rduhd ls lEHko

ugha gSA

13- vijkfkksa ds d`R lekt fojkskh gksrs gSa] gh dkjk

gS fd lekt vijkfkksa dks gs nfrsquoV ns[krk gSA pksjh] MdSrh] gRk] cykRdkj] vkxtuh]

naxk bRkfn esa ldquokkfey OfDrksa dks vijkkh dgk tkrk gSA vijkfkksa rFkk vijkfkd

kVukvksa dk lgHkkxh ldquokksk rduhd ds vkkkj ij vu ugha fdk tk ldrk gSA

14- d lgHkkxh vuqlakku drkZ ds Aringij g vkjksi

yxkk tkrk gS fd og ml lekt dh jktuhfr rFkk xqVckth esa ldquokkfey gks tkrk gS

ftldk og vu djrk gSA slh fLFkfr esa og fursquoik ugha jg tkrk gSaaA og fdlh xqV ls

izHkkfor gksdj mldk ik ysus yxrk gSA dHkhampdHkh xqVckth ds dkjk d lgHkkxh

vuqlakku drkZ dks viekfur Hkh gksuk iM+rk gSA

15- izRsd lekt esa dqN ladsrksa ds eke ls lwpukvksa

dk vknkuampiznku gksrk gS rFkk dbZ izdkj ds lkekftd fdzkampdyki lEiUu gksrs gSaA xqIr

Oogkjksa esa fdlh okg~ OfDr dk gLks cnkZrdquor ugha fdk fdk tkrk gSA gkykWfd d

lgHkkxh vuqlakku drkZ s dks lekt ds lnL ds Ik esa Lohdkj dj fyk tkrk gS] fQj Hkh

vusd izdkj ds xqIr Oogkjksa esa mls lgHkkxh ugha cukk tkrk gSA vr xqIr Oogkjksa dk

vu lgHkkxh vuqlakku rduhd ls lEHko ugha gSA

16- dkyk tknw dk lEcUk gkfu igWqapkus okyh tknqbZ

fdzkvksa ls gSA dkyk tknw djus okyksa dks Mku] dekbZu bRkfn ukeksa ls tkuk tkrk gSA

dkyk tknqbZ fdzka lqulku LFkku esa lEiUu dh tkrh gSaA ogkWa fdlh vU OfDr dh

lgHkkfxrk lEHko ugha gSA vr dkyk tknw dk vu lgHkkxh vuqlakku drkZ kjk lEHko

ughsa gSA

17- d lgHkkxh vuqlakku drkZ ds Aringij i=dkfjrk dk nfrsquoVdksk

viukus ds dkjk vkykspuk dh tkrh gSA



lgHkkxh vuqlakku dks rhu Jsfkksa esa foHkkftr fdk tk ldrk gSamp

frac14vfrac12 iwkZ lgHkkxh vuqlakku

frac14cfrac12 v)Z lgHkkxh vuqlakku

frac14lfrac12 vlHkkxh vuqlakku

mijksDr rhuksa izdkjksa dh Ok[k djuk vkordquod izrhr gksrk gS] ftlls vki yksxksa ds legt

esa bu rhuksa izdkjksa dk okLrfod vFkZ irk py ldsA vr bu rhu izdkjksa dk okZu vxzfyf[kr

izLrqr fdk tk jgk gSamp

g vuqlakku og vuqlakku gS ftlesa d vuqlakkudrkZ dh

iwkZ Hkkxhnkjh jgrh gSA eku fyk tks fd d vuqlakku drkZ fdlh lekt esa izpfyr fookg

lEcUkh vuqrsquoBkuksa dk vu djuk pkgrk gS rFkk og izkjEHk ls var rd lHkh izdkj ds vuqrsquoBkuksa

dk vu viuh lgHkkfxrk ds vkkkj ij djrk gS] rc mldk lgHkkxh vuqlakku iwkZ lgHkkxh

vuqlakku dgykrk gSA ysfdu tc og lHkh izdkj ds vuqrsquoBkuksa esa viuh lgHkkfxrk u nrdquokkZdj dqN

egRoiwkZ vuqrsquoBkuksa esa viuh lgHkkfxrk nrdquokkZrk gS] rc bl izdkj ds lgHkkxh vuqlakku dks viwkZ

lgHkkxh vuqlakku dgk tkrk gSA

bl izdkj ds vuqlakku esa d vuqlakku drkZ dh Hkkxhnkjh

iwkZ ugha jgrh gS] cfYd mldh Hkkxhnkjh v)Z gksrh gSA bl izdkj dh fLFfr rc mRiUu gksrh gS tc

d lgHkkxh vuqlakku drkZ fdlh dkjkordquok chp esa gh viuh lgHkkfxrk NksM+dj pyk tkrk gSA

ckn esa cps gq rFksa dh tkudkjh og mu yksxksa ls izkIr djrk gS ftudh lgHkkfxrk jgrh gSA bl

izdkj d vuqlakku drkZ dk viuk lgHkkxh vuqlakku] v)Z lgHkkxh vuqlakku dgykrk gSA

vkdfLed kVuk] lkekftd fursquoksk] nks vuqlakku drkZvksa kjk d gh vu] cM+hampcM+h ldquokksk

ifjkstukvksa esa v)Z lgHkkxh vuqlakku rduhd dk lgkjk fyk tkrk gSA

vlgHkkxh vuqlakku og vuqlakku gS ftlesa d vuqlakku drkZ

dh lgHkkfxrk ughsa gksrh gSA vius y iwfrZ gsrq d vuqlakku drkZ ml OfDr ls lEidZ LFkkfir

djrk gS rFkk iwNrkN djrk gS ftldh lgHkkfxrk ml kVuk ls jgrh gSA nwljs ldquokCnksa esa dgk tk

ldrk gS fd d lgHkkxh vuqlakku drkZ d vlgHkkxh vuqlakku drkZ ds fy lwpuknkrk dk

dke djrk gSA gh dkjk gS fd lgHkkxh vuqlakku ds xqk vlgHkkxh vuqlakku ds nksrsquok vlgHkkxh

vuqlakku ds xqk esa cny tkrs gSaA tgkWa lgHkkxh vuqlakku foQy gks tkrk gS ogkWaa vlgHkkxh

vuqlakku lQy gksrk gSA

9-5 lkjkardquok

bl bdkbZ dks ilt+us ds ckn vki g tku pqds gSa fd ewYkadukRed] fdzkRed oa lgHkkxh

vuqlakku Dk gksrs gSa rFkk budk izksx dgkWa fdk tkrk gS okLro esa s rhuksa izdkj ds vuqlakkuksa

dh izklafxdrk orZeku le esa cgqr gh egRoiqkZ gSA tc ge fdlh dkZdze dh lQyrk oa

vlQyrk dk ewYkadu djuk gksrk gS rc ewYkadukRed vuqlakku dk izksx djrs gSaA rFkkfi fdzk



vuqlakku ds eke ls ksf= leLkvksa dk leqfpr Ik ls pquko fdk tk ldrk gS] foLrr Lrj

ij lQy fopkjksa oa dkZdzeksa dks yksdfiz cukus ds fy vkordquod lt+axksa oa izfofkksa dk fodkl

fdk tk ldrk gS rFkk blds ekxZ esa vkus okyh fofHkUu leLkvkssa dk fujkdjk fdk tk ldrk

gSA fodkl dh xfr dks rhoz cukus gsrq fofHkUu ks=ksa esa viwkZ vkordquodrkvksa dh izHkkoiwkZ iwfrZ rFkk

bl iwfrZ ds ekxZ esa vkus okyh leLkvksa ds lekkku ds fys igys ls pys vk jgs dkZdzeksa esa

vkordquod lardquokksku djus rFkk us dkZdzeksa dks pykus ds leqfpr volj fdzk vuqlakku kjk iznku

fds tkrs gSaA vr ge dg ldrs gSa fd fdzk vuqlakku ds eke ls dkZdzeksa dh ijs[kk dk

fuekZk djus oa us dkZdzeksa dks pykus esa lgkrk izkIr gksrh gSA blh bdkbZ esa lgHkkxh vuqlakku

ds ckjs esa Hkh izdkrdquok Mkyk xk gS ftlds vkkkj ij vki yksx lgHkkxh vuqlakku dh ckjhfdksa ds

ckjs esa tkudkjh izkIr dj viuk vuqlakku dkZ iqjk dj ldrs gSA lgHkkxkh vuqlakku oa izRk

vuqlakku ds vUrj dks LirsquoV dj ldrs gSA bl bdkbZ ds eke ls vki yksx lgHkkxh vuqlakku

rduhd ds xqkksa dh Ok[k dj iksaxs rFkk lgHkkxh vuqlakku ds nksrsquokksa oa lgHkkxh vuqlakku ds

izdkjksa ij izdkrdquok Hkh Mky ldsaxsAvkrdquokk gh ugha oju~ iwkZ fordquookl gS fd izLrqr bdkbZ vkids Kku esa

vRfkd of) djsxh ftlls vki vius thou esa vkus okys vuqlakkuksa dk vu cgqr gh ljyrk

ls dj ikus esa leFkZ gksaxsA

ldquokCnkoyh

bl vuqlakku ds kjk dkZdzeksa ds yksa oa miyfCkksa dk

vu fdk tkrk gSA lkFk gh g varj Hkh ekywe fdk tkrk gS fd y oa miyfCkksa esa

fdruk varj jgk oa varj ds Dk dkjk jgsA

fdzkRed vuqlakku laxfBr [kkstiwkZ fdzk gS ftldk mn~nsrdquo OfDr vFkok lewg dh fdzkvksa esa ifjorZu rFkk fodkl djus ds fy vu djuk jpukRed lqgtko

izLrqr djuk gSA

lgHkkxkh vuqlakku rduhd esa d ekuordquokkL=h dks mu yksxksa ds chp

tkdj lkekftd lnL ds Ik esa jguk iM+rk gS ftudk og vu djuk pkgrk gSA d

ekuordquokkL=h dks lgHkkxkh vuqlakku ds izksx gsrq lEcUk LFkkiu dk lgkjk ysuk iM+rk gSA


rdquo


Kku izkfIr ds mikxe ds vkkkj ij lkekftd vuqlakku dk rhljk

izdkj ewYkadukRed vuqlakku gSA

ewYkadukRed vuqlakku izfofk esa ewYkadu vuqlwph dk Hkh izksx

fdk tkrk gSA


tkrk gSA

ewYkadukRed vuqlakku izfofk esa dkZdze dh ifjorZurdquokhy izdfr ds




lektrdquokkL=h vxLr dkWEVs dk dguk Fkk fd lekt dk fodkl Lor

gksrk gS

rdquo



2- ch0 ds0 eSfyuksoLdh kjk VordfksfczaM hi okflksa dk vu fdk

xk FkkA

3- lgHkkxkh vuqlakku LFkkuh Hkkrsquokk tkuus esa lgkd gksrk gSA

4- lgHkkxkh vuqlakku kjk Lkkekftd leLk dh tkudkjh ugha izkIr

dh tk ldrhA

5- eSfyuksoLdh ds ckn ekuordquokkL= esa lgHkkxh vuqlakku rduhd ds

eke ls ks= dkZ dh ijaijk LFkkfir gqbZA

6- lHkh lgHkkxkh vuqlakku izRk vuqlakku ds mnkgjk gks ldrs gSa]

ysfdu lHkh izRk vuqlakku lgHkkxkh vuqlakku ugha gks ldrsA

1- fofyelu] dkiZ M MkfYQu] nh fjlpZ dzkQ~V] ist] 382-

2- xqMs M gkWV] frac141952frac12 esFkM~l bu lksrdquoky fjlpZ] eSDxzk ghy cqd dEiuh] UwkdZ]

3- LVhQu] e0 dksjh] frac141953frac12 Drdquoky fjlpZ Vw bEizwo Ldwy izsfDVlst] UwkdZ Cwjks vkWQ

ifCydsrdquokUl dksyfEck wfuoflZVh VhplZ dkyst izsl-

4- ferdquoksy] th0 Mh0] frac141968frac12 fMDrdquokujh vkWQ lkfZrdquokksyksth] yanu] jksVyst M dsxu ikWy]

izsl-

5- eSdxzsFk M vnrdquokZ] twdsrdquokuy fjrdquokpZ esFkM~l-

6- tkWu] MCyw0 csLV] frac141963frac12 fjlpZ bu twdsrdquoku] Uw nsygh-

7- vgen] fetkZ jQhmn~nhu] frac141967frac12 lekt dkZ nrdquokZu oa izkkfyka] fczfVrdquok cqd fMiks]

y[kuAring-

8- vkxouZ M fuedkWQ] frac141957frac12 gSMcqd vkWQ lkfrdquokksykth] jkmVyst M dsxuiky

fyfeVsM] yanu

9- vkIVsdj] gjcVZ] frac141941frac12 csfld dkUlsIV~l bu lksrdquoky odZ] wfuoflZVh vkoukFkZ dSjksfyuk izsl]

pSisy fgy-

10- vkFkZj] fgyeSu] frac141957frac12 dEqfuVh vkxsZukbtrdquoku M Iykfuax] nh eSdfeyu dEiuh] UwkdZ-

11- vklcuZ] y0 Mh0 M Uwesj] e0 p0] nh dEwfuVh M lkslkbVh-

12- bfMu dkUQzsUl vkWQ lksrdquoky odZ] Lisrdquoky sfUuolZjh] uoEcjampfnlEcj] 1957-

13- bfMkampdEwfuVh MsoyiesV izksxzke bu bfMk] fnYyh xouZesV izsl] 1963-

14- bfMkampdEwfuVh MsoyiesV sV XykUl] fnYyh] fnYyh xouZesV izsl] 1962-

15- bfMkampdEwfuVh MsoyiesV M dksvkijsrdquoku] xkbM Vw dEqfuVh MsoyiesV] lsdsM jso0

bM0] fnYyh xouZesV izsl] 1957-



16- bfMkamp fjiksVZ vku nh suqvy dkUQzsUl vku dEqfuVh MsoyiesV M iapkr jkt]

Uw fnYyh] tqykbZ] 1964] fnYyh xouZesV izsl] 1964-

17- bfkampnh Ldksi vkWQ DlVsUlu bu dEqfuVh MsoyiesV] fnYyh xouZesV izsl] 1961-

18- sMjlu] ts0] lksrdquoky odZ st izksQsrdquoku] lksrdquoky odZ bZj cqd] jlst lst QkmUMsrdquoku]

UqkdZ-

MCyw0MCyw0MCyw-xwxy-dks-bu

Xkksy] lqfuy oa xksy] laxhrk] izkjfEHkd lkekftd vuqlakku

flag] Mk0 lqjsUnz] lkekftd vuqlakku Hkkxampd

rdquo

1- ewYkadukRed vuqlakku dk vFkZ oa ifjHkkrsquokk fyf[k rFkk bldh izfofkksa dk okZu

dhftA

2- ewYkadukRed vuqlakku dks ifjHkkfrsquokr dhft rFkk bldh leLkvksa ij izdkrdquok MkfysA

3- fdzkRed vuqlakku dk vFkZ oa ifjHkkrsquokkvksa ij izdkrdquok Mkyrs gq bldh fordquoksrsquokrkvksa dh ppkZ

dhftA

4- fdzkRed vuqlakku ds mn~nsrdquoksa dk okZUk djrs gq blds izdkjksa dh Ok[k dhftA

5- fdzkRed vuqlakku dk d mnkgjk izLrqr djrs gq blds fofHkUu lksikuksa ij izdkrdquok

MkfysA

6- fdzkRed vuqlakku ds egRo o xqkksa dh ppkZ dhftA

7- lgHkkxh vuqlakku dh vokkjkk fyf[k rFkk lgHkkxkh vuqlakku oa izRk vuqlakku esa

vUrj LirsquoV dhftA

8- lgHkkxh vuqlakku rduhd ds xqk oa nksrsquokksa dk okZu dhftA



Level of Measurement amp Use of Standrad Scale

10-0 mn~nsrdquo 10-1 izLrkouk

10-2 ekiu dk vFkZ

10-3 ekiu ds izdkj

10-3-1 ukeh ekiuh

10-3-2 Oslashe lwpd ekiuh

10-3-3 vUrjky ekiuh

10-3-4 vuqikrh ekiuh

10-4 vPNs eki dh dlkSVh

10-4-1 fordquooluhrk

10-4-2 oSkrk

10-4-3 laosnurdquokhyrk

10-5 vuqekidksa dk ekiu

105-1 vuqekidks dh miksfxrk

10-5-2 vuqekidksa ds fuekZk esa dfBukbZ

10-6 vuqekid ds izdkj

10-6-1 FkLVZu ekiuh

10-6-2 fydZV ekiuh

10-6-3 xkVeSu ekiuh

10-6-4 cksxkMZl ekiuh

10-7 lkjkak

10-8 ifjHkkfrsquokd ldquokCnkoyh

10-9 vHklampizuksa ds mRrj

10-10 lanHkZ xzaFk lwph

10-11 lgkd miksxh ikB~ lkexzh


rdquo

bl bdkbZ ds vu ds ckn vkids kjk laHko gksxk(



1- eki ds vFkZ dks legt ikuk]

2- eki ds izdkj dks legt ikuk]

3- vPNh eki dh dlkSfVksa dks legt ikuk]

4- vuqekiu ekiuh dks legt ikuk]

5- vuqekiu dh miksfxrk RkFkk dfBukbZ dks legt ikuk]

6- vuqekiu ekiuh ds izdkjksa dks crkukA

fdlh Hkh vu dks FkkZFkrk rFkk oSKkfudrk iznku djus ds fy fufrdquopr vuqekiu furkUr

vkordquod gksrk gSA ifjrdquokq) oa lgh eki djus dh kerk bl ckr dk |ksrd gS fd d foKku

fdruh izxfr dj pqdk gSA ekuoh Oogkjksa tSls euksofRk] fopkj] lkekftd fLFkfr] lkekftd nwjh

vkfn vewrZ o xqkkRed kVukvksa dk ekiuk iM+rk gS vkSj budk izRk o lgh eki lEHko ugh gSA

tgka rd HkkSfrd izkd`frd rFksa dh eki djuk ljy gksrk gS bu eki ds kjk ifjrdquokq) fursquodrsquokZ Hkh

izkIr gksrs gaSA ogh lkekftd kVukvksa viuh TkfVy vkSj ifjorZrdquokhy izd`fr dh gksus ds dkjk

xqkkRed izd`fr dh gksrh gSA budh izd`fr xqkkRed gksus ds dkjk mudk oLrqfursquoB vkSj xkukRed

eki djuk dfBu vkSj lEHko ugh gksrkA bu fordquoksrsquokrkvksa dh lgh lgh eki djusa ds fy ekius ds

iSekuksa dks fodflr fdk ftl dkjk lektrdquokkL= viuh oSKkfud izd`fr dks cuks j[kus esa lEHko

jgkA Hkforsquo esa lekt oSKkfud OfDrxr Oogkjksa oa euksofRrksa dh eki dgha vfkd FkkFkZ Ik esa

dj ldsaxsA

oLrqvksa o kVukvksa dks rdZ laxr Ik esa ekU fueksa ds vuqlkj la[k fuik dks eki dgk tkrk

gSA orZeku lkekftd foKkuksa esa eki dk vfkdkfkd izksx fdk tk jgk gSA eki dk vFkZ gS fd

lEcUkksa dh la[kRed vfHkOfDr rFkk tks bu leadksa ds fofHkUu ekuksa ds chp rqyukRed lacak

LFkkftir djus esa lke gksA tc oSKkkfud ekiu ds lacak esa dksbZ dFku izLrqr djrs gS rks mudk

vFkZ izsfkr vkadMksa k leadksa dk fuec) izLrqrhdjk djuk gksrk gSAg izLrqrhdjk bl izdkj

fdk tkrk gS ftlesa fd d fufrdquopr fue ds varxZr g la[ka nkrkiwoZd forsquoysrdquokkdjus esa

lke gks rFkk g विशरषण] ekiu ds mn~nsrdquo ls lacafkr vFkZiwkZ ifjkke vkSj lwpuk iznku dj

ldsA vkadM+ksa esa bl izdkj dh fordquoksrsquokrk dk forsquoysrdquokkdjus ds fy d ekiu U= dk gksuk vkordquod

gS ftlls fd fofHkUUk oLrqvksa ds fufnZrsquoV la[kvksa esa vUrj izkIr fdk tk ldsA

lkaf[dh vkadM+ksa dk forsquoysrdquokkdjus okys oSKkfudksa us vkadM+ksa ds vkkkj ij fds tkus okys ijhkk

esa vkadM+ksa ds ekiu ds fy fofHkUUk lkaf[dh iSekuksa dk izksx fdkA g iSekus] ekiu ds fofHkUUk

Lrj ij izksx fd tk ldrs gSA blds pkj eq[ izdkj gSaamp

(nominal scale)

tc oLrqvksa ds lewg dks nks k vfkd Jsfkksa esa foHksn djus ds fy xqkkRed vUrj dks vkkkj

cuk rks ukeh eki dk izksx djrs gSaA g lcls fuEu Lrj dk eki gksrk gS] tSls fdlh ldquokgj dh

tula[k dks fgUnqvksa] eqlyekuksa] bZlkbZksa esa ckaV dj lkjkh cuk ns rks bls ukeh k fur ekiuh



dk izksx dgk tkrk gS vFkkZr~ g vuqeki OfDrksa dks nks k nks ls vfkd oxksZa esa oxhZd`r djrk

gS ftuds lnL vyxampvyx fordquoksrsquokrksa j[krs gSaA g Ldsy vkfndky dh eki gS vkSj fxurh ij

vkkkfjr lkaf[dh rduhd bl izdkj ds eki esa vuqes gSA

mnkgjkamp egkfo|ky ds lektrdquokkL= foHkkx esa 100 OfDrksa ds lewg dks] blesa nks vyx vyx

xqkksa ds vkkkj ij oxhZd`r fdk tk ldrk gSA

(sex) (number)

(Ordinal scale)

Oslashe lwpd ekiuh kjk ge u dsoy OfDrksa dks oxkZsa esa foHkkftr djrs gSa oju~ bu oxkZsa dk Oslashe Hkh

fukkZfjr djrs gSaA tSls loksZPp ls fuEure] egkure ls rqPNre] izFke ls vafre vkfn esa dksfVc

fdk tkrk gSA mnkgjkkFkZamp tc OfDrksa dks lkekftd] vkfFkZd fLFkfr ij mPp oxZ] e oxZ rFkk

fuEu oxZ esa foHkkftr djrs gSaA

dksfV vkh vuqeki k Oslashe lwpd oxZ dh Jsfkka cukrk gS vkSj oLrqvksa dks OofLFkr

lEcUkksa esa mudh rhozrk ds vuqlkj OOkfLFkr djrk gSA fQj Hkh g vUrj dh ek=k dk irk ugha

yxkrkA tSls mPp oxZ dh vk] frdquokkk k lkekftd] vkfFkZd fLFkfr e oxZ ls vfkd gS g ugha

crkrh dh fdruh vfkd gSA

eku fukkZfjr fds x enksa dks iznRr dh xbZ la[k dks eku ewY dgrs gSaA dksfV la[ksa

dsoy eku Oslashe crkrh gSaA lkekU vadxfkrh fOslashksa tksM+] kVkuk] xqkk] Hkkx Oslashelwpd ekiuh ls

oSk Ik ls izksx ugha fd tk ldrs ijUrq dksfVksa ij vkkkfjr lkaf[dh fofkkiexcl laxr gSaA ukeh

iSekuk vkSj dze lwpd iSekuksa esa ekSfyd vUrj g gS fd ukeh iSekuksa esa xqk vkSj blds izkIr

lead ds chp cjkcj (=) dk fpUg gksrk gS tcfd dze lwpd iSekus esa xqk vkSj izkIrkadksa ds chp

cjkcj (=) ds fpUg ds vfrfjDr ^ls vfkd (gt) ^ls de (lt) dk fpUg izqDr fdk tk ldrk

gSA

mnkgjk OfDrksa ds lewg dks ekfld vk ds vkkkj ij ge mUgsa mPPk vk oxZ] deZpkjh oxZ

rFkk etnwj oxZ esa foHkkftr djrs gSaA



(Interval scale)

bl vuqeki esa u dsoy phtksa dks Oslashe esa j[k ldrs gSa oju~ muds chp dk BhdampBhd vUrj Hkh

crk ldrs gSA bldk vFkZ gS fd bl vuqeki esa bdkbZksa dks izRsd la[k ds chp vUrj vuqeki

leku gksrk gS vkSj fnrdquokk Kkr gks tkrh gSA vUrjky ekiuh ds fy eki dks HkkSfrd bdkbZ dh

vkordquodrk gksrh gSA mnkgjkkFkZampnks OfDr gSa] d dh vk 25000 vkSj nwljs dh vk 20000 0

gSA fur ekiuh ds vuqlkj budh vk vyxampvyx gSA Oslashe lwpd ekiuh ds vuqlkj igys dh

vk nwljs dh vk ls vfkd gSA vUrjky ekiuh esa igys OfDr dh vk nwljs OfDr dh vk ls

5000 0 vfkd gSA

vUrjky ekiuh ij ge tksM+ o kVkus dh lafOslashka dj ldrs gSaA bu vadxfkrh lafOslashkvksa

ij vkkkfjr lkaf[dh rduhd vuqKs gSA xqkk o Hkkx dh lafOslashka vUrjky Ldsy ds lkFk oSk

Ik ls izksx ugha dh tk ldrh Dksafd bu lafOslashkvksa esa okLrfod ldquokwU fcUnq ds vfLrRo dh

iwoZdYiuk dh tkrh gSA

vUrjky Ldsy esa nks Oslashekxr fcUnqvksa ds chp dk vUrj iwjs Ldsy ij d leku gksrk gS

ijUrq mlesa okLrfod ldquokwU fcUnq ugha gksrkA ikuh teus dk rkieku lasVhxzsM ekiuh esa ldquokwU gS

tcfd QkjsugkbV ekiuh esa 32 fMxzhsA blls LirsquoV gksrk gS fd ldquokwU LosPN gSA blh izdkj lkekftd

foKku esa Hkh vknj] fLFkfr] vfHkofRr vkfn ds ldquokwU gksus dk dksbZ fujisk vFkZ ugha gSA mnkgjkkFkZamp

g lp gS fd dksbZ fo|kFkhZ nkampdnk lkekU foKku esa ldquokwU vad ik ijUrq bl dk g vfHkizk

ugha fd og lkekU foKku esa dqN Hkh ugha tkurkA

vr vUrjky iSekus esa izkIr leadksa dks u dsoy Jskh c) fdk tk ldrk gS cfYd ekuksa ds

e vUrj Hkh Kkr fdk tk ldrk gSA vfkdrj lkaf[dh ekiu esa bl iSekus dk izksx fdk

tkrk gSA

(Ratio scale)

pkSFkk vkSj loksZPp eki Lrj vuqikrh ekiuh gksrh gSA g iSekuk vUrjky iSekus ds lHkh

xqkksa dks lekksftr djus ds lkFkamplkFk vius ewy fcUnw ls okLrfod vUrj iznfrdquokZr gks rks bl

izdkj ds iSekus dks vuqikrh iSekuk k ekiuh ds I esa nrdquokkZk tk ldrk gSA fn nks ekiu U=ksa ls

izkIr ekuksa ds chp xqkkRed lacak gks rks fofHkUu oLrqvksa ds fy nksuksa gh ekiu U=ksa ls izkIr ekuksa

esa leku vuqikr izkIr gksxkA bl ekiuh ds lkFk tksM+] kVkuk] xqkk o Hkkx dh pkjksa lafOslashksa izksx

dh tk ldrh gSaA slh ekiuh ds lkFk leLr lakf[dh rduhfd vuqKs gSA blesa iwkZ ldquokwU fcUnq

ewy esa gksrk gS vkSj tks d ewY ds vuqikr dh Ok[k nwljs ewY ls djrk gSA blesa ldquokwU fujisk

gksus ds dkjk ge vuqikr ysdj Hkh rqyuk dj ldrs gSaA Hkkj] yEckbZ vkfn dk eki vuqeki ekiuh

kjk gksrk gSA

vuqikr ekiuh ds vad vkuqikfrd lacakksa eas ODr fd tk ldrs gSA mnkgjk ds fy] 4

xzke dk Hkkj 8 xzke dk vkkk gSA 10 lseh0 dh AringiexclpkbZ 30 lseh0 dh frgkbZ gSA vuqikrh Ldsy gesa

ek=kvksa dh lekurk vUrjksa dh lekurk rFkk vuqikrksa dh lekurk lafOslashka djus dh vuqefr nsrs

gSaA

gkiexcl ku nsus ksX gS fd izRsd mPp Lrj ekiuh dks fupyh ekiuh esa ifjofrZr fdk tk

ldrk gS ijUrq fupyh ekiuh dks mPp ekiuh esa ugha cnyk tk ldrkA mPp Jskh esa vuqKs



lkaf[dh esa fupyh Jskh ds Ldsy ij vuqKs lkakf[dh Hkh lfEefyr gSA ekiuh dk Lrj ftruk

Aringiexclpk tkrk gS mruh vfkd izklafxd lwpuk izkIr gksrh gSA

(i) vUrjky ekiuh dks lafkIr i esa mYys[k dhft

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------

10-4

eki ds ewYkadu ds fy rhu dlkSfVka gSamp

1- fordquooluhrk

2- oSkrk

3- laosnurdquokhyrkA

rdquo

vkadM+s d= djus dk ijhkk fordquooluhrk gksuk pkfg vFkkZr~ leku fLFkfrksa o bu gh

OfrsquoVksa ij ckjampckj ijhkk djus ij ogh ifjkke feyus pkfgA mnkgjk ds fy fn dksbZ

Okikjh d ehVj ls diM+s dh lgh yEckbZ tkurk gS blfy eki ds bu lkkuksa ds fy

fordquooluhrk vkordquodrk gSA fordquooluhrk ldquokCn ds ijhkk esa] nks ijLij lacafkr ijarq fHkUuampfHkUu

vFkZ fufgr gSaA

igyk iznfrdquokZr djrk gS fd ijhkk fdl lhek rd vkUrfjd i ls laxr gS vFkkZr~ d ckj

ds eki esa fdruh laxfr gSA nwljk fordquooluhrk g crkrh gS fd eki qfDr fdl lhek rd

ckjampckjk ijhkk ds laxr ifjkke nsrh gSA

fdlh Hkh midjk dh fordquooluhrk dk ijhkk djus dh pkj fofkkiexcl gSamp

1ampijhkk iquiZjhkk fordquooluhrkA

2ampvUrjky LFkkfRo fordquooluhrkA

3ampfoPNsnh fordquooluhrkA

4ampleih fordquooluhrkA

rdquo bl jhfr ds d ijhkk ds dqN gh le ckn ogh ijhkk

nksckjk fdk tkrk gS vkSj nksuksa ckj ds laedksa ds lsVksa ds lglacak ls ijhkk dh fordquooluhrk

izkIr dh tkrh gSA

ijhkk iquiZjhkk fordquooluhrk esa dqN lheka gksrh gSA



1ampbl jhfr dks vUrxZr fn nksuksa ijhkkksa ds chp vUrjky de gksrk gS rks Lefr dk izHkko]

vHkl o ijhkk ls ifjfpr gksus dk fordquookl lHkh ijhkk dh fordquooluhrk dk vfkvkdyu dj

ldrs gSaA

2amp mRrj kjk bu izrdquouksa ij iqu fopkj dj ldrs gS vkSj fHkUu ysfdu lgh vkSj lR mRrj ns

ldrs gSaA

3amp fn varjky vfkd gS rks Oogkj esa izxfr ds Ik esa okLrfod ifjorZu ijhkk dh

fordquooluhrk dk vovkadyu dj ldrs gSaA nwljs ijhkk esa fLFkfrksa dks Fkkor fuaf=r djus esa

dfBukbZ ds dkjk] ftldk ifjkkeksa ij izHkko iM+rkA

rdquo amp vUrjky LFkkfRo fordquooluhrk bldk vFkZ gS d ls izrdquou

iwNuk k d ls iSekus ds enksa dks izLrqr djukA

rdquo amp blds vuqlkj fdlh midjk ds enksa dks nks rqY vkks

Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr fdk tkrk gSA vkkh bdkbZksa ij ijhkk ds leadks dks nwljh vkkh bdkbZksa ds

leadks ls lglacafkr fdk tkrk gSA lglEcUk dh ek=k eki dh fordquooluhrk dh ek=k dks

nrdquokkZsxhA ijhkk dh bdkbZksa dks vusd izdkj ls nks Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr fdk tk ldrk gSA

rdquo bldk izksx rc fdk tkrk gS tc nks oSdfYid lkkuksa dks gj

lEHko d lk vfHkdfYir fdk tkrk gSA nksuksa esa ls izRsd eki vuqekid OfDrksa ds d gh

lewg ij izksx fdk tkrk gSA fn nksuksa iksa ds chp mPp lglEcUk gS rc vuqlakkudrkZ eku

ysrk gS fd vuqekid fordquooluh gSA

(i) fordquooluhrk ds lanHkZ esa lafkIr i esa mYys[k dhft

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -----------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

fdlh midjk ls tks oLrq tSlh gS mldk mruk gh ekiu djus dks dgrs gSa vFkkZr~ oSk

lwpuk iznku djuh pkfgA lkekU Ik ls ogh ijhkk oSk gS tks ogh eki djs ftldk og nkok

djrk gSA dksbZ Hkh ijhkk dh oSkrk fordquooOkih o vuUr rd ugha gksrhA og d fLFkfr esa izksx

gsrq oSk gks ldrk gS ij nwljh fLFkfr esa voSkA

eki ds ijhkk dks oSkrk dk vkdyu djus ds fy fofok rjhds gSa tSlsamp

1ampLirsquoV oSkrk

2amplkexzh oSkrkvaroZLrq oSkrk

3ampdlkSVh oSkrk



4ampjpuk oSkrk

LirsquoV LirsquoV oSkrk dk vFkZ gS ogh ekiu djuk tks visfkr gSA fyax Hksn frac14L=h rFkk

iqrsquokfrac12 dk vu djus ds mn~nsrdquo ls cukbZ xbZ d izrdquoukoyh ls LirsquoV oSkrk rHkh gksxhA fn

blds izrdquou dsoy fyax Hksn ds dkjk fd x HksnHkko ls lEc) gSaA gkiexcl fukZ ds ekud lk ij

vkkkfjr u gksdj vuqlaakkudrkZ ds vkReijd fukZ ij gSA

lkexzh oSkrk dk rkRiZ g gS fd rdZlaxr Ik esa g nrdquokkZrh

ekywe iMrh gS fd g Dk ekuk pkgrh gS Dksafd fordquoksrsquokKksa dks lkexzh slh nrdquokkZh nsrh gS fd g

enksa dks iwkZ Ik esa lekfgr djrh gSA oSkrk dk g LoIk vusd forsquok ldquokkfL=ksa rFkk ijhkk

fordquoksrsquokKksa ds fukZ o okLrfod fd x vu forsquok ds lkokkuhiwoZd forsquoysrdquokkij vkkkfjr gksrk

gSA g forsquoysrdquokk ifjes o fukZkRed gksrk gSA varoZLrq oSkrk dks dHkh dHkh ifjes k rdZlaxr

oSkrk Hkh dgrs gSaA V y- dSys ds vuqlkj varoZLrq oSkrk d izfrnrdquokZ lkexzh ds dqrdquoky

forsquoysrdquokkij vkSj nwljs izkjfEHkd pquh gqbZ enksa ds ldquokksku gsrq miyCk lkaf[dh izfdzkvksa ds miksx

ij fuHkZj djrh gSA

lkexzh oSkrk dk vFkZ d leku jpuk ds ekiksa dks vU ekiksa ls lg

lEcfUkr djukA dlkSVh oSkrk dk oxhZdjk bl izdkj fdk tkrk gSA

g le ds vykok vU ckrksa esa iwoZdFkuh izkekfkdrk ds leku gksrh g

izekfkdrk fofHkUu L=ksrksssa ds e vUrj LirsquoV djrh gSA

Hkforsquo bl dk vFkZ tks dlkSVh vkSj uohu eki vuqekid ds tksM+us ds le Oslashe

ij fuHkZj djrk gS g rc gksrh gS tc vfHkfp eki Hkforsquo dh kVuk dks Hkforsquookkh djrk gSA

bls lS)kfUrd oSkrk Hkh dgrs gS Dksafd bldk lEcUk oSkrk ds ekiu ds

lkFkamplkFk fl)kUr ls Hkh gksrk gSA vFkkZr~ g ml Lrj rd LFkkfir gS tgka rd eki vokkjkkvksa

ij vkkkfjr fl)kaar ls mRiUu izkDdYiuk dh iqfrsquoV djrh gSA

oSkrk vuksa dh fordquooluhrk oa oSkrk ds lacak esa nks ckrsa izeq[k gSaamp vkUrfjd oSkrk rFkk ckaacute

oSkrkA vkUrfjd oSkrk dk lacak vuqlakku dh fordquooLrrk ls gSA dkjk oa izHkko lacakh vuksa esa

bl izdkj dh oSkrk dks Kkr djuk vRUr egRoiwkZ ekuk tkrk gSA dkjkRo dks nrdquokkZus gsrq rhu

nrdquokka gksuk vfuokZ gSA

1- dkjk dk ifjkke ls igys gksuk vfuokZ gS

2- izHkko dk vkdkj dkjk lacakh rRoksa ds vkdkj ls izHkkfor gksrk gSA

3- ifjkke dh izfrUh dkjkRo Ok[ka fue fo) kksfrsquokr dh tk ldrh gSA

okaacute oSkrk dk lacak ifjkkeksa ds vU funrdquokZuksa ds lanHkZ esa lkekUhdjk djus dh lhek ls gSA g

Hkh nks izdkj dh gksrh gSA

1- tula[kRed oSkrk dk lacak funrdquokZu ds vu ds fursquodrsquokksZa ds

vkkkj ij ml lexz ds ckjs esa lkekUhdjk djus] ftldk fd og Hkkx gSA

ikfjfLFkfrdh oSkrk dk lacak fursquodrsquokksZa ds vkkkj ij vU

ikfjfLFkfrksa ds ckjs esa lkekUhdjk djus ls gSA

ftDeM us fordquooluhrk vkSj oSkrk ds e vUrj LirsquoV djus ds fy d iqjkuh jkbQy

rFkk d uh jkbQy dk mnkgjk fnkA iqjkuh jkbQy ls ldquokwVj kjk ekjs xs ldquokkWV y dkQh



bkjampmkj yxs ysfdu uh jkbQy ls y ij ekjs xs ldquokkWV ku fp= Fks tks g LirsquoV djrk gS

fd iqjkuh jkQy de fordquooluh gSA y esa furdquokkusckt ds ldquokkWV uh jkbQy ls fordquooluh gks

ldrs gS ysfdu fn mldh nfrsquoV Bhd ugha gS rks ldquokwVj lcls lwe y ij furdquokkuk ugha yxk

ldrkA

laosnurdquokhyrk laosnurdquokhyrk dk rkRiZ g gksrk gS fd mRrjksa dh fofokrk ds ldquokq) ekiu

dh ksXrkA tSls nks mRrjksa ds oxZ lger k vlger vfHkofr ifjorZu ugha nrdquokkZrsA bl fLFkfr

esda vfkla[ enksa ds lkFk d vfkd laosnurdquokhy eki dh vkordquodrk gks ldrh gSA mnkgjk 5

fcUnq vuqekid frac14vfr lger lger] u rks lger vkSj u vlger] vlger vkSj vfr lgerfrac12

viqekid dh laosnurdquokhyrk cltk nsrs gSa tSls mDr lkjkh ls legtk tk ldrk gSA

1- vfr lger $2

2- lger $1

3- u rks lger vkSj u vlger 0

4- vlger amp1

5- vfr lger amp2

bu ikap fcUnq vuqekid dks mijksDr vad nsdj ge $ vad rFkk amp vad dks fxurh dj ldrs gSa

vkSj bl izdkj vfHkofr dk eki dj ldrs gSaA

vkt vusd vuqekid U=ksa dk fodkl fdk tk pqdk gS ftuds kjk euksofRrksa tSls vewrZ rFksa

oa lkekftd Oogkjksa dk eki djuk lEHko gks xk gSA iSekus xqkkRed rFksa dks xkUkkRed rFksa

esa ifjofrZr djus dh izfofkka gSa vkSj dze dk fukkZjk djus esa budk fordquoksrsquok egRo gSA vr iSekuk

fdlh kVuk vFkok oLrq dks ekius dk d U= gSA vu oLrq dh izd`fr ds vuqlkj gh iSekuksa

dk fuekZk fdk tkrk gSA ftl izdkj izkdfrd foKkuksa esa fofHkUu oLrqvksa dks ekius ds U= fHkUu

fHkUu gksrs gS] mlh izdkj lkekftd kVuk dh fofrdquokrsquoV izd`fr dks ku esa j[krs gq mlh ds vuqlkj

iSekuksa dk fuekZk fdk tkrk gSA iSekus lkekftd kVuk dks oLrqfursquoB Ik esa legtus rFkk muds

forsquok esa fufrdquopr rFkk lgh Kku izkIr djus ds fy vkordquod gSaA budk miksx u gksus ds dkjk

vfkdkrdquokr xqkkRed rF df=r gks iksxsa rFkk dsoy blds vkkkj ij ge lkekftd kVuk dks

iwkZr oLrqfursquoB Ik esa ugh legt ldrsA ijUrq fdlh kVuk dk xkukRed okZu gh mls legtus ds

fy oLrqfursquoB eki vkSj fufrdquoprrk yk ldrk gSA lkekftd foKkuksa esa iSekuksa ds izksx dk mn~nsrdquo

izeq[k I ls bu forsquokksa dks vfkd ifjrdquokq)rk kjk oSKkfud cukuk] xqkkRed rFksa dks xkukRed

rFksa esa ifjofrZr rFkk vu dks vfkd lwe cukuk gSA

ljkUrkdksl ds vuqlkj vuqekidksa ds izksx dk izeq[k dkjk gSamp

1amp mPp lhek vokkjkk ds lHkh izeq[k in lekfgr gksrs gSaA

2ampmPp lafkIrrk vkSj fordquooluhrkampblesa mPp fdLe dh fordquooluhrk vkSj lwerk gksrh gSA

3ampmPp rqyukRedamp vuqekidksa ds izksx ls vkkkj lkexzh ds fofHkUUk lewgksa esa rqyuk djukA

4ampljyrkamp vuqekid vkkkj lkexzh ds laxzg vkSj forsquoysrdquokkdks ljy cukukA



fdlh oLrq ds izfr gekjh vfHkofRr mlds forsquok esa gekjh tkudkjh] fordquooklksa] Hkkoukvksa vkSj

deZ izofRrksa dk rU= gSA vfHkofRr dk d egRoiwkZ ykk gS d`rsquokk ldquokfDrA d`rsquokk ldquokfDr dk vFkZ gS

vfHkofRr dk kukRed rFkk _kkRed gksuk vFkkZr~ gekjh vfHkofRr bl oLrq ds ik esa gS k foik

esaA vfHkofRr dks ekius dk vFkZ gS fd mldks drsquokZk ldquokfDr dks ukiukA eki kjk ge mls ek=kRed

Ik ns nsrs gS vkSj izdkj fofHkUu yksxksa dh rqyuk dk ldrs gSaA vuqekiu izfofkka dk rkRiZ mu

izkkfyksa ls gSa ftuds kjk ldquokkskdrkZ xqkkRed lkekftd rFksa dh eki djds mudh xkuk

lkaf[dh fursquodrsquokksaZ ds Ik esa izLrqr djrk gSA fdlh vfHkofRr vkSj nwljs fdlh pj esa lkgpZ gS k

ugha A eku ys fd ge tkurk pkgrs gS fd frdquokkk rFkk keZ dks ekuus esa dksbZ lacak gS k ughaA

loZizFke ge d funrdquokZu esa vk yksxksad dh keZ ds izfr vfHkofRr dh uki djsxsa vkSj izRsd dh

frdquokkk dks Hkh irk yxk ysxsaA fQj lkaf[dh ds miksx ls ns[ksxsa fd buesa lkgpZ gS k ughaA fn

lkgpZ _kkRed gqvk rks ge dg ldrs gS fd ftrus gh yksx frdquokfkr gksrs gS mrus gh keZ dks de

ekuus okys gksrs gSA vro lkekftd vuqlakku ds lanHkZ esa vuqekiu dk rkRiZ iSekbrdquok dh ml

fofk ls gS ftls xqkkRed rFkk vewrZ lkekftd rFksa k kVukvksa dks xkukRed k ifjekkkRed

LoIk fnk tkrk gSA xqMs rFkk gkV us fy[kk gS fd vuqekiu izfofkksa esa vUrfuZfgr leLk

bdkbksa dh Jsfkksa dks dze ds varxZr OofLFkr djus dh gS A vFkkZr xqkkRed rFksa dh Jsfkksa

dks xkukRed Jsfkksa esa cnyus dh i)frka gSaA

vuqekiksa dh vkordquodrk rFkk miksfxrk lHkh foKkuksa ds fy gS vkSj fodklrdquokhy lkekftd

foKku ds Ik esa lektrdquokkL= ds fy rks vuqekiksa dh miksfxrk vkSj vfkd gSA

bldh izFke miksfxrk g gS fd s foKku dks bl

ksX cuk nsrs gSa fd og vius vu forsquok ds varxZr vkus okyh kVukvksa dk lgh o izkekfkd

eki dj ldsA blds fcuk dksbZ Hkh foKku ifjiDork rFkk izxfr dh vksj ugh clt ldrkA

izxfrrdquokhy o fodklrdquokhy gksuk izRsd foKku dh d mYys[kuh vkordquodrk gS vkSj bldh iwfrZ rc

rd ugha gks ldrh tc rd vuqekiu izfofkksa dh Hkh mRrjksRrj of) gksrh tkA xqMs rFkk gkV us

fy[kk gS fd lHkh foKku vfkdre ifjrdquokq)rk dh fnrdquokk esa vxzlj gksrs gSaA bl ifjrdquokq)rk ds vusd

Ik gksrs gSa ij mldk d vkkkjHkwr dzec) Jsfkksa dh ekiA

oLrqfursquoB lkekftd vuqlakku esa lkekftd kVukvksa dh okLrfdk vu vkSj

ml vu kjk FkkZFk fursquodrsquokZ fudkyuk rHkh lEHko gksrk gS tc ge kVuk fordquoksrsquok dk oLrqfursquoB

eki dj ldsA vuqekiu izfofkka vuqlakku dks oSrsquokfd cukus esa vRfkd lgkd gksrk gS Dksafd

bldh lgkrk ls okLrfod fLFkfr dk irk yxkus ds fys xkukRed foospuk dh tk ldrh gSA

fn lkekftd kVukvksa dk oLRkqfursquoB eki u fdk tk rks lnSo gh g Hk cuk jgrk gS fd

lkekftd kVuka xqkkRed gksus ds dkjk izRsd vuqlakkudrkZ mudk vyx vyx okZu k vFkZ

fudkyrk gS ftlls kVukvksa ds forsquoysrdquokkesa fdlh Hkh izdkj dh lqLirsquoVrk iui gh ugh ldsxhA

tcfd fofHkUu lkekftd kVukvksa dks ekius ds lqfufrdquopr iSekuk gekjs ikl gSA



(i) vuqekidksa dh fdUgh nks miksfxrkvksa dk lafkIr i esa mYys[k dhft

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

vkt lkekftd vuqlakku esa euksofRrksa dh eki djus esa vusd egRoiwkZ izkkfyksa dk

fodkl gks pqdk gS rFkk mUgh ds dkjk lkekftd vuksa dks foKku dh Jskh esa j[kk tkrk gSA

iSekuksa ds fuekZk esa vusd dfBukbksa dk lkeuk Hkh djuk iMrk gSA tks bl izdkj gSaamp

tfVy izd`fr ds dkjk lkekftd kVukvksa dk d vksj

vklkuh ls vu ugha fdk tk ldrk vkSj nwljh vksj sls vu ls izkIr fursquodrsquokksa dks izkekfkd

ugh dgk tk ldrkA bldk dkjk gS fd fdlh d lkekftd kVuk ds fy vusd dkjd k py

mRrnkh gksrs gSa vkSj blfy g fufrdquopr djuk dfBu gksrk gS fd iSekus ds fuekZk esa buesa ls

fdl dkjd dks egRo fnk tkA lkFk gh s dkjd d nwljs ls brus kqys feys gksrs gSa fd vudk

vyx eki ugh dh tk ldrhA

lkekftd kVukvksa dh vewrZrk iSekus fuekZk esa vkus okyh

nwljh dfBukbZ gSA lkekftd kVukvksa dh izd`fr vewrZ gksrh gS vFkkZr xqkkRed izd`fr dh gksrh gS

vkSj bus ifjekkkRed Ik esa eki djuk dfBu gksrk gSA lkekftd RkFksa tSlsamp izse] nq[k] fopkj]

kkk] ikikr vkfn vewrZ k xqkkRed gksrs gs vkSj blfy g leLk gks tkrh gS fd budks

xqkkRed Ik esa dSls vfHkODr fdk tkA

lkekftd kVukvksa dh vlekurk ds dkjk lkekftd

fOkKku ds iSekuksa dk fuekZk djuk dfBu gksrk gSA ekuo lekt esa vusd lewg iks tkrs gSA vkSj

izRsd lewg dh viuh laLd`fr] keZ tkfr] ewY] fordquookl] Hkkrsquokk vkfn gksrh gS bUgh ds dkjk vusd

izdkj ds foHksn iks tkrs gSA blds vfrfjDr d gh lewg ds fofHkUu lnLksa ds fopkj] Hkkouk]

vknrdquokZ] fordquookl vkfn ds vkkkj ij fofokrka gksrh gSaA bu lc ds dkjk fdlh Hkh iSekus ij

iwkZrk fuHkZj ugh fdk tk ldrk lkFk gh d lewg ds fy rSkj fdk x iSekus dks nwljs

lewg esa ykxw ugh fdk ldrkA

ifjorZurdquokhyrkamp ekuo ds Oogkj ifjorZurdquokhy gksrs gSa vkSj lkekftd

ifjfLFkfrksa ds vuqlkj ifjofrZr gksrs jgrs gSaA d ifjLFkfr fordquoksrsquok esa d fopkj rFkk nwljh

ifjLFkfr fordquoksrsquok esa nwljk fopkj mRiUu gksrk gS lkFk gh d forsquok d s lacak esa tks fopkj vkt gS



dqN fnuksa ckn og fopkj fLFkj ugh jgrkA d le fordquoksrsquok ds fy rSkj fdk xk dksbZ Hkh iSekus

dks nwljs le ds ij ykxw ugh fdk tk ldrkA

vkfFkZd ewYksa ds eki ds fy tgka d

vkSj nzO d lkoZHkSfed eki gS ysfdu lkekftd ewYksa dks ekius ds fy dksbZ fufrdquopr iSekuk ugh

gSAifjkke g gksrk gS fd izRsd lewg vius vius nfrsquoVdksk ls lkekftd ewYksa k rFksa dk

ewYkadu djrs gSaA ftlds dkjk iSekus ds fuekZk esa dfBukbZ mRiUUk gksrh gSA

iSekus ds fuekZk ls lacafkr miqZDr dfBukbksa ds vfrfjDr Hkh dqN vU dfBukbka gS tks

vuqlakkudrkZ dh dqrdquokyrk rFkk lkekftd kVukvksa ls lacafkr gSA vkt lkekftd ldquokksk ds varxZr

fofHkUu iSekuksa dk ftl rsth ls fodkl gks jgk gS mls ku esa j[krs gq Hkforsquo esa lkekftd

kVukvksa dh dgha vfkd fOkrdquokq) Ik esa eki fdk tk ldsxkA

10-6

orZeku esa lkekftd vuqlakkuksa esa izeq[k Ik ls vfHkofRr ds ekiu ds fy izqDr pkj egRoiwakZ

izdkj fuEufyf[kr gS

vad iSekus

ewY ekid vFkok rhozrk ekid iSekus

Jskh lwpd ekid

lkekftd nwjh ekid iSekus

bl izdkj ds iSekuksa dk izksx euksofRrksa vFkkZr OfDrksa dh jk tkuus

ds fy fdk tkrk gSA buesa dqN fofrdquokrsquoV ldquokCn k fLFkfrka ys yh tkrh gS vkSj fQj

izRsd dks d vad iznku dj fnk tkrk gSA blds Ikrdquopkr~ bu dFkuks k fLFkfrksa ds

forsquok esa mRrjkrkvksa dh jk dh tkrh gSA lwpuknkrk ls g dgk tkrk gS fd og

ftl fLFkfr k ldquokCn ls lger gks muds vkxs lgh frac14frac12 dk furdquokku yxk nsA bl izdkj

gesa irk py tkrk gs mu fofrdquokrsquoV ldquokCnksa vFkok fLFkfrksa ds ik esa fdrus er izkIr gq]

ijUrq buls xgurk vFkok rhozrk dk irk ugh pYkrk gSA

2- bl izdkj ds iSekuksa dk izksx yksxksa dh

euksofRrksa] euksHkkoksa] fopkjksa rFkk fpksa dh rhozrk k xgurk dks ekius ds fys fdk

tkrk gSA sals iSekuksa dk miksx rc vfkd ykHknkd gksrk gS tc fdlh fordquoksrsquok rF ds

izfr OfDr dh fp dsoy nks fodYiksa rd lhfer ugha gksrh cfYd vusd Jsfkksa esa

foHkkftr gks ldrh gSA buesa d dze ds vuqlkj ewYkadu fdk tkrk gSA fydVZ dk

iSekuk ladfyr rhozrk vuqeki dk mnkgjk gSA

3- fukkZdksa ds Aringij fuHkZj gksus ds dkjk g Hkh fukkZjk ekiuh ds

gh leku gSA d fujisk ekiuh ij fukZ fds tkrs gSaA vUrj dsoy Jskh ds dze esa

LFkku fukkZjk djus ls gh lacafkr gSaA FkLVZu vuqeku bl Jskh dk izeq[k mnkgjk gSA

4- lkekftd vUrj dh kkjkk d lkRkR dks lwfpr djrh gSA

mnkgjkkFkZ] OfDrxr rFkk lkekftd lacakksa dh fordquoksrsquokrkvksa ds Lrj oa xgurk dks

iznfrdquokZr djus okyh ekiuh dks ys ldrs gSA ftl lewg dk lkekftd vUrj ekiu gksrk

gS] mls d lkrR ij j[krs gSaA cksxkMZl blds izskrk FksA bldk izksx fofHkUu lewgksa

esa lkekftd nwjh ekius ds fy fdk tkrk gSA



lkekftd vuqlakku esa lokZfkd izqDr iSekuksa dh gh lafkIr okZu djrs gSaA s iSekus

fuEufyf[kr gSaA

1- FkLVZu iSekus

2- fydVZ iSekus

3- xVeSu iSekus rFkk

4- cksxkMZl iSekusA

amp

bl iSekus dk miksx fdlh Hkh lewg ds izfr dqN OfDrksa dh euksofRrksa fpksa dks tkuus ds

fy fdk tk ldrk gSA FkLVZu vkSj muds lgksfxksa us viuh ekiuh ppZ ds izfr vfHkofRr ls

lacafkr FkhA 1920 esa vesfjdk esa fufeZr FkLVZu vuqekid iznRr pj ds ladsrkadksa ds lewg cukrk gS

tks vuqHkokJ esa izksx fdk tkrk gSA

bl fofk ls vfHkofRr ekiu ds fy ekiu fds tkus okys OfDr] lewg] laLFkk] fopkj vFkok

fOslashk ds lacak esa 20 vFkok blls vfkd dFku d= fds tkrs gS tks mlds fofHkUu ikksa ls

lEcfUkr gksrs gS fQj bu dFkuksa dh cgqr lh izfrka cuk yh tkrh gSaA bu dFkuksa dks yxHkx 50

fukkZdksa dks fnk tkrk gSA izRsd fukkZd dks lc dFkuksa dh d izfr vkSj 11 ifpZka nh xbZA

d iphZ ij A fy[kk Fkk nwljh ij B rhljh ij C vkSj blh izdkj vfUre iphZ ij K fy[kk FkkA

bu ifpZksa dks A ls k rd ds Oslashe esa fukkZdksa ds lkeus j[k fnk xkA fukkZdksa ls dgk tkrk gS

fd dFkuksa dks dampd djds ilt+rk tks rFkk os budks 11 oxksZa k ifpZksa esa OofLFkr dj ns tks

mPpre ls fuEure lhek dh vksj gks vFkkZr~ tks lcls vfkd vuqdwy gS mls A okyh iphZ ds Aringij

j[kk tk rFkk lcls vfkd izfrdwy iphZ dks k ds AringijA oks dFku rVLFk gks k ftuds lEcUk

der ugha gksrk mu dFkuksa dks fudky fnk tkrk k fQj f okyh ipksZa ds Aringij vkA bl izdkj

lHkh dFkuksa dh vuqdwyrk rFkk izfrdwyrk dh ek=k ds vkkkj ij Oslashe ls yxk fnk tkrk gSA fn

A dks 1]B dks 2 vkfn ekus rks K 11 ds cjkcj gS bl izdkj gkiexcl d 11 fcUnqvksa okyh ekiuh cu

tkrh gSA

izRsd dFku dks izRsd fukkZddrkZ kjk A ls K rd fdlh Hkh iphZ ij j[kk vkSj bl ij d

ewY iznku fdk tkrk gS] fdlh dFku dks cjkcj ewY iznku ugha fdk tkrkA izRsd pqus xs

dFku ds ekad ekiu ewY izkIr djrs gSa tks 1 ls 11 ds e gksrk gSA dFkuksa dk ewY fudkyus

ds irdquopkr muesa ls dqN dk pquko djds mUgsa ekiuh esa j[krs gSaA dFku dk pquko djus gsrq nks ckrksa

dk ku j[kuk vkordquod gksrk gS fd fofHkUu ewYksa okys dFku pqus xs ftlesa 1 ls 11 rd lHkh

ewYksa okys dFku vk tkus pkfgA vUr esa pqus x 20 ls 22 dFkuksa dks vuqlakudrkZ dks nsrs gS

Fkk ftuls o lger gksrs gSa mu ij mfpr dk fpUg yxkus dks dgk rFkk ftu dFkuksa ij vlger

jgs mUgs vLirsquoV dgdj vLohdkj dj fnk tkxkA

vktdy FkLVZu iSekus dk izksx vfkd ugha fdk tkrk Dksafd 10 ls 12 fukkZddrkZ dh

vkordquodrk gksus ds lkFk gh vRfkd le yxrk gSA



(i) FkLVZu iSekus dk lafkIr i esa mYys[k dhft

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

bls fydVZ dh ladfyr fukkZjk fofk dgrs gSaA blds vUrxZr FkLVZu ekiuh dh Hkkafr dFku gksrs

gSaA nksuksa esa dsoy g vUrj gS fd tgkiexcl FkLVZu ekiuh esa mRrjnkrk ls dgk tkrk gS fd dsoy mu

dFkuksa ij furdquokku yxk ns ftuls og lger gSaA fydVZ ekiuh esa mRrjnkrk izRsd dFku ds lEcUk

esa g crkrk gS fd og mlls fdl lhek rd lger k vlger gSA fydVZ us FkLVZu izkkyh dks

uohu LoIk iznku fdk lkFk gh FkLVZu ekiuh dh rqyuk esa vfkd ljy gS rFkk blds cukus esa

de yxrk gSA bl fofk dks fcuk fukkZdksa ds lewg ds gh izksx esa ykus ij FkLVZu ds leku gh

vad izkIr gq gSaA fydVZ us d izfofk fodflr dh ftlesa dsoy lger k vlger ds LFkku ij

vRfkd lger k vRfkd vlger dk ladsrkad cukdj lfEefyr vadksa esa fHkUUkrk clt+kdj

fdkA fydVZ ekiuh ds izkkyh ds vkkkj ij euksofRr iSekus dk fuekZk djus ls lEcfUkr eq[

Lrj fuEu izdkj ds gSaamp

1- loZizFke ftl forsquok esa vfHkofRr dh eki dh tkuh gS mlls lacafkr vusd dFkuksa dk ladyu

fdk tkrk gSA dFku dk mfpr gksuk fordquoksrsquok egRoiwkZ ugha cfYd egRoiwkZ g gS fd os fdlh fordquoksrsquok

nfrsquoVdksk ds fy fufrdquopr Ik ls vuqdwy vFkok izfrdwy gksA izfrdwy rFkk vuqdwy dFku yxHkx

leku gksus pkfgA

2- bu dFkuksa ds laxzg djus ds Ikrdquopkr budk dqN OfDrksa ij iwoZ ijhkk fdk tkrk gS rFkk

mUgha dFkuksa dks j[kk tkrk gS tks iwoZ ijhkk ls lEcfUkr gksrs gSaA bl vkUrfjd fLFkjrk dh tkap

kjk HkzeiwkZ rFkk vlEc) dFkuksa dks fudky nsrs gSaA izRsd dFku ds fy d vad fnk tkrk gS

rFkk lHkh vadksa dk ksx d OfDrxr vad iznku djrk gSA blds forsquoysrdquokkds fy lkekUr nks

fofkka viukrs gSaamp

1ampizRsd dFku ds fy fns x vadks dk izfrrdquokr fudyukA

2ampfydVZ dks ewy fofk esa izRsd fLFkfr ds fy d ekiu ewY fufrdquopr djrs gSa vkSj mlh ds

vuqlkj vad nsrs gSaA

iwkZrk lger 5 1

lger 4 2

vfufrdquopr 3 3

vlger 2 4

iwkZrk vlger 1 5



3- miqZDr lt+x ls iSekus dk fuekZk dj ysus ds irdquopkr d cM+h la[k esa yksxksa dks ladfyr dFkuksa

dh lwph nsdj mUgsa funsZrdquok fnk tkrk gS fd os vius nfrsquoVdksk ds vuqlkj izRsd dFku dh Jskh

fukkZfjr djus ds fy mRrjksa ds fodYiksa esa ls fdlh d ij furdquokku yxkaA blds vkkkj ij mls

d izkIrkad fnk tkrk gSA

4- vc izRsd mRrjnkrk ds lkjs dFkuksa ds izkIrkad tksM+ fy tkrs gSa vkSj bls mldk lEiwkZ

izkIrkad dgk tkrk gSA bls dFkuksa dh la[k ls Hkkx nsdj mldk lEiwkZ vkSlr izkIrkad fudkyk

tkrk gSA

5- blds Ikrdquopkr~ dampd dFku dks ysdj lc dFkuksa ds chp vkarfjd laxfr irk yxkus ds fy

forsquoysrdquokkfdk tkrk gSA bldh d fofk g gS fd izRsd dFku ds fy d rkfydk dk fuekZk

djrs gS ftlesa mRrjnkrkvksa ds ml ij izkIrkad d LrEHk gS vkSj lkeus mUgha mRrjnkrkvksa ds

lEiwkZ vkSlr izkIrkad nwljs LrEHk esa fy[k nsrs gSaA vc bu nksuksa LRkEHkksa ds chp lakf[dh lglacak

fudky ysrs gSaA fn lglacak mPpre gksrk gS rks dFku dks ekiuh es j[k fyk tkrk gS vUFkk

NksM+ fnk tkrk gSA bu pqus gq izrdquouksa ls ekiuh cu tkrh gSA vfHkofRr lnSo kukRed k

_kkRed gksxhA

X F Fx Fx2 F Fx Fx

2

rdquo

iSekuk ewY dk vUrj 3-30amp1-94frac34 1-36

orZeku esa euksofRrksa dh rhozrk dk eki djus esa fydVZ iSekus dk dgha vfkd izksx fdk

tkrk gS Dksafd blls fordquooluhrk dh tkap dh tkrh gS rFkk miksx fofk FkLVZu iSekus ls dgha

vfkd ljy Hkh gSA



(i) fydVZ ekiuh dk mgkjk lfgr lafkIr i esa mYys[k dhft

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------------------

yqbZ xVeSu i)fr kjk g irk yxkk tk ldrk gS fd fofHkUu dFku d gh vkke dks uki jgs

gSa k ughaA fydVZ vuqekiu ds lkFkamplkFk vad cukus ds nl k vfkd rjhds gks ldrs gSa ogha

xkVeSu ekiuh 2 vad cukus dk dsoy d gh rjhdk gksrk gSA

xVeSu dh i)fr esa vfHkofRr ls lEcfUkr dqN dFku pqus tkrs gSaA bues ls izRsd ds izfr

lEHko ikiexclp vuqfOslashkvkas dks 1 ls ysdj 5 rd dk ewY ns fnk tkrk gS fQj mRrjnkrkvksa dh

vuqfOslashksa izkIr dh tkrh gSaA blds Ikrdquopkr~ dFkuksa ds izkIrkadks dks tksM+dj izRsd mRrjnkrk dk

lEiwkZ izkIrkad fudkyk tkrk gSA

g viskk dh tkrh gS fd tks OfDr izrdquou 5 dk lgh mRrj nsrk gS rks og izrdquou 1 ls 4 rd ds

izrdquouksa dk Hkh mRrj nsxkA tks OfDr 3 dk mRrj lgh nsxk rks og izrdquou 1 ls 2 rd Hkh mRrj nsxkA

ku vkSj _k fpUgksa ds izksx ls bls d vkjs[k kjk nrdquokkZk tk ldrk gS ftls Ldsykxzke dgrs

gSaA

fn fdlh mRrjnkrk dk lEiwkZ izkIrkad fdlh nwljs mRrjnkrk ls vfkd gS fdUrq fdlh dFku ij

izkIrkad mlh mRrjnkrk ls de gS rks ekuk tkrk gS fd og dFku ekiuh esa ugha vkuk pkfg k

ml ij izkIrkad nwljh izdkj fn tkus pkfg vFkkZr~ fdlh mRrjnkrk ds lEiwkZ izkIrkad ds vkkkj

ij lc dFkuksa ds mlds izkIrkadksa dh iqu izLrqfr lEHko gksuh pkfgA



xkVeSu vuqekiu bl fopkj ij vkkkfjr gS tks dksbZ fdlh izdkj ds pj dk etcwr ladsr

nsrk gS og ljy vkSj detksj ladsr Hkh nsxkA g ckr ku nsus ksX gS fd XkkVeSu ds vuqekid

esa fn lHkh en ekiuh gSa rks Ldsyksxzke esa n$1 mRrj LoIk fufgr gksaxs ftUgsa Ldsy VkbIl ds

uke l s tkuk tkrk gSA OfDr ds izkIrkadksa ls g fursquodrsquokZ fudkyk tk ldrk gS fd og fdl en ls

lger k vlger FkkA

cksxkMZl us bl ekiuh dks OfDr] lewg k jkrsquoVordf ds yksxksa ds izfr vfHkofRr vkSj mldh rqyuk djus

ds mn~nsrdquo ls cukk Fkk blds kjk ge dqN OfDr vFkok lewg ds yksxksa ds lkFk mRrjnkrkvksa dk

lkekftd vUrj ikk tkrk gSSA d gh OfDr ls ge d fOkrdquoksrsquok ifjfLFkfr esa cgqr kfursquoBrk dk

vuqHko djrs gS tcfd nwljs le ij mlh OfDr ds izfr gekjs eu esa lUnsg dh Hkkouk mRiUu gks

tkus ds dkjk ikjLifjd nwjh clt+us yx tkrh gSA bldk rkRiZ gS ftruk gks ge fdUgha yksxksa ls

nwj jguk pkgrs gS mruk gh gekjs chp lkekftd vUrj dgk tkrk gSAge fdruh nwj jguk pkgrs gS

k ikl vkuk pkgrs gS g gekjh deZ izofRr gqbZA deZ izofaRrksa ds vkkkj ij fudVrk k nwjh dks

ekius ds fy ftl iSekus dk miksx fdk tkrk gS mls cksxkMZl dk lkekftd nwjh dk iSekuk

dgrs gSA

iSekus ds fuekZk ds fy cksxkMZl us izkjfEHkd pjk esa 100 OfDrksa dh jk ds vkkkj ij

dqN slh lkekftd ifjfLFkfrksa dk pquko fdk ftuds kjk fofHkUUk lewgksa ds izfr d OfDr

fordquoksrsquok k lewg dh kVrh gqbZ vFkok clt+rh gqbZ lkekftd nwjh dks Kkr fdk tk ldsA

fdlh jkrsquoVordfhrk ds vkSlr OfDr ds lkFk vki ftl izdkj dk Oogkj j[kuk pkgrs gSa mlds

dFku ds pkjksa vksj ksjk cuk nsaA izFke laosxkRed izfrfOslashk ds vuqlkj mRrj nsa] blds Ikrdquopkr~

miqZDr lewgksa ds izfr vesfjduksa dh euksofRRkksa dk eki djus ds fy bl vuqlwph dks 1725

vesfjduksa dks forfjr fdk xkA

izRsd jkrsquoVordfhrk frac14vaxzst] iksy] LohfMrdquok] dksfjufrac12 ds fy lkr izdkj dh deZ izofRrka lkeus

j[kh tkrh gSaA

1ampoSokfgd lEcUk kjk fudV lEcUk ds fyA

2ampvius Dyc esa OfDrxr fe= cukus dh Lohd`frA

3ampviuh xyh esa iM+ksflksa dh rjg Lohd`frA

4ampvius Oolk esa jkstxkj ds fyA

5ampvius nsrdquok esa ukxfjdrk ds fyA

6ampvius nsrdquok esa dsoy k=h ds Ik esa vkus ds fyA

7ampvius nsrdquok ls ckgj gh j[kus ksXA

mRrj izkIr gksrs tkus ds Ikrdquopkr~ izRsd oxZ rFkk izRsd lewg dk ksx fudkydj mls

izfrrdquokr esa ifjofrZr djrs gSaA bl izdkj izRsd oxZ oa lewg dk tks izfrrdquokr izkIr gqvk Fkk oks bl

izdkj FkkA



rdquo rdquo

fn mRrjnkrk ml izxfr ds OfDr ds lkFk oSokfgd lacak cukus dks rSkj gS rks nksuksa ds chp

lcls de lkekftd vUrj gksxkA fn mls fe= ds rkSj ij viukuk pkgrk gS rks mlls de

lkekftd vUrj gksxkA blh izdkj vkus okyh deZ izofRrka vfkdkfkd lkekftd vUrj crkrh gSA

cksxkMZl dk ekuuk Fkk fd fn d OfDr ikiexclpos izdkj ds lEcUkksa dks Lohdkjus dks jkth gS rks og

igys pkj izdkj ds lEcUkksa ds lkFk jguk Hkh Lohdkj

cksxkMZl ds iSekus ds kjk izkIr rFksa dh eki xfkrh fofkksa ls djuk Hkh lEHko gSA

g dkZ fofHkUUk oxZ ds mRrjksa ds fy Hkkj ns[kdj fdk tkrk gSA cksxkMZl kjk izLrqr mnkgjk

esa izkjEHk ds ikiexclp oxZ fudzVrk dks vkSj vfUre nks oxZ ikjLifjd nwjh dks iznfrdquokZr djrs gSaA izkjEHk

dh ikiexclp ifjfLFkfrka tks dkQh lhek rd lkekftd kfursquoBrk dks iznfrdquokZr djrh gS xfkrh eki ds

fy fyk tkrk gSA djsxkA g ekiuh vkkkj lkexzh de djus ds lkku ds Ik esa d ferOh

lkku gSA

(i) cksxkMZl kjk pkj jkrsquoVordfksa dh jkrsquoVordfhrk ds fy cukh xbZ deZ izofRrka dks fyf[k

----------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------- -------

vfkdrj forsquokksa] ifjfLFkfr vkfn ds izfr ekuo dh euksofRr brus tfVy Ik esa izdV gksrh gS fd

mudks furdquofpr iSekus ds varxZr lhfer ugh fdk tk ldrk gSA fn iSekus dks mlh vuqikr esa

tfVy cuk nsrs gSa rks mRrj nkrk legt ugh ikrk gS vkSj fcuk legts tks dqN mRrj og ns nsrk gS

lkFk gh mldh okLrfod euksofRr dks dnkfi vfHkODr ugha djrk gSA lkFk gh lkekftd ewY

lHkh LFkkuksa ij d leku ugh gS vro d gh iSekuk lHkh lektks esa ykxw ugh fdk tk ldrk



gSA bu xqkkRed rFkk ifjorZurdquokhy lkekftd kVukvksa dh ifjrdquokq) eki djus ds fy vusd

vuqekiu dh izfofkksa dk fodkl gks pqdk gS ftuds eke ls xqkkRed rFksa dks xkukRed rFksa

esa ifjofrZr dj FkkFkZ rFkk oLrqfursquoB fursquodrsquokZ fudkyuk vklku gks pqdk gSA vkt lqfodflr

vuqekiu iSekus dh lgkrk ls lHkh izdkj dh euksofRrksa dk eki djuk lEHko gks tkus ds dkjk

lkekftd ldquokksk dkZ Hkh oLrqfursquoB curs tk jgs gSaA Hkforsquo esa TkSls tSls vusd uohu vuqekiu

izfofkka vkSj vfkd fodflr gksrh tksxha] lkekftd vuksa esa Hkh ifjiDork vkrh tksxhA

ifjHkkfrsquokd ldquokCnkoyhamp

ftUgsa ge izRk Ik ls ns[k k Nw ugh ldrs k mUkdh eki rksy k lwak ugha ldrsA

vewrZ gksrs gSA

rFksa dk og lewg tks vusd dkjksa ls] IkkZIr lhek rd izHkkfor gksrs gS] tks vadksa esa izdV

fd tkrs gSaA

fdlh midjk ls tks oLrq tSlh gS mldk mruk gh ekiu djuk izekfkdrk dgykrh

gSA

fordquooluhrk fordquooluhrk dk vFkZ g gS fd ldquokksk ds fursquodrsquokZ oLrqijd gksus ds lkFk lkFk Lora=

voyksdudrkZ mudk lRkiu dj ldsA

iSekuk og lkku gS ftlds kjk ge fdlh oLrq dks eki ldrs gSaA

fo|kFkhZ dks bl izu dk mŸkj ekiuh ds izdkj ldquokhrsquokZd ds vUrZxr fns xs vUrjky ekiuh ds

foojk esa ls fy[kuk gSA

fo|kFkhZ dks bl izu dk mŸkj fordquooluhrk ldquokhrsquokZd ds vUrZxr fns xs foojk esa ls fy[kuk gSA

fo|kFkhZ dks bl izu dk mŸkj vuqekidksa dh miksfxrk ldquokhrsquokZd ds vUrZxr fns xs ds foojk esa

ls fy[kuk gSA

fo|kFkhZ dks bl izu dk mŸkj FkLVZu iSekus ldquokhrsquokZd ds vUrZxr fns xs foojk esa ls fy[kuk gSA

fo|kFkhZ dks bl izu dk mŸkj fydVZ iSekus ldquokhrsquokZd ds foojk esa ls fy[kuk gSA

fo|kFkhZ dks bl izu dk mŸkj cksxkZMl iSekus ldquokhrsquokZd ds foojk esa ls fy[kuk gSA



tSu e- ch- fjlpZ ifCydsku- tiqjA

f=osnh o ldquokqDyk- dkyst cqd fMiks -tiqj-

Tksfr oekZ- 2007- lkekftd losZkk- fMLdojh ifCyfkax gkml- ubZ fnYyhA

Gardner Lindzey and Elliott (2nd

ed) (1975) The Handbook of Social Psychology vol II Amerind Publishing Co New Delhi

Singh K (1983) Techinques of method of Social Survey Research and Statistics

Prakashan Kendra Lucknow

Best J W (1959) Research in Education Prentice-Hall Inc Englewood Cliffs New Jercy

Kothari CR (2009) Research Methodology Methods and Techniques 2nd Revised ed

New Delhi New Age International (P) Limited Publishers

xqMs aM gkV- 1983- rdquo - eSdxzw fgy baVjusrdquokuy- vkWdySM-

jke vkgwtk- 2005- - jkor ifCydskUl- fnYyh-

fucakkRed izrdquou

eki dk vFkZ legtkrs gq eki ds izdkj dk mnkgjk lfgr okZu dhftA

ifjekkRed vuqlakku esa fordquooluhrk oa oSkrk dh tkap fdl izdkj dh tk ldrh gS

foospuk dhftA

vuqekiu ds vFkZ dks legtkb rFkk FkLVZu iSekus dh Ok[k dhftA

vuqekiu ds vFkZ dks legtkb rFkk fydVZ iSekus dh Ok[k dhftA

cksxkMZl rFkk xkVeSu iSekus dh foospuk dhftA

iSekus ls vki Dk legtrs gSa blds fuekZk dh izeq[k leLkvksa dh foospuk dhftA




Samping Types of Sampling-Probability amp Non-Probability Sampling

11-0 mn~nsrdquo

11-1 izLrkouk

11-2 funrdquokZu dk vFkZ o ifjHkkrsquokk a

11-2-1 funrdquokZu ds vkkkj

11-2-2 funrdquokZu dh fordquoksrsquokrka

11-2-3 funrdquokZu ds xqk

11-2-4 funrdquokZu ds nksrsquok

11-3 funrdquokZu ds izdkj

11-3-1 lEHkkouk funrdquokZu dk vFkZ RkFkk izdkj

11-3-2 vlEHkkouk funrdquokZu dk vFkZ RkFkk izdkj

11-4 lEHkkouk funrdquokZu rFkk vlEHkkouk funrdquokZu esa varj

11-5 funrdquokZu dh leLk

11-6 funrdquokZu dh fordquooluhrk dh leLk

11-7 lkjkardquok

11-8 ikfjHkkfrsquokd ldquokCnkoyh


11-10 cksk izrdquouksa ds mRrj



rdquo


lexz rFkk funrdquokZu esa vraj legt ikuk]

funrdquokZu ds vkkkj] fordquoksrsquokrk rFkk xqk o nksrsquokksa dks crkuk]

funrdquokZu ds izdkj dks crkuk]

lEHkkouk rFkk xSj lEHkkouk funrdquokZu dh ppkZ djuk]

lEHkkouk rFkk xSj lEHkkouk funrdquokZu esa izqDr vusd fofkksa ij ppkZ djuk]

funrdquokZu dh leLk rFkk funrdquokZu dk fordquooluhrk dh leLk crkukA

Lkkekftd vuqlakku esa funrdquokZu izkkyh dk egRoiwkZ LFkku gSa ftlds varxrZ lekt k lexz fd

leLr bdkbks dk pu u djds de ls de bdkbksa dk pu fdk tkrk gS tks lewg dh lHkh



bdkbkssa dk izfrfufkRo djrk gSA pquko dh g izfdzk dks izfrpu funZrdquoku dgrs gSA izfrfnu

ds thou esa funrdquokZu dk mnkgjk gSa xje jsr esa Hkwuh gqbZ eawxQfyksa dk ns[kk tkukA ftl izdkj

eawxQyh Hkwuus okyk dqN ewaxQfyksa dks p[kdj g vuqeku yxk nsrk gS fd leLr ewaxQyh id

xbZ gSa k ughA mlh izdkj fdlh jkT k ftys esa dkZjr vkfidkvksa dh leLkvksa ds forsquok esa

vu djuk gks rks jkT esa mudh la[k vRfkd gksusa ds dkjk leLr dk vu dj ikuk

laHko ugh gks ldrk rks ge Lohd`r izkkyh ds eke ls dqN efgykvksa dk pu djrs gSa tks

leLr efgykvksa dk okLrfod izfrfufkRo djrh gSaA

rdquo

Tkc fdlh forsquok ij lkekftd vuqlakku vkjEHk djrk gS] rc vu ls lEcafkr bdkbZksa

dk pu djuk d eq[ leLk gksrh gSA vu forsquokd lexz lhfer gks vFkok Okid] lHkh

bdkbZksa dk vu djuk lkkkjkrk lEHko ugha gks ikrk gSA lexz ds viskkdr foLrr gksus dh

nrdquokk esa rdquokkjhfjd i muds ikl rd igqiexclpuk dfBu gksrk gS] rc vuqlakkudrkZ dsoy d izfrnrdquokZ

dk gh losZkk djrs gaSA vuqlakkudrkZ ds fy lkekftd vuksa dh oSkfdrk] oSKkfudrk oa

oLrqfuBrk dks cuks j[kus esa izfrnkZ dk pu lokZfkd egRoiwkZ gksrk gS tks lexz dk okLrfod

izfrfufkRo djrk gSA ds vuqlkj ^^funrdquokZu fdlh fordquokky lexz dk d NksVk

izfrfufk gSA ds vuqlkj ^^d izfrnrdquokZ lexztu dk vardquok gksrk gS ftldk vu

iwkZ lexztu ds forsquok esa vuqeku fudkyus ds fy fdk tkrk gSA

miqZDr ifjHkkrsquokkvksa ls LirsquoV gksrk gS fd fdlh tula[k esa ls dqN bdkbksa dks pqu fyk

tkrk gS rks pquus dh fdzk dks UknrdquokZu dgrs gS rFkk pquh gqbZ bdkbksa ds lewg dks UknrdquokZ dgrs

gSa tks leLr bdkbZ lewg dk izfrfufkRo djrs gSaA vFkkZr funrdquokZu lexz esa ls pfur dqN bdkbZksa

ds lewg dks dgrs gSaA nwljs rdquokCnksa esa funrdquokZu lexz dh leLr bdkbksa esa ls pquh xbZ slh bdkbZkiexcl

gS tks lEiwkZ lewg dk izfrfufkRo djrh gSA

funrdquokZu dks vfkd foLrr i ls legtus esa fuEufyf[kr kkjkka lgkd gSA

1- pj dk rkRiZ ml xqk] fordquoksrsquokrk k voLFkk ls gS ftldk vu fdk tkrk gSA

2- pj dh ek=k dks ftl fdlh NksVs ls NksNs kVd esa Kkr djr gSa mls bdkbZ

dgrs gSA

3- lexztu os pj gS ftudh lgkrk ls tula[k esa pj ds

foojk dk Loi fukkZfjr fdk tkrk gSA

4- rdquo funrdquokZ lewps bdkbZ lewg esa ls pquh xbZ dqN slh bdkbarsquoksa dk lewg gS tks

lewps bdkbZ lewg dk izfrfufkRo djsaA

rdquo

1- funrdquokZu fofk kjk vu dh lQyrk tula[k ds rRoksa dh

lekurk ij fuHkZj djrh gSA fn vu forsquok dh leLr bdkbksa esa lekurk gS Hkh

vu ds fy pfur bdkbka izfrfufkRoiwkZ gksxha vkSj funrdquokZu FkkFkZ i esa fordquooluh

gks ldsxkA yqMoxZ us fy[kk gS fd fn rFksa esa vRfkd dirk ikh tkrh gS vFkkZr

lEiwkZ rFksa dh fofHkUu bdkbksa ds vUrj cgqr de gS rks lEiwkZ esa ls dqN k dksbZ bdkbZ

lexz dk mfpr izfrfufkRo djsxhA vr funrdquokZu esa vRUr vkordquod gS fd lekt esa



vfkdkfkd lekurk gks rFkk pquh xh bdkbka lexz dh fordquoksrsquokrkvksa dk izfrfufkRo djus esa

lke gks ldsaA

2- funrdquokZu dh ekUrk g gS fd lekt es ls dqN

bdkbksa dk pu bl izdkj fdk tk ldrk gS fd os lexz dk izfrfufkRo dj ldsa fdUrq

blds fys vkordquod gS fd funrdquokZUk dh bdkbksa esa os lHkh fordquoksrsquokrka gks tks lexz esa gksA

3- rdquo vu esa g ugha ekuk tk ldrk fd funrdquokZu ldquokr izfrrdquokr ifjrdquokq) gS

Dksafd bdkbksa dk pu fdruk gh lkokkuhiwoZd Dksa u fdk xk gks os ldquokr izfrrdquokr

izfrfufkRo ugha dj ldrhA gekjk izkl gksuk pkfg fd funrdquokZu esa bdkbksa dh la[k

IkkZIr gks rkfd og izfrfufkRoiwkZ gks lds vkSj muds vu ds fursquodrsquokZ FkkZFk gksaA

1122 rdquo rdquo

funrdquokZu izkkyh ds vUrZxr de ls de ykssxksa dk pu gksuk vkordquod gSA

fn funrdquokZu izkkyh ds viukus ds irdquopkr Hkh Tknk ls Tknk yksxksa dk pquko fdk tkrk

gS rks mlls lEcfUkr leLr bdkbksa dk xgu vkSj lwe vu djuk vkSj dfBu gks

tkrk gS vr funrdquokZu djrs le ku j[kuk pkfg fd leLk oa lexz dh izd`fr rFkk

vkdkj ds vuqi gh gekjk izkl g gksuk pkfg fd funrdquokZu esa bdkbksa dh la[k ikZIr

gks rkfd os leLr bdkbksa dk izfrfufkRo dj ldsA

d JsrsquoB funrdquokZu ds fy g vkordquod gS fd og lEiwkZ lexz dk

lgh izfrfufkRo djs slk rHkh lEHko gks ldrk gS tc lekt dh izRsd bdkbZ dks funrdquokZu

esa lfEefyr gksus ds leku volj izkIr gksaA dkfyZtj ds vuqlkj ^^ldquokksk esa izfrfufkd funrdquokZ

dk vFkZ g gS fd funrdquokZ esa lekt dh yxHkx lHkh fordquoksrsquokrka gksuh pkfg tks ldquokksk fd

tkus okys izrdquou ds fy izklkafxd gSA

d JsrsquoB funrdquokZu dks ikikr oa feFk lqgtko ls Lora= gksuk pkfg

vUFkk g izfrfufkRoiwkZ gksus dk nkok ugha dj ldrkA

funrdquokZu dh egRoiwkZ fordquoksrsquokrk g Hkh gS fd lekt ds lHkh bdkbka vkil esa

Lora= gksuh pkfg vFkkZr funrdquokZu esa fdlh bdkbZ dk lfEefyr gksuk fdlh vU bdkbZ ds

lfEefyr gksu ij fuHkZj u gksA blesa lexz dsh izRsd bdkbZ dks funrdquokZu esa pqus tkus dk

Lora= o leku i ls volj izkIr gksrk gSA

funrdquokZu esa izqDr gksus okyh izkkyh dk vudrkZ ds ikl miyCk

lkkuksa rFkk vu ds mn~nsrdquoksa ds vuqi gksuk vRUr vkordquod gS lkkuksa ds vuqIk

funrdquokuZ u gksus ij mlesa ikikr vkus dh laHkkouk jgrh gSA

mRre funrdquokZu dk pu djus ds fy vu djrs le lnSo

vudrkZ dks Loa rFkk vU forsquokampfordquoksrsquokKksa ds vuqHkoksa dk ykHk mBkuk pkfgA vuqHkoksa

ls Oogkfjd Kku vftZr fdk tk ldrk gS rFkk izfrfufkRoiwkZ funrdquokZu dk pquko Hkh

ljyrk ls gks ikrk gSA

d mRre funrdquokZu og gS tks lkekU Kku oa rdZ ij

vkkkfjr gksA funrdquokZu dk pu djrs le vudrkZ dks fofHkUu fueksa o fl)karksa dk

ikyu djus ds lkFkamplkFk Loa rFkk vU fokuksa ds Kku rFkk rdZ dk lgh miksx djuk

pkfg] ftlls ifjkkeksa dh lQyrk ds izfr vfkd vkrdquokkfUor gqvk tk ldsA



(i) funrdquokZu dh fdUgh nks egRoiwkZ fordquoksrsquokrkvksa dk mYys[k dhft

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------


vuqlakku dh g i)fr dkQh ferOh gSA Dksafd bl i)fr esa lewg

dh dqN izfrfufk bdkbksa dk gh vu fdk tkrk gSA ftlesa ku] le rFkk ifjJe

de [kpZ gksrk gSA vr lEiwkZ tula[k dk ldquokr izfrrdquokr vu djus dk Je] le o

ku O ugha djuk iM+rkA funrdquokZu dh slh fofk gS ftlds kjk de bdkbksa dk vu

djus ds fy de vudrkZvksa vkSj de lkkuksa dh vkordquodrk gksrh gSA

ldquokq)rk ifjkkeksa dh ldquokq)rk funrdquokZu ds bdkbksa dh la[k lhfer gksrh rFkk

vu foLrr gksrk gS vr izkIr gksus okys ifjkkeksa dh ldquokq)rk vkSj FkkZFkokfnrk Hkh clt+

tkrh gSA

d JsrsquoB funrdquokZu dh loZizFke fordquoksrsquokrk g gS fd og lexz dk

izfrfufkRo djasA slk rHkh lEHko gks ldrk gS fd lexz dh izRsd bdkbZ dks funrdquokZu esa

lfEefyr gksus ds leku volj gksrs gSaA bldk rkRiZ gS fd funrdquokZu dk pquko bl izdkj

fdk tkuk pkfg ftlesa vu ---- ls lacfUkr lHkh oxksZa vkSj lewgksa dh fordquoksrsquokrkvksa dks

LirsquoV djus okyh bdkbksa dk lekosrdquok gksA

d JsrsquoB funrdquokZu dks ikikr oa feFk lqgtko ls Lora= gksuk pkfg vUFkk

og izfrfufkRoiwkZ gksus dk nkok ugh dj ldrkA funrdquokZu dk pquko djrs le bl ckr

dk ku jgs fd og vuqlakkudrkZ dh fp] LokFkZ] lqfokk oa LosPNk ij vkkkfjr u gks] u

gh mlesa iwkZ kkjkk dk dksbZ izHkko ugha gksrkA

vudrkZ dks vu djrs le lnSo Loa rFkk

vU fokuksa ds vuqHkoksa dk ykHk mBkuk pkfgA vuqHkoksa ls Oogkfjd Kku dks vftZr fdk

tk ldrk Fkk rFkk izfrfufkRoiwkZ funrdquokZu dk pquko Hkh ljyrk ls gks tkrk gSA

funrdquokZu dk pu djrs le vudrkZ dks fofHkUu fueksa

o fl)karks dk ikyu djus ds lkFkamplkFk Loa rFkk vU fokuksa ds Kku rFkk rdZ dk lgh

mikssx djuk pkfg ftlls ifjkkeksa dh lQyrk ds izfr vfkd vkrdquokkfUor gqvk tk ldsA

funrdquokZu dh egRoiwkZ fordquoksrsquokrk g gS fd lekt dh leLr bdkbka Lora= gksuh

pkfg vFkkZr d bdkbZ vU bdkbZ ij vkfJr ugha gksuh pkfg nwljs ldquokCnksa esa lekt dh

izRsd bdkbZ dks funrdquokZu esa pqus tkus dk Lora= oa leku volj izkIr gksuk pkfgA

laxkuk fofk esa ks= foLrr oa bdkbka fc[kjh gqqbZ gksrh gSa vr muds

ckjs esa eksVh eksVh ckrsa gh Kkr gksrh gSa tc fdlh vu NksVs funrdquokZu dk miksx fdk



tkrk gS rks izRsd bdkbZ dk vRfkd xgu vkSj lwe vu djus ds lkFk gh izkIr

lwpukvksa dh FkkZFkrk dks tkap djuk Hkh lEHko gks tkrk gSA

funrdquokZu esa lhfer bdkbksa dk vu fda tkus ds dkjk

vkordquodrk iM+us ij rFksa dh iquijhkk laHko gS] ijarq vU fofkksa esa slk laHko ugha gSA

vr viskkd`r de lalkkuks ds miksx ls rFksa dks iqu tkap dj vu dh izekfkrk esa

cf) dh tk ldrh gSA

rdquo rsquok

funrdquokZu dh miksfxrk ds lkFkamplkFk vusd lheka bl izdkj gSa amp

1- izoksk dk lcls cM+k nksrsquok g gS fd funrdquokZu dk pquko

ikikr jfgr ugha gks ikrk gSA slh fLFkfr esa funrdquokZu izfrfufkRoiwkZ ugh jg tkrk gS

funrdquokZu ds pquko djrs le fdlh u fdlh i esa vudrkZ dk izHkko oa ikikr vk

gh tkrk gS vkSj gekjk fursquodrsquokZ HkzeiwkZ gks tkrk gSA

2- rdquo izfrfufkRoiwkZ funrdquokZu dk pu vRUr egRoiwkZ gS ftlesa

vuqlakkudrkZ dks dfBukbZ dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gSA bl lacak esa lcls cM+h dfBukbZ rks

bl fy gksrh gS fd lkekftd bdkbksa esa fHkUurk vkSj fofokrka ftruh vfkd gksrh gSa

izfrfufkRoiwkZ funrdquokZu dk pquko mruk gh dfBu gks tkrk gSA

3- rdquo rdquo izfrfufkRoiwkZ funrdquokZu ds pu gsrq lwpukampladyu ds fy

ikZIr Kku] izfrdquokkk o vuqHko dh vkordquodrk gksrh gSA gj lkekU vudrkZ ds fy g

d ljy fofk gSA

4- rdquo dbZ ifjfLFkfrksa esa funrdquokZu vfuokZ gS rks vusd slh fLFkfrka Hkh

gSa tc funrdquokZu vu ds fy vlEHko gks tkrk gS tc vu forsquok NksVk gks] bdkbksa esa

fHkUurk gks] vkSj ltkrhrk dk vHkko gks] rks Hkh funrdquokZu izfofk ds kjk vu ls FkkFkZ

fursquodrsquokZ ugha fudkyk tk ldrkA

5- rdquo funrdquokZu esa bdkbksa dh la[k de gksu ls pquh

xh bdkbksa ij dke jguk dbZ ckj cgqr dfBu gksrk gS Dksafd dbZ ckj pfur y

funrdquokZ lwpuk k rks ugha gksrs k euk dj nsrs gSa rks vu dfBu gks tkrk gS vkSj

vuqlakkudrkZ dk ml funrdquokZ ij fVds jgus esa dfBukbZ gksrh gSA

rdquo

1- lEHkkouk UknrdquokZ (Random sampling)

2- xSj lEHkkouk UknrdquokZ (Non Random sampling)

rdquokkfCnd vFkkZuqi lEHkkouk UknrdquokZ esa lexztu dk izRsd bdkbZ dh UknrdquokZ esa pfur gksus dh leku lEHkkouk gksrh gSA slh funrdquokZu izfOslashk esa dkaxksa dk pu laksx ij vkkkfjr gksrk gS

rFkk blesa vRfkd izfrfufkRo gksrk gSA

xSj lEHkkouk funrdquokZu i)fr vUrZxr izRsd bdkbZ dks pqus tkus dk leku volj ugha gS

rFkk blesa izfrfufkRo ugha gksrk gSA



rdquo

lEHkkfor funrdquokZu og funrdquokZu gS ftlds vUrxZr lexz dh leLr bdkbksa ds pqus tkus dh

leku lEHkkouk gksrh gS vFkkZr~ bdkbksa dk pu iwkZr laksx ij fuHkZj gksrk gSA blesa lexz dh

bdkbZksa ds OfDrxr egRo dks lekIr dj mlds LFkku ij lEHkkouk dks izfrfrsquoBr dj fnk tkrk

gSA bl funrdquokZu izfdzk ds fdlh u fdlh Lrj ij pu laksxordquok gksrk gSA

lEHkkfor funrdquokZu esa bdkbksa ds pquko ds vusd izdkj gSA gka ij ge eq[ izdkjksa dk okZu djsxsaa aA

1- ljy nSo funrdquokZu

2- Lrjhd`r nSo funrdquokZu

3- OofLFkr funrdquokZu

4- cgqpjkhcgqLrjh funrdquokZu

5- xqPN funrdquokZu

rdquo amp bl funrdquokZu dks knfPNdh UknrdquokZu Hkh dgrs gS g fofk lokZfkd izpfyr

fofk gSA blds vUrZxr lEiwkZ lexz esa ls dqN bdkbksa dk pu voLFkfrr i ls dj fyk tkrk

gS A mnkgjk ds i ge xksy crZu esa 100 d tSls jax ds iRFkj j[ks vkSj fQj muesa ls dksbZ d

iRFkj fudkys rks izRsd xksyh ds pu dh lEHkkouk 1100 gksxhA bl izdkj pquk gqvk funrdquokZu

nSo funrdquokZu gksxk Dksafd izRsd xksyh ds pu dh lEHkkouk 1100 gSA nSo funrdquokZu ds fys

vkordquod gS fd bu lHkh laksxks dks pu dk cjkcj volj fnk tkA nSo funrdquokZu esa izfrnrdquokZ

bdkbksa dk pu vusd fofkka kjk gksrk gS muesa ls dqN vfkd izpfyr fofkka gSaamp

1- ykWVjh fofk 2- fVisV fofk 3- dkMZ izkkyh 4- fxzM izkkyh

g fofk nSo funrdquokZu dh lcls ljy fofk gS blds vUrZxr vuqlakkudrkZ

lexz dh leLr bdkbZksa dh dze la[kuke okyh iafpZka cuk ysrs gSa blds irdquopkr~ bUgs fdlh

crZu k tkj esa j[kdj vPNh rjg ls fgyk ysrs gSa tc rd ifPkZka vPNh rjg ls ugh fey tkrh

gSA fQj d OfDr dh vka[k esaa dkyh iV~Vh ckak dj muesa ls d iphZ fudky ysrk gS bl iphZ esa

vafdr dzekad dh bdkbZ dks UknrdquokZ eas lfEefyr dj fyk tkrk gSA g izfdzk rc rd pyrh

jgrh gS tc rd mRrjnkrkvksa dh okafNr la[k izkIr u dj ysaA eku ys gesa 2500 Nk=ksa dks

ysiVkWi forfjr djus gSA ge lexz ds izRsd lnL dk uke leku vkdkj dh dkxt dh iphZ ij

fy[kdj ckWDl esa Mky ysxsa vkSj mUgs feyk fnk tkrk gS fQj OfDr k cPpsa dks 100 dkxt dh

iphZ fudkyus ds fy vkeaf=r fdk tkrk gS bl izdkj mu 100 pfur Nk=ksa dks ysiVkWi forfjr

dj fns tkrs gSa

amp g ykVjh fofk dk lardquokksfkr i gSA bl izkkyh k fofk ds vUrZxr leku

vkdkj rFkk jax ds dkMksZ ij lexz dh leLr bdkbksa dk uke vafdr dj fyk tkrk gs fQj bUgs

d cMs+ ls Me esa Mkydj tksj ls fgykk tkrk gSA blds irdquopkr~ Me esa ls d dkMZ dks fudky

fnk tkrk gSA ftruh bdkbZksa dk pu djuk gksrk gS mruh ckj Me dks fgykdj fudkyk tkrk

gSA bl fofk ds vUrZxr ftrus dkMZ fudky tkrs gS muls lEcfkr bdkbksa dk rdquokkskdrkZ kjk

vu fdk tkrk gSA

bl izkkyh dks izks0 fVisV us 1927 esa xfkrh vadks ds vkkkj ij

rSkj fdk FkkA fVisV us pkj vadksa okyk 10400 la[kvksa dh d lwph vusd nsrdquokksa ds tula[k



izfrosnu ds vkkkj ij rSkj dhA gka 5amp5 ds oxkZdkj [kMksa esa knfPNdh dze esa vad fy[ks gksrs

gS slh rkfydka cgqkk lkaf[dh dh iqLrdksa esa Hkh nh jgrh gSA

1

0

4

8

0

1

5

0

1

1

0

1

5

3

6

0

2

0

1

1

8

1

6

4

7

2

1

6

4

5

6

9

1

7

9

1

4

1

9

4

6

2

5

9

0

3

6

2

0

7

2

2

3

8

8

4

6

5

7

3

2

5

5

9

5

8

5

3

9

3

3

0

9

9

3

8

9

1

9

8

2

7

9

8

2

5

3

4

0

2

9

3

9

6

5

3

4

0

9

5

2

4

1

3

0

4

8

3

6

0

2

2

5

2

7

9

7

2

6

5

7

6

3

9

3

6

4

8

0

9

1

5

1

7

9

2

4

8

3

0

4

9

3

4

0

3

2

0

8

1

4

2

1

6

7

9

3

0

9

3

0

6

2

4

3

5

1

6

8

0

0

7

8

5

6

1

6

3

7

6

3

9

4

4

0

5

3

5

3

7

7

1

3

4

1

5

7

0

0

4

3

7

5

7

0

3

9

9

7

3

8

1

8

3

7

1

6

6

3

6

0

6

1

2

1

9

1

7

8

2

6

0

4

6

8

6

1

3

0

5

4

9

6

8

4

6

0

6

7

2

eku ys gesa 900 dh lexztula[k esa ls 100 OfDrksa dk d izfrnrdquokZ ysuk gSA blds fy

loZizFke ge lexz dh lwph cukdj izRsd lnL dks d la[k iznku djrs gSA funrdquokZu kjk tks

la[ka ges feysxh mu la[kvksa okys lnL gekjs izfrnrdquokZ gksxsaA pwfd gekjh tula[k esa 900

lnL gS blfy gesa 1 vkSj 900 ds chp dh knfPNd la[ka pkfgA dqN la[ka 900 ls

vfkdre dze la[k ls vfkd gSa tks mUgs NksM+ fnk tkxk vkSj muds vkxs okyh la[ka ys yh

tksxhA fVisV la[ka vfkd oSKkfud ekuh tkrh gS vkSj mudk miksx cgqr vfkd gksrk gSA

3- l fofk dk izksx HkkSxksfyd ks= ds pquko ds fys fdk tkrk gS l izkkyh ds

varxZr g fukkZfjr fdk tkrk gS fd dksbZ fordquoksrsquok vu fdl ks= k fdu ks=ksa ds varxZr fdk

tkxkA bl izkkyh ds varxZr loZizFke ml ks= dk ekufp= rSkj fdk tkrk gS ml ekufp=

l lsYwykWbM dh ikjnrdquokZd fxzM IysV [k nh tkrh gSA bl IysV esa oxkZdkj [kkus cus jgrs gS

ftu ij uEcj vafdr gksrs gSA loZizFke g r dj fyk tkrk gS fd funrdquokZu gsrq fdruh bdkbksa

dk pu djuk gS mrus gh oxksZ dks igys dkV fyk tkrk gSA ekufp= ds ftu dVs gq Hkkxksa ij



fukkZfjr uEcjksa ds oxkZdkj [kkus vkrs gSa mu ij furdquokku yxkk fnk tkrk gSA mUgh ks=ksa dks

vu ds fy pqu fyk tkrk gSA

bl fofk esa loZizFke lexz dh leLr bdkbksa dks fdlh fordquoksrsquok lt+x]

dky k LFkku vkfn ds vuqlkj OofLFkr dj fyk tkrk gSA rRirdquopkr g furdquop dj fyk tkrk

gS fd lexz esa ls fdruh bdkbksa dk pu funrdquokZu gsrq djuk gksrk gSA lkFk gh d bdkbZ ls

nwljh bdkbZ ds chp dh la[lRed nwjh dks Hkh r dj fyk tkrk gSA fn gesa 100 Nk=kvksa esa ls

10 Nk=kvksa dk pu djuk gS rks igys gesa mu 100 Nk=kvksa dh lwph cukuh gksxhA rRirdquopkr

pafd ges 10 Nk=kvksa dk pu djuk gS vr gj 10oh Nk=k gekjs pquko esa vksxhA rks igyk]

nlaok] chlaok] rhlaok vkSj blh dze esa nl Nk=kvksa dk pu fdk tkrk gSA

bl fofk esa Hkh lexz dh leLr bdkbksa dh d lwph rSkj djds

bl lwph esa ls izFke rFkk vafre v ad NksM+dj ldquoksrsquok bdkbksa dh lwph esa vuqlakkudrkZ vfufer ltax

ls fofHkUu bdkbksa esa mrus gh furdquokku yxkrk gS ftrusfd funrdquokZu dk mls pquko djuk gSA blesa

vuqlakkudrkZ ls vkrdquokk dh tkrh gS fd og izFke rFkk vafre vad NksM+dj fcuk ikikr ds vfufer

ltax ls funrdquokZuksa dks pqu ysxkA fQj Hkh bl fofk esa ikikr vkus dh lEHkkouk jgrh gSA

rdquo ampnSo funrdquokZu izkkyh ds izeq[k ykHk fuEukafdr gSa

1- bl fofk esa lexz dh izRsd bdkbZ ds pqus tkus ds leku volj gksrs gSaA

2- g d oSKkfud fofk gSA

3- g funrdquokZu dks lcls ljy fofk gS Dksafd vudrkZ dks tfVy vFkok dBksj flkar dk

ikyu ugh djuk iMrk gSA

4- g fofk ferOfrkiwkZ gS Dksafd bl fofk es le] ku rFkk Je dh Hkh IkkZIr cpr gksrh

gSA

5- funrdquokZu esa =qfVka dh laHkkouk de gh gksrh gSA

6- g fofk bdkbksa ds pu lacakh =qfV dh iqu ijhkk djuk lEHko gksrk gSA

rdquo

1- bl fofk esa loZizFke lexz dh lwph dk gksuk vkordquod gS Oogkfjd Ik ls g dkZ

cgqr dfBu gksrk gS Dksafd dbZ ckj lwph dh miyCkrk ux gksrh gSA

2- bl fofk kjk fofokrkiwkZ lexz esa ls bdkbksa dk pu djuk vlEHko gksrk gSA vr

vleku izd`fr okyh bdkbksa ds fy g fofk miqDr ugh gksrhA

3- bl fofk kjk lexz dh leLr bdkbksa dk pu djus dh lelu lEHkkouk gksrh gSA

pfur bdkbka vxj nwjamp nwj rd QSyh gks vFkok foLrkj cgqr vfkd gksA rks muls

lEidZ dj lduk dHkh dHkh vlEHko gksrk gSA bl fofk kjk pfur bdkbksa esa

ifjorZu djus dh LorU=rk izkIr ugh gksrh gS ftl dkjk nSo funrdquokZu voSKkfud vkSj

ikikriwkZ gks tkrk gSA

4- bl fofk kjk vu gsrq egRoiwkZ bdkbksa dk lekosrdquok ugh gks ikrk tks vu ds

nfrsquoVdksk ls egRoiwkZ gksrh gS Dksafd bl fofk kjk lexz esa ls bdkbksa dk pu

iwkZrk laksx ij fuHkZj gksrk gSA



(ii) nSo funrdquokZu dh fxzM fofk dks legtkb

-------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------

-------------------------------------------------------

rdquo funrdquokZu ds bl LoIk esa lexz dks fofHkUu Lrjksa k ml

lewgks esa foHkkftr fdk tkrk gS vkSj fQj izRsd Lrj esa ls LorU= izfrnrdquokZ ys ysrs gSaA izks0 flu

ikvks kax us fy[kk gS fd ^^Lrfjr funrdquokZu dk vFkZ gS fd lexz esa ls miampfunrdquokZuksa dks ysuk ftudh

fd leku fordquoksrsquokrka gSa tSls [ksrh dk izdkj] [ksrksa dk vkdkj] Hkwfe ij LokfeRo] frdquokkk Lrj] vk]

fyax] lkekftd oxZ vkfnA miampfunrdquokZuksa ds varxZr vkus okys bu rRoksa dks d lkFk ysdj izkIk

k Jskh ds Ik esa oxhZd`r fdk tkrk gSA g egRoiwkZ gS fd ifjHkkrsquokk bl izdkj nh tk fd

lexztu dks letkrh Lrjksa esa ckaV fyk tkrk gS fQj izRsd Lrj ls ljy nSo funrdquokZu dh fdlh

Hkh miqDr izkkyh ds kjk fukkZfjr la[k esa bdkbksa dks pquk tkrk gSA Lrjhd`r funrdquokZu dk g

lcls ljy rFkk lcls vfkd izqDr gksus okyk ltx gSA Lrjhd`r funrdquokZu esa lexztu ds fofHkUu

Lrjksa esa ls d gh vuqikr esa funrdquokZu dk vuqikr cjkcj u gksA

mnkgjkkFkZ fn efgyk izkkidksa dh leLkvksa dk vu djus ds fy ge fdlh ftys

dh 1000 efgyk izkkidksa esa ls 100 dk pu djuk pkgrs gS rks loZizFke ge ftys dh lHkh

efgyk izkkidksa dks fofHkUu Jsfkksa esa foHkkftr dj ysrs gSa blds fy ge lHkh efgyk

izkkidkvksa dks izkbejh] y0 Vh0] izoDrk] izksQslj vkfn Jsfkksa esa foHkkftr dj ysrs gSA fn bu

pkjksa Jsfkksa esa efgyk izkkfidkvksa dh dqy la[k 480] 220] 200] 100 gS rks izRsd Jskh esa ls

101 ds vuqikr esa dzerdquok 48] 22] 20 rFkk 10 dk pu nSo funrdquokZu dh miqDr izkkyh kjk fdk

tkrk gSA Lrjksa esa foHkkftr gksus ds dkjk bl izkkyh dks Lrfjr funrdquokZu fofk dgrs gSA

Lrjhd`r funrdquokZu ds rhu izdkj gksrs gSaamp

1- vuqikrh k lekuqikfrd Lrjhd`r funrdquokZu

2- xSj vuqikrh k vlekuqikfrd Lrjhd`r funrdquokZu

3- HkkjqDr Lrjhd`r funrdquokZu

rdquo funrdquokZu dh bdkbksa dk pu mlh vuqikr esa fdk tkrk gS

ftl vuqikr esa fofHkUu Jsfkksa dh dqy la[k lexz ds vUrxZr gksrh gSA blesa fdlh Lrj ls fds

xs izfrnrdquokZ esa bdkbksa dh la[k mlh vuqikr esa gksrh gS ftlesa ml Lrj esa tula[k k lexz

dh bdkbkaA mnkgjk fn lexz esa Lrj v] c] l esa Oslasherdquok 500] 700] 900 bdkbka gSa rks

UknrdquokZ esa rhu Lrjksa ls bdkbka 5 7 9 ds vuqikr esa gksaxhA

rdquo bl izfofk ds varxZr lexz dks fofHkUu Jsfkksa esa ls leku

la[k esa bdkbksa dks pquk tkrk gS rFkk bl ckr dh dqN ijokg ugh dh tkrh fd lEiwkZ lexz esa

fofHkUu Jsfkksa ds varZxr bdkbka d nwljs dh rqyuk esa de gS k vfkdA bl fofk dk izksx

rc fdk tkrk gS tc fdlh d mi lewg dk vkdkj nwljs milewg dh rqyuk esa cgqr NksVk gSA



mnkgjk ds Ik esa eku ysa fdlh lexz esa dqy 1000 OfDr gSa buesa ls 600 fgUnw] 300 eqlyeku

vkSj 100 bZlkbZ gSa budh vfHkofRr dh rqyuk ds nfrsquoVdksk ls g vfkd izcy gksxk fd lc keksZa ds

yksx cjkcj la[k esa gks blds fy ge fukZ djrs gSa fd izRsd keZ ls 50 OfDr ysaxs rc igys

Lrj dk 12oka] nwljs dk 6oka vkSj 3 dk 12 Hkkx ysrs gSaA

rdquo g mDr nksuksa fofkksa dk lfEJk gSA blesa igys izRsd oxZ esa

ls leku l[kvksa dk pu fdk tkrk gS rRirdquopkr vfkd la[k okys oxksZa dh bdkbksa dks vfkd

enn iznku djds mudk izHkko clt+k fnk tkrk gSA g Hkkj blh vuqikr esa iznku fdk tkrk gS

ftl vuqikr esa lexz esa oxZ dh bdkbka gksrh gSA

(i) Lrfjr funrdquokZu ds izdkj fyf[k

----------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------

Lrjhd`r funrdquokZu ds ykHk k xqk

Lrjhd`r funrdquokZu ds izeq[k ykHk fuEufyf[kr gSa

1- bl izkkyh ds varxZr ldquokkskdrkZ dks funrdquokuZ ds pquko ds Aringij vfkd fua=k gksrk gS vkSj

izRsd oxZ dh bdkbksa dk izfrfufkRo dk volj feyrk gSA

2- bdkbksa dh la[k dk pquko gksus ij Hkh izfrfufk dk fuekZk gks tkrk gSA

3- vkordquodrk iM+us ij fdlh bdkbZ dks Rkx dj nwljh bdkbZ pquus dh lqfokk Hkh jgrh gS

rFkk HkkSxksfyd vkkkj ij oxZ foHkktu Hkh ljyrk ls fdk tk ldrk gSA

4- lekt esa fofHkUu izdkj dh laLd`frksa ds ekuus okys yksx jgrs gSa ogkW ij oxhZ funrdquokZu

izkkyh ds vkkkj ij bl izdkj ds OfDrksa dk izfrfufkRo laHko gks ikrk gSA

5- bl izkkyh ds eke ls lHkh izdkj ds OfDr blesa Lor gh vk tkrs gSa pkgs OfDr

HkkSxksfyd nfrsquoV ls vyxampvyx LFkkuksa esa k d gh LFkku ij vyxampvyx nwjh ij Dksa u

jgrs gksaA

rdquo

1- Lrfjr funrdquokZu esa fn nks oxksZa dk fuekZk mfpr ugha gqvk rks vfHkufr mRiUu gks ldrh gSA

mlh izdkj pqus gq funrdquokZu esa fdlh fordquoksrsquok oxZ dh bdkbka cgqr vfkd k cgqr de gks

ldrh gSA slk gksus ij funrdquokZu izfrfufkRoiwkZ ugh jg tkrkA

2- fn fHkUu fHkUu oxksZa ds vkdkj esa cgqr vfkd vUrj gS rks leku vuqikr esa bdkbksa dk

pu djuk dfBu gks tkrk gS vkSj bl izdkj fn funrdquokZu lekuqikfrd ugh gksrk rks og

izfrfufkRoiwkZ Hkh ugh gks ldrkA



3- fn oxksZ ls bdkbksa dk pquko vlekuqikfrd vkkkj ij fdk xk gS rks ckn esa Hkkj dk

izksx djuk iM+rk gSA bl dke esa vuqlakudrkZ dk ikikr o feFkampgtqdko viuk izHkko

Mky ldrs gSaA

4- bl izkkyh dks sls lekt esa ykxw ugha fdk tk ldrk tgka fofHkUu laLd`frksa ds yksx

fuokl djrs gSa sls lekt dks fofHkUu miHkkxksa esa cjkcj izfrfukkRed bdkbksa dk pu

djus esa Oogkfjd i ls dbZ dfBukbksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gSA

OofLFkr izfrnrdquokZu g fofk miksx djus esa ljy rFkk vklku gS izfrnrdquokZu ds bl Loi

dks vUrjky izfrnrdquokZu Hkh dgk tkrk gS blds vUrxZr iwoZ fukkZfjr OfDrksa dh lwph esa ls fufer

vUrjky ds irdquopkr lnLksa dks pqu ysrs gSaA loZizFke UknrdquokZ dk vkdkj oa lexz ds vkdkj dk

vuqikr fufrdquopr dj fyk tksxkA ekuk g vuqikr 115 gSA tSls yfr lexztu 6000 gS vkSj

izLrkfor izfrnrdquokZ dk vkdkj 400 ysuk gks rks lexz dh lwph esa ls 15os OfDr dks fyk tksxkA

igyh la[k dk pu gsrq ykWVjh k vU fofkksa dk OofLFkr miksx dj ldrs gSA OofLFkr

funrdquokZu ljy nSo funrdquokZu fofk ls bl vFkZ fHkUu gS fd ljy nSo funrdquokZu fofk esa pu laksx ij

fuHkZj djrk gS tcfd OofLFkr funrdquokZu esa izfrnrdquokZ bdkbksa dk pu iwoZorhZ bdkbZ ds pu ij

fuHkZj gksrk gSA

cgqpjkh funrdquokZu bl fofk dk izksx cgqr cM+s vu ks= ls d funrdquokZu fudkyus ds fy

fdk tkrk gSA bl fofk ds vUrxZr bdkbksa ds pquko dh izfOslashk vusd Lrjksa esa ls gksdj xqtjrh

gSA izRsd voLFkk k Lrj esa izfrnrdquokZu nSo funrdquokZu izkkyh kjk gh gksxkA vr sls funrdquokZu esa

bdkbksa dk pu vusd Lrjksa kjk fdk tkrk gS blfy bls cgqpjkh k cgqLrjh funrdquokZu

dgrs gSaA

vr g lkekU rkSj ij rc miksx fdk tkrk gS tc vu ks= vfkd cM+k gks vkSj

pfur bdkbksa dh HkkSfrd nwjh vfkd gks k lekt dh iwkZ lwph miyCk ugha gks g fuEu pjkksa

esa iwkZ fdk tkrk gSamp

1- lEiwkZ vu ks= dks dqN ltkrh ks=ksa esa ckaV fyk tkrk gSA s ks= leku ks=Qy ds

gksrs gSa rFkk ks=okflksa esa vfkdre lekurk dk izkl fdk tkrk gSA

2- izRsd ks= esa ls dqN xzke nSo funsku izkkyh ds vkkkj ij pqus tkrs gSa

3- pfur izRsd xzke esa ls dqN kjksa dk lewg nSo funrdquokZu izkkyh ds vkkkj ij pquk tkrk

gSA

4- vafre pjk esa bu kjksa ds lewg esa ls dqN ifjokjksa dks nSo funrdquokZu izkkyh ls pqu dj

vu fdk tkrk gSA

bl izdkj g LirsquoV gS fd cgqLrjh funrdquokZu nSo funrdquokZu rFkk Lrjhd`r funrdquokZu dk lfEefyr

Ik gS vkSj fn IkkZIr lkokkuh ckrh tk rks muesa mDr nksuks izkkfyksa ds ykHk izkIr gks tkrs

gSaA

xqPN funrdquokZu blds varxZr lexz dks cgqr ls lewgksa esa foHkkftr djds buesa ls dsoy dqN

lewgksa dk funrdquokZ ysdj muds rRoksa dk vu fdk tkrk gS rks bls xqPN funrdquokZu dgrs gSaA

lkekftd losZkkksa esa bldk izksx k=k O dks cpkus ds mn~nsrdquo ls gksrk gSA xqPN ftrus cM+s

gksaxs funrdquokZu dh ykxr mruk de gksA foLrr HkkSxksfyd ks=ksa esa ykHknkd gSA funrdquokZu dh bl

fofk esa xqPNksa k lewgksa dk lt+kWapk cukk tkrk gS vkSj bl lt+kWps esa ls nSo izfrnrdquokZ pquk tkrk gS fQj



pqus xs xqPNksa esa iM+us okyh LoHkkfod bdkbZ dk vu fdk tkrk gS lewg izfrnrdquokZu esa izfrpu

nks izdkj ls gksrk gS

1- xqPN izfrpu esa fn ge dsoy d ckj izfrpu djsa rks mls d

in izfrpu dgrs gSaA

2- fn d ls vfkd ckj izfrpu djs rks cgqin izfrpu dgrs gSA

rdquo

1- g funrdquokZu ml le ykHknkd gksrk gS tcfd bdkbZ rd igqWpus dk O vfkd oa

bdkbZ ds vu dk O de gksrk gSA

2- foLrr HkkSxksfyd ks= ij cM+h la[k esa lexz dk vu djuk gks

3- bl funrdquokZu esa yksp dk xqk gksrk gS A d ckj pfur izfrnrdquokZ dks izfrLFkkfir fdk tk

ldrk gSA

rdquo

1- blesa izfrfufkdrk dh deh gksrh gSA

2- pfur lewgksa dh bdkbZ OfDr nks k nks ls vfkd lewgksa ls lEc) gks ldrk gS ftl

dkjk mldk nks ckj vu gks ldrk gSA

frac14ifrac12xqPN funrdquokZu ds xqk o nksrsquok fyf[k

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------

rdquo

vlEHkkfor funrdquokZu esa lEHkkouk oa laksx dk dksbZ egRRo ugha gksrk gSA blesa ldquokkskdrkZ

vius foosd ls bdkbksa dk pu djrk gSA g izfrfufkRo dk nkok ugha djrk fdUrq UknrdquokZ dks

izfrfufk cukus ds fy dqN fueksa dk miksx djrk gSA vr blesa u rks izRsd bdkbZ ds funrdquokZu esa lfEeyr gksus dh laHkkouk vkSj u mlds pqus tkus dh laHkkouk gksrs gSa ldquokkskdrkZ forsquok ds

mn~nsrdquoksa ds vuqi gh bdkbksa dk pu djrk gSA

vlEHkkfor funrdquokZu dh rhu fofkka gS tks fuEukafdr bl izdkj gSa amp

1- mn~nsrdquoiwkZ funrdquokZu 2- lqfokkRed funrdquokZu 3- dksVk k vHardquok funrdquokZu

rdquo rdquo bl fofk dks fukkZRed funrdquokZu k lqfopkj funrdquokZu ls Hkh tkuk tkrk

gSA blds vUrxZr vuqlakkudrkZ dk izkl jgrk gS fd og Kku vkSj foods ds vkkkj u=ij

izfrfufkRoiwkZ bdkbksa dk pu djrk gSA vuqlakkudrkZ igys ls gh lexz dh bdkbksa ds ckjs esa

iwkZ tkudkjh j[krk gSA vuqlakkudrkZ fordquoksrsquok mn~nsrdquo ku esa j[krs gq lexz esa ls mUgha bdkbksa

dk pu tku cwgtdj djrk gS ftls og iwoZ Kku ds vkkkj ij ml lexz dk izfrfufk legtrk gSA



rks sls funrdquokZu dks mn~nsrdquo iwkZ funrdquokZu dgk tkrk gSA mn~nsrdquoiwkZ funrdquokZu ds vUosrsquokd dks iwkZ

Lora=rk iznku ugha gksrh] loZizFke vUosrsquokd lexz dh leLr bdkbksa dk xgu vu djrk gS

rRirdquopkr lexz ls mUgh bdkbksa dk pu djrk gS tks lexz dh fordquoksrsquokrkvksa dk iwkZrk izfrfufkRo

djsA bleas vuqlakkudrkZ lexz dh lHkh bdkbksa dh fordquoksrsquokrkvksa rFkk izd`fr ds lacak esa iwjkampiwjk

Kku gksA cM+s lexz dh leLr bdkbksa ds lacak esa Ku bl fofk kjk laHko ugha gS blls

vuqlakkudrkZ lexz dh izd`fr] xqkksa o bdkbksa dh fordquoksrsquokrkvksa ls iwoZ ifjfpr k OfDr gksrk gSA

tSUlu ds vuqlkj ^^mn~nsrdquoiwkZ funrdquokZ ls rkRiZ bdkbksa ds lewg dks bl izdkj pquus ls gS fd pqus

gq oxZ feydj tgka rd gks lds] ogh vkSlr vFkok vuqikr iznku djsa tks lexz esa gSA bl

izdkj lfopkj vFkok mn~nsrdquoiwkZ funrdquokZu esa vuqlakkudrkZ vius mn~nsrdquo dks ku esa j[krs gq mUgha

bdkbksa dk pu djrk gS tks ks= dk lokZfkd izfrfufkRo djrh gksaA

fdlh egkfo|ky k fordquoofo|ky ds izksQslj kjk Nk=ksa dh leLkvksa ls lacafkr

ldquokksk dkZ djuk gS rk s og egk0 esa fLFkr dsUVhu] iqLrdky] okpuky] eSnku rFkk ckjMk esa

tkdj ldquokksk ls lacafkr vu dk ysrk gSA

mn~nsrdquoiwkZ funrdquokZu ds ykHk k xqk

1- funrdquokZu dk vkkkj cgqr NksVk gksus d dkjk g fofk de [kphZyk gSA

2- g fofk sls vuqlakku esa fordquoksrsquokIk ls miksxh gksrh gS ftuesa lexz dh dqN bdkbksa dk

pquk tkuk fordquoksrsquok Ik ls miksxh gksrk gSA

3- g fofk iwoZxkeh vuksa gsrq ykHkdkjh gSA

4- fn funrdquokZu dk pquko esa vfHkufr dks nwj djus dh psrsquoVk dh xbZ rks NksVk funrdquokZu Hkh izfrfufkiwkZ gks tkrk gSA

mn~nsrdquoiwkZ funrdquokZu ds gkfuka k nksrsquok

1- lexz dk Kku u gksus ij izkkyh nksrsquokiwkZ gSA

2- blesa funrdquokZu lacakh vrdquokq)rk dk vuqeku yxkuk dfBu gksrk gSA

3- blesa bdkbksa ds pquko esa ikikr vkus dh iwjh iwjh lEHkkouk cuh jgrh gSA vr ifjkke

voSKkfud vkSj vrdquokq) gks tkrs gSA

4- bl izkkyh kjk fursquodrsquokksZa esa ifjrdquokq)rk dh ek=k cgqr de gksrh gSA

5- blds vkkkj ij lexz dh lEiwkZ fordquoksrsquokrkvksa dks ugh legtk tk ldrkA

(i) mnnsrdquoiwkZ funrdquokZu ij lafkIr fVIikh fyf[k

------------------------------------------------ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------

rdquo lqfokkiwkZ funrdquokZu esa tks dksbZ Hkh bdkbZ dks OfDr lqfokkioZd miyCk

gksrh gS mldk vu dj fyk tkrk gS k tks ldquokksk ds nkSjku vpkud ldquokkskdrkZ ds lEidZ esa vk

tkrs gSaA lexz esa ls nPN pu dks voSKkfud rFkk vizekfkd izkkyh gS fdUrq vusd ldquokksk dkksaZ

gsrq bldk izksx fdk tkrk gSA bls vkdfLed] voljoknh rFkk ykijokghiwkZ iwkZ funrdquokZu Hkh dgrs gSaA bl fofk ds voSKkfud oa ikikriwkZ gksrs gq Hkh dbZ ckj vu gsrq blh dk izksx

fdk tkrk gSA bldk miksx rc fdk tkrk gSamp

1- lexz iwkZrk LirsquoV u gksA

2- tc funrdquokZu dh bdkbka LirsquoV u gksA



3- tc lzksr lwph vizkIr gksA

g fofk ljy] ferOh] xgu vu oa FkkFkZ funrdquokZu dh lEHkkouk ds xqk j[krh gSA

rdquo g oxhZ funrdquokZu dk gh d i gSA blds vUrxZr loZizFke lekt dks dbZ

oxksZa esa foHkkftr fdk tkrk gS rRirdquopkr izRsd oxZ esa ls pquh tkus okyh bdkbksa dh la[k r

dj yh tkrh gSS blds irdquopkr izRsd Lrj ls vkordquod vardquok frac14dksVkfrac12 esa bdkbksa dk pquko vius

foosd ls djrk gSA bl i)fr dks Hkh oSKkfud nfrsquoVdksk ls miqDr ugh ekuk tkrk Dksafd bl

izkkyh esa bdkbksa dk pu vuqlakkudrkZ dh LosPNk ij fuHkZj djrk gSA dksVk funrdquokZu dk miksx

djrs le vuqlakkudrkZ g ku j[krk gS fd vu ds nfrsquoVdksk ls fduampfdu ykkksa k

fordquoksrsquokrkvksa ds vkkkj ij fofHkUu oxksZa esa ls bdkbksa dk pu djuk miqDr gksxk rRirdquopkr izRsd

oxZ esa ls fdruh bdkbksa ls rFksa dk ladyu djuk gSA bl la[k dks gh vHardquok k dksVk dgk

tkrk gSA izRsd oxZ ls bdkbksa dh la[k dk pu djus ds Ikrdquopkr vuqlakkudrkZ bu oxksZa esa

viuh bpNkuqlkj bdkbksa dk pu djus gsrq iwkZr Lora= gksrk gSA

rdquo

g fofk de [kphZyh gSA

2- g cgqr de le esa iwkZ fdk tk ldrk gSA

rdquo

g lekt dk okLrfod izfrfufkRo ugha dj ikrk gSA

2- pu esa lkkRdkjdrkZ dk iwokZxzg gks ldrk gS

3- =qfVksa dh xkuk lEer ugha gks ikrh A

rdquo rdquo

1- lEHkkfor funrdquokZu dh leLr fofkksa esa funrdquokZu ds pquko ds le lexz dh izRsd bdkbZ

dks funrdquokZu esa vkus dk leku volj feyrk gSA tcfd vlEHkkfor funrdquokZu esa pwafd leLr

bdkbksa dks funrdquokZu esa lfEefyr gksus dk volj ugha feyrkA

2- lEHkkfor funrdquokZu kjk pquh xbZ bdkbka lexz dh izfrfufk gksrh gS Dksfd lexz esa ikbZ

tkus okyh lHkh fordquoksrsquokrkvksa dk mlh vuqikr esa izfrfukRo gksuk pkfg ftl vuqikr esa os

fordquoksrsquokrka ml lexz esa mifLFkr gksA blh dkjk funrdquokZu ds vu ds vkkkj ij tks

ifjkke izkIr fds tkrs gSa mUgs lexz ij ykxw ugha fdk tk ldrk] tcfd vlEHkkfor

funrdquokZu ls izkIr ifjkke ml funrdquokZu rd gh lgh gksrs gSa] mUgs lexz ij ykxw ugha fdk

tk ldrkA

3- lEHkkfor funrdquokZu oSKkfud gksrk gS Dksafd funrdquokZu dh bdkbksa dk pquko fursquoikrk ls gksrk

gSA tcfd vlEHkkfor funrdquokZu esa egRoiwkZ bdkbksa dks funrdquokZu esa vkordquod Ik ls

lfEefyr fdk tkrk gSA

4- lEHkkfor funrdquokZu esa viukbZ xh izkkyh esa bdkbka fordquooluh gksrh gSA vxj d k d

ls vfkd vuqlakkudrkZ mlh lexz esa ls funrdquokZu dk pquko djsa rks os leLr funrdquokZu dleku gksxsaA blds foijhr vlEHkkfor funrdquokZu esa bdkbksa dk pu vuqlakkudrkZ dh

bPNk ij fuHkZj gksus ds dkjk fordquooluh ugh gksrkA

5- lEHkkfor funrdquokZu esa bdkbksa ds pu nSo ij fuHkZj jgrk gS vFkkZr lexz dh leLr

bdkbksa ds pu dh lEHkkouk jgrh gSA ysfdu blesa og egRoiwkZ bdkbka NwV tkrh gSa

tks vu ds fy miksxh gksrh gSaA tcfd vlEHkkfor funrdquokZu esa egRoiwkZ bdkbksa dks

funrdquokZu esa vkordquod Ik ls lfEefyr fdk tkrk gSA

6- sls lkekftd vuqlakku ftudk lacak fl)karksa ds fuekZk] fl)karksa dh iquiZjhkk]

midYiukvksa ds ijhkk vkfn esa lEHkkfor funrdquokZu dk miksx gksrk gS Dksafd g



vuqlakkudrkZ dh bPNk ij fuHkZj ugh gksrkA tcfd slh fdlh Hkh nrdquokk esa bl izdkj ds

vuksa esa vlEHkkfor funrdquokZu dk miksx ugha fdk tk ldrkA

rdquo

rdquo funrdquokZu dh lcls loZizFke leLk mlds mfpr vkdkj dh

gh gSA mRre funrdquokZu ds fy ikZIr vkdkj dk gksuk vRUr egRoiwkZ gSA vudrkZ dks bl

lacak esa vusd leLkvksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gSA vxj funrdquokZ dk vkdkj cM+k gS rks vfkd ku]

le vkSj Je dk O vudrkZ ds fy leLk gS vkSj vxj funrdquokZu NksVk gksrk gS rks mldh

fordquooluhrk oa izfrfufkRoiwkZ ds lanHkZ esa lansg jgrk gSA vr funrdquokZu esa lgh vkdkj dk gksuk

vRUr vkordquod gS ftls fuEu dkjk izHkkfor djrs gSaamp

1- lekt ls dih bdkbksa dh vfkdrk ls NksVs vkdkj dk funrdquokZu Hkh

izfrfufkiwkZ vkSj fordquooluh gksrk fdUr q vxj lexz esa forsquokerka vfkd gS rks funrdquokZu dk

vkdkj cM+k gksuk pkfgA

2- vxj lexz esa fofHkUu izdkj ds oxZ gS k muesa fHkUurka vfkd gSa rks

funrdquokZ dk vkdkj cM+k gSA

3- ku] le] Je o vU lalkkuksa dh ikZIrrk dh fLFkfr ls funrdquokZu dk

vkdkj cM+k gks ldrk gS vUFkk NksVk vkdkj lkkuksa dh miyCkrk ds vkkkj ij fyk

tkuk pkfgA

4- rdquo lkekUr slk ekuk tkrk gS fd cM+k funrdquokZu vfkd ifjrdquokq) vkSj

izfrfufkRoiwkZ gksrk gSA fdUrq fn lgh rjhds ls pquko fdk tkrk gS rks NksVk funrdquokZu Hkh

fordquooluh oa izfrfuRoiwkZ gks ldrk gSA

5- vxj vu xgu rFkk lwe gS rks funrdquokZ dk vkdkj NksVk gksuk

pkfg vxj vu forsquok foLrr gS rks funrdquokZu dk vkdkj cM+k gksuk pkfgA

6- vxj izrdquoukoyh kjk fdlh ks= dk vu djrs gS rks funrdquokZu

vkdkj cM+k Hkh gks ldrk gS blesa Hkh vxj izrdquou NksVk vkSj ljy gS rks funrdquokZu esa vkSj of)

dh tk ldrh gSA fdUrq blds LFkku ij fn vuqlwph k OfDrxr lEidZ LFkkfir dk

lwpuk d= djuh gS rks NksVk funrdquokZu miqDr jgrk gSSSA

rdquo funrdquokZu ds pu ls ikikriwkZ joSk ls funrdquokZu

izfrfufkRoiwkZ ugh gks ikrkA

vu ds nkSjku vfHkefr eqDr funrdquokZu fuEu dkjk ls gksrk gSamp

rdquo funrdquokZu dk vkdkj NksVk gksus ds dkjk vusd bdkbksa dks

pu dk volj ugha feyrk vkSj vusd slh bdkbka Hkh gks ldrh gSa tks egRoiwkZ gSa ij

lfEefyr u dh xbzZ gksa] slh fLFkfr esa funrdquokZu izfrfufkRowkZ ugha gks ldrkA

rdquo rdquo bl izdkj ds funrdquokZu esa vudrkZ viuh bPNkuqlkj bdkbksa dk

pu djrk gSA blesa og slh gh bdkbksa dk pu dj ldrk gS ftuls lEidZ djuk

ljy gksA og vlqfokktud vkSj dfBukbZ ls feyus okyh bdkbksa dks NksM+ nsrk gSA slh

fLFkfr esa funrdquokZUk vfHkufriwkZ gksrk gSA



rdquo viuh lqfokkuqlkj bdkbksa dk pu djrk gS tks vkordquod ugha

fd og izfrfufkRoiwkZ bdkbksa dk pu gh djsA blfy vfHkefr dh lEHkkouk clt+ tkrh

gSA

fn oxhZ funrdquokZu esa sls oxksZa dk pquko dj fyk tkrk gSA tks

vLirsquoV] vleku o vuqiqDr gksa rc Hkh vfHkufr vk ldrh gSA blh rjg ls fn oxZ es a

vleku la[k okyh bdkbksa esa ls leku la[k esa bdkbka pqu yh tkrh gSa rc Hkh og

vlarqfyr vkSj nksrsquokiwkZ gks tkrk gSA

vxj lzksr lwph iqjkuh] vkwjh k vuqiqDr gS rks Hkh funrdquokZu ikikriwkZ

gksxkA

dbZ ckj dkZdrkZvksa dks g vuqefr ns nh tkrh gS fd os

funrdquokZu dh bdkbksa dk pquko viuh bPNkuqlkj djsaA slh fLFkfr esa Hkh pu esa ikikr vk

ldrk gSA

rdquo =qfVikZ funrdquokZu fofk kjk bdkbksa ds pu esa Hkh ikikr dh

lEHkkouk jgrh gSA vxj vudrkZ tkucwgt dj dkMZ ifpZksa dk fuekZk bl izdkj

djrk gS fd og igpku cuk lds rks ljyrk ls nSo funrdquokZu Hkh vfHkufr qDr gks tkrk gS

vkSj bl fLFkfr esa funrdquokZu ikikriwkZ gks tkrk gS Dksafd mfpr funrdquokZu dk pu ugha gks ikrkA

funrdquokZu ds vkdkj ls lacafkr leLkvksa dk mYys[k dhft

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------

rdquo rdquo

pfur funrdquokZu ds fordquooluhrk dh tkWp djus ds fy fuEu mik viuks tk ldrs gSa amp

rdquo izkIr funrdquokZu dgka rd fordquooluh gS bldh ijhk djus ds fy

lkekUrj miampfunrdquokZu dks izkIr djuk vDlj cgqr miksxh gksrk gS fn nksuksa esa ikZIr

lhek rd lekurk gS rks funrdquokZu fordquooluh ekuk tkrk gS] vFkkZr lkekUrj funrdquokZu ds

vUrxZr vkus okyh bdkbksa dh fordquoksrsquokrka eq[ funrdquokZZZZu ls lEcafkr bdkbksa dh fordquoksrsquokrkvksa

ls feyrh tqyrh gSaA

ldquokkskdrkZ vius Kku rFkk vuqHko ds vkkkj ij funrdquokZu dh rqyuk

djds fukZ ns ldrk gSA ikZIr lekurk ds vkkkj ij mls fordquooluh ekuk tkrk gSA

rdquo rdquo funrdquokZu dh fordquooluhrk dh tkap djus dk d rjhdk g gS fd

pfur funrdquokZu esa ls dqN bdkbka nSo funrdquokZu kjk pquh tkrh gSa vkSj mldh rqyuk ewy

funrdquokZu ls dh tkrh gSA fn mifunrdquokZu esa ewy funrdquokZu ds xqk gSa rks funrdquokZu fordquooluh

ekuk tkrk gSA



funrdquokZu dh fordquooluhrk d tkap djus ds fy g oSKkfud fofk gS

fQj Hkh bldk izksx Oogkfjd thou esa lcls vfkd egRoiwkZ gS funrdquokZu ds miksx kjk

izkIr lwpukvksa ds izFke Lrj ij izekihdjk fdk tkrk gS vudrkZ bl le viuh

vUrZnfrsquoV ls Kkr djrk gS fd lwpuka fdl lhek rd miksxh gSaA

|fi g d dfBu dkZ gS fQj Hkh lEHko gks rks yxHkx feyrs

tqyrs losZkkksa dh iqujkofRr djds muesa fy xs funrdquokZuksa dh rqyuk djds fordquooluhrk

dh tkap dh tk ldrh g SA

rdquo

fdlh lewg ds forsquok esa Kku izkIr djus ds mn~nsrdquo ls mlesa ls dqN OfDrksa dks vu ds fy

pqu ysuk funrdquokZu dgykrk gSA funrdquokZu ls ku] Je rFkk le dh cpr gksrh gS ftlls vu ds

fursquodrsquokZ FkkZFk izkIr gksrs gSaA lEHkkfor rFkk vlEHkkfor funrdquokZu ds miksx ls exz ds izkpyksa dk

vkdayu rFkk lkaf[dh ifjdYiukvksa dk ijhkk fdlh fufrdquopr lkFkZdrk Lrj ij gks ldrk gSA

vfHkufr de ls de rFkk nkrk vfkd ls vfkd djus ds mnn~srdquo izkfIr ds fy lexz dj lwph

rFkk funrdquokZu ds vkdkj dk furdquop nlt+ vkkkj ij fdk tksaA funrdquokZu izkkyh lexz esa ls dqN pquh

xbZ bdkbksa dk vu djus ds Ikrdquopkr tks fursquodrsquokZ izkIr gksrs gSa og lkoZHkkSfed Ik ls lc dks

ekU gksrs gSaA

ikfjHkkfrsquokd ldquo

pj fdlh vuqlakku esa iszfkr dh tkus okyh og fordquoksrsquokrk gS ftlds fofHkUu eku gks ldrs gSA

fdlh fopkjkkhu vuqlakku ks= dh lHkh bdkbksa dk leqnk gSA

rdquo d lexz dk og vardquok tks fdlh vuqlakku ds fy pquk tkrk gS] d izfrnrdquokZ dgykrk

gSA

rF og kVuk gS ftldks ge okLrfod Ik esa ns[k k lqu ldrs gS rFkk budk vuqHko

bfUnzksa ds eke ls fdk tk ldrk gSA


jk] ikjl ukFk- yeh ukjkk vxzoky- vkkxjk-


Manheim Henry L (1977) Sociological Research Philosophy amp Methods The Dorsey

Press Illinois

Moser C A and G Kalton (2nd

ed) (1980) Survey Methods in Social Investigation

Heinemann Educational Books London

rdquo

fo|kFkhZ dks bl izu dk mŸkj funrdquokZu dh fordquoksrsquokrka ldquokhrsquokZd ds foojk esa ls fy[kuk gSA



fo|kFkhZ dks bl izu dk mŸkj ljy nSo funrdquokZu ldquokhrsquokZd ds vUrZxr fns xs foojk esa ls fy[kuk

gSA

fo|kFkhZ dks bl izu dk mŸkj Lrfjr funrdquokZu ldquokhrsquokZd ds vUrZxr fns xs ds foojk esa ls fy[kuk

gSA

fo|kFkhZ dks bl izu dk mŸkj xqPN funrdquokZu ldquokhrsquokZd ds vUrZxr fns xs foojk esa ls fy[kuk gSA

fo|kFkhZ dks bl izu dk mŸkj mn~nsrdquoiwkZ funrdquokZu ldquokhrsquokZd ds foojk esa ls fy[kuk gSA

fo|kFkhZ dks bl izu dk mŸkj funrdquokZu dh leLk ldquokhrsquokZd ds foojk esa ls fy[kuk gSA

Singh K (1983) Techinques of method of Social Survey Research and Statistics Prakashan Kendra

Lucknow Kothari CR (2009) Research Methodology Methods and Techniques 2

nd Revised ed New Delhi

New Age International (P) Limited Publishers

Bailey Kenneth D (1982) Methods of Social Research The Free Press New York

Mukundlal (1958) Elementary Statistical Methods Manoj Prakashan Varanasi Sanders Donald(1955) Statistics McGraw Hill New York


Lucknow

rdquo

funrdquokZu dk vFkZ fy[krs gq d vPNs funrdquokZu dh fordquoksrsquokrkvksa rFkk xqkksa o nksrsquokksa dk okZu

dhftA

funrdquokZu ls vki Dk legtrs gks funrdquokZu ds izdkjksa dk lafkIr esa okZu dhftA

ljy nSo funrdquokZu dks ifjHkkfrsquokr dhft rFkk ljy nSo funrdquokZu esa pquus dh fofkksa dk

mYys[k dhftA

vlEHkkfor funrdquokZu ls vki Dk legtrs gSa budh fofkksa dk lfoLrkj mYys[k dhftA

funrdquokZu dks ifjHkkfrsquokr dhft rFkk lEHkkfor funrdquokZu rFkk vlEHkkfor funrdquokZu esa varj

nrdquokkZbA

funrdquokZu ds vFkZ rFkk ifjHkkrsquokk dks LirsquoV djrs gq funrdquokZu dh fordquooluhrk dh tkap ds

mik crkbA



-

Sources of Data- Primary amp Secondary Data

12-0 mn~nsrdquo

12-1 izLrkouk

12-2 rF dk vFkZ oa ifjHkkrsquokk

12-3 izkFkfed rF

12-4 izkFkfed lkexzh ds ladyu ds lzksr

12-4-1 izRk izkFkfed lzksr

1242 vizRk izkFkfed lzksr

12-5 izkFkfed lzksr ds xqk o nksrsquok

12-6 frhd rF oa lzksr

12-6-1 OfDrxr izys[k

12-6-2 lkoZtfud izys[k

12-7 frhd lzksr ds xqk o nksrsquok

12-8 izkFkfed lzksr rFkk frhd lzksr esa vUrj

12-9 lkjkak

12-10 ifjHkkfrsquokd kCnkoyh





srdquo


izkFkfed rF rFkk izkFkfed rF ds lzksr dks crkuk]

izkFkfed lzksrksa ds xqkksa vkSj nksrsquokksa dh ppkZ djuk]

frhd rF rFkk frhd rF ds lzksr dks crkuk]

frhd lzksrksa ds xqkksa vkSj nksrsquokksa dh ppkZ djuk]

izkFkfed lzksr rFkk frhd lzksr esa vUrj dh ppkZ djukA

lkekftd rdquokksk dkZ dh izFke vkordquod rFksa dk laxzgk djuk gS Dksafd lEiwkZ vuqlakku dkZ

rFksa ij gh vkkkfjr gksrk gSA rF gh vuqlakkudrkZ ds Kku dh dlkSVh gSA rFamplwpukvksa dks

df=r djus rFkk laxzfgr djus ds fy rdquokkskdrkZ dks dfri izekk] fl) rjhdksa o izfofkksa dk

pu djuk gksrk gS Dksafd lkokkuh iwoZd pu rFkk ladyu dh izfOslashk gh vuqlakku ds yksa



rd igqiexclpkus esa lgkd fl) gksrh gSA lektrdquokkL=h vu esa lwpukvksa oa rFksa dk vRUr

egRoiwkZ ksxnku gSA vu forsquok ls lEcafkr vfkdre okLrfod lwpukvksa oa rFksa dk lQy

d=hdjk vuqlakku dh lQyrk dk eq[ fukkZjd gSA rF laxzgk ds lzksr ds vUrZxr og lHkh

HkkSfrd lwpuka vFkok vkiexcldM+s] lfEefyr fd tkrs gSa ftUgsa vu ks= esa tkdj rRlacakh bdkbksa

vFkok mRrjnkrkvksa ls izkIr djuk gksrk gSA

vokkjkk ds Hkkafr rF Hkh lkekftd vuqlakku esa vRUr egRoiwkZ gSaA foKku rFksa ds vkkkj ij

vkxs cltrs gSa Dksafd lkekftd foKku lkekftd lEcUkksa dk vu djrk gSA vFkkZr oSKkfud Kku

dh lhekvksa ds foLrkj gsrq rdquokksk izruksa ds vkkkj ij ladfyr dh xbZ lkkkjk lh yxus okyh

NksVh NksVh lwpuka Hkh dkQh ykHknkd gksrh gSA bUgh ladfyr lwpukvksa dks rF k lkexzh ds

uke ls iqdkjrs gSaA sls gh rFksa ds vkkkj ij oSKkfud fursquodrsquokZ fudkys tkrs gS rFkk fueksa dk

izfriknu oa fl)karksa dk fuekZk fdk tkrk gSA rF ladyu ls gh kVukvksa ds dkZ dkjk lacak

dks tkuk tk ldrk gS] xkjk izHkko lacakksa dk irk yxkk tk ldrk gSA vesfjdu rdquokCndksrsquok ds

vkkkj ij rF dk vFkZ dk rkRiZ tks kVuk okLro esa kfVr gqbZ gS] tks d`N kVk gS] mls rF

dgrs gSaA rFksa dks df=r djus ds lEcak esa 8dk dFku gS fd ^^lR rd

igqiexclpus dk dksbZ lafkIr ekxZ ugha gSA fordquoo dh kVukvksa ds ckjs esa Kku vftZr djus ds fy

oSKkfud vu ds kj ls xqtjus ds vykok dksbZ vU fodYi ugha gSA

mijksDr foospu ls LirsquoV gS fd rF dk rkRiZ sls leLr lwpukvksa] lkexzh o vkadM+ksa ls gS tks

ks=h dkZ vkSj frhd lzksrksa ds eke ls izkIr fds tkrs gSA

lkekftd rdquokksk ds ks= esa rdquokkskdrkZ eq[r nks izdkj ds rFksa dk ladyu djrk gSA

1- izkFkfed rF

2- frhd rF

izkFkfed rF os ekSfyd lwpuka gSa ftUgs vuqlakkudrkZ izFke ckj Loa ewY rFksa k lwpukvksa dks

izkIr djrk gSA d vuqlakkudrkZ okLrfod vu LFky esa tkdj forsquok k leLk ls lEcfUkr

OfDrksa ls lkkkRdkj djds vFkok vuqlwph k izrdquoukoyh dh lgkrk ls vkordquodrkuqlkj rFksa dks

df=r djrk gSA g dgk tk ldrk gS fd tks rF iwkZrk uohu gksrs gSa vkSj fdlh Hkh fofk

kjk rFksa dk ladyu ks= esa tkdj Loa vuqlakkudrkZ kjk fdk tkrk gS mls ge izkFkfed rF

dgrs gSaA bls ks=h lkexzh Hkh dgk tkrk gSA lkekftd losZkkksa esa frhd rFksa dh viskk

izkFkfed rFksa ij vfkd izksx fdk tkrk gS Dksfd bldk eq[ dkjk lkeftd kVukvksa dh

ifjorZurdquokhyrk gSA

izkFkfed rFksa dks ftu lzksrksa kjk df=r fdk tkrk gS] mUgsa izkFkfed k ks=h lzksr dgrs gSaA

izkFkfed lzksrksa dk rkRiZ mu lHkh ekSfyd lwpukvksa vFkok vkadM+ksa ls gS

ftUgsa Loa vuqlakkudrkZ izkFkfed lzksrksa kjk izkIr djrk gSA bl lanHkZ esa us izkFkfed

lzksr dks ifjHkkfrsquokr djrs gq fy[kk gS fd ^îzkFkfed lzksr os lzksr gSa tk izkFkfed Lrj ij gesa

fofHkUu izdkj dh vkkkj lkexzh iznku djrs gSaA bu nksuks ifjHkkrsquokkvksa ds vkkkj ij g LirsquoV i



ls dgk tk ldrk gS fd izkFkfed lzksr os lkku gSa tks vudrkZ oa mRrjnkrk ds chp esa izRk

k vizRk lEidZ LFkkfir djds ekSfyd lwpukvksa dks df=r djus esa egRoiwkZ Hkwfedk dk fuokZg

djrk gSA ih0 oh0 ax us izkFkfed lzksr dks nks miampHkkxksa esa foHkkftr fdkA

izkFkfed lzksr

rdquo

(i)- izkFkfed rF ls vki Dk legtrs gS] rhu iafDrksa esa lafkIr mRrj nhft

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

izRk lzksr dk rkRiZ gS fd vudrkZ kVukkvksa dk Loa voyksdu djds mudk laxzg djrk gS

vFkok vuqlwph ds vkkkj ij mRRkjnkrkvksa ls lEidZ Lfkkfir fofHkUu izdkj dh lkexzh dks df=r

djrs gSaA

izRk lzksr esa vuqlakkudrkZ kjk dqN izfofkksa dk izksx fdk tkrk

gS] tSls fd voyksdu] lkkkRdkj] vuqlwph vkfnA bu izfofkksa ds eke ls vudrkZ izlFkfed

rF ladfyr djrk gSA s izfofkka ftuds kjk izRk lEidZ LFkkfir djrk gS] mUgsa ge lkexzh

ladyu ds izRk lzksr dgrs gSaA ih0 oh0 ax ds vuqlkj izkFkfed lwpuk ds lzksr fuEufyf[kr gSaA

(i) lkekftd vuqlakku dh lokZfkd izpfyr vkSj izkP izfofk voyksdu ds uke ls

tkuh tkrh gSA g ekuo kjk lgt gh esa dh tkus okyh d slh izfOslashk gS ftlds vUrxZr og

vius vklampikl ds ikZojk esa kfVr gksus okyh fOslashkvksa oe~ kVukvksa dk lwe k LFkwy voyksdu

djrk jgrk gSA g lHkh KkuampfoKku ds izLQqVu dk d egRoiwkZ vkkkj gS mnkgjk Loi UwVu



ds kjk xqRokdkZk dk fue vkSj eSMe Dwjh kjk jsfMkskfeZrk ds fl)kUr dks voyksdu fofk ds

kjk gh vUosfkr fdk xkA

voyksdu rF ladyu dh d fofk gS] ftlesa nfrsquoV vkkkfjr

lkexzh laxzg gksrk gSA g d lkku izfOslashk gS ftlesa dkuksa rFkk ofu dh rqyuk esa us=ksa dk izksx

fufgr gksrk gSA g fofk kVuka dSls kfVr gksrh gS] mudk kVus dk Oslashe dkjk rFkk izHkkoksa vkSj

muds ikjLifjd lacakksa dks ns[krh gS vkSj mUgsa vkysf[kr djrh gSA voyksdu ldquokCn vaxzsth ldquokCn

vkCtjosrdquoku (observation) dk ikZ gSA ldquokkfCnd nfrsquoV ls bldk vFkZ gS fujhkk djuk] ns[kuk]

fopkj djukA g vkCtoZ ldquokCn ls cuk gqvk gS ftldk vFkZ ijhkk djuk] ku nsuk vkfnA bl

izdkj bldk lhkk vFkZ gS vkiexcl[kksa ls ns[kukA lkekU ldquokCnksa esa voyksdu dk rkRiZ gs fd fdlh

fordquoksrsquok forsquok ls lacafkr kVukvksa dks OofLFkr i ls ns[kuk rFkk kVukvksa ds dkZ dkjk lacak dks

legtkukA fdUrq lkekftd vuqlakku dh d OofLFkr i)fr ds i esa voyksdu dk viuk d

iFkd vFkZ gSA

ds vuqlkj] ^^foKku voyksdu ls izkjEHk gksrk gS rFkk mls lRkiu ds fy

vUrr vkod i ls voyksdu ij gh iqu ykSVuk iM+rk gSA

szligkVukvksa dks Lor kfVr gksus ds le vkiexcl[kksa kjk d OfDr rFkk

lqfopkfjr Ik ls vu djus dks voyksdu dgrs gSaA szlig mijksDr ifjHkkkk ls g LiV gksrk gS

fd] voyksdu dh izfdzk esa us=ksa dk eq[ Ik ls izksx gksrk gSA vlkekftd vuqlakku esa Srhd

lzksrks dk Hkh mruk gh egRo gksrk gS ftruk fd rF ladyu esa izkFkfed lzksrksa dk gSA

mijksDr ifjHkkkkvksa ls bl Ckkr dh iqfV gksrh gS fd] vuqlakkuamplkexzh laxzg djrs le izkFkfed

lwpukvksa dks d= djus gsrq voyksdu izfofk d izRk vkSj eq[ fofk gSA voyksdu izkkyh ds

vUrxZr vuqlakkudŸkkZ kVukvksa dks izRkr us=ksa dh lgkrk ls ns[krk gS] Jok djrk gS vkSj tks

dqN Hkh xzgk djrk gS] ml leLr lkexzh dk lapu djrk gSA bl izdkj nrsquo oe~ JO nksuksa

izfdzkvksa kjk voyksdudŸkkZ izRk oe~ vizRk] nksuksa gh izdkj ls voyksdu dh fdzk dj

ldrk gSA ij g vkorsquod gS fd] lHkh fLFkfrksa es voyksdu dh izfdzk dk OofLFkr jhfr ls

fdk tkuk vfuokZ gSA

lekt esa kfVr gksus okyh kVukvksa dh fofokrk dks nfVxr j[krs gq

voyksdu dks dsoy d fofk ds eke ls fdzkfUor fdk tk ldrk gSA lkekftd kVukvksa dh

tfVyrk dks legtus gsrq voyksdu ds vusd izdkjksa dk fuekZk gqvk] ftudks bl izdkj iznfrsquokZr

fdk tk ldrk gSamp

A



rsquo amp tc voyksdu bl izdkj fdk tk fd

vuampfok k vuqlakkudŸkkZ ij voyksdu dh izfdzkUrxZr dksbZ fuU=k djus dk izkl u

fdk tk] rCk bls vfufU=r voyksdu ds uke ls lECkksfkr fdk tkrk gSA kVukvksa dks muds

izkd`frd oe~ FkkFkZ LoIk esa vu djuk bl izfofk dk vfHkizsr gksrk gSA g vukSipkfjd Ik

ls fuksftr vkSj lkkkjk lajpuk qDr gksrk gSA xqMs oe~ gkV us bls lkkkjk voyksdu dh laKk

iznku dhA

kjk bls vlajfpr voyksdu dgk xk gSA ds vuqlkj vfufU=r

voyksdu esa ge okLrfod thou ls lECkfUkr ifjfLFkfrksa dh lrdZrkiwoZd tkiexclp djrs gSaA bl

voyksdu esa okLrfodrk mRiUu djus okys U=ksa dks izqDr fdk tkrk gS vkSj fujhfkr kVuk dh

tkiexclp djus dk dksbZ izkl ugha fdk tkrkA

mDr ifjHkkkk ls vfufU=r voyksdu dh rhu fokskrka LiV gksrh gSaamp

vuqlakkudŸkkZ k vudŸkkZ ij fdlh izdkj dk fua=k ugha j[kk tkrkA

ifjfLFkfrksa k kVukvksa dk izkd`frd Ik ls vu djrk gS oe~

bl fofk esa vuqlakkudŸkkZ kjk kVukvksa dh kq)rk dks vUosfkr djus dk izRu ugha fdk

tkrkA

vfufU=r voyksdu dh izdfrxr fokskrkvksa dks nfVxr j[krs gq bls eq[rk fuEu Loiksa esa

foHkkftr fdk xk gSamp

amp voyksdu dh bl izkkyh ds vUrxZr vudŸkkZ igys Loa voyksdu

gsrq pfur lewg dk d lnL Cku tkrk gS rRipkr~ lewg ds lnL Ik esa gh lCkds LkkFk

feydj jgrs gq ml leqnk vFkok lewg dh fnuampizfrfnu ds Oogkjksa vkSj vU dkksZa] OoLFkkvksa

oe~ fdzkdykiksa esa lfdz izfrHkkfxrk djrk gS vkSj lkFk gh lkFk mudk fujhkk djrs gq

vudkZ dh lkexzh ladfyr djrk gSSA ml lewg k leqnk ds lnLksa dks vudŸkkZ dk

okLrfod mn~ns Kkr ugha gksrkA

lgHkkxh voyksdu dks dbZ lektkkfL=ksa vkSj ekuoldquokkfL=ksa kjk izqDr

fdk xk gSA izfl) Hkkjrh lektkkL=h e u Jhfuokl kjk eSlwj esa laLd`rhdjk dh izfdzk

dk vu djus gsrq bl fofk dks eke Ckukk xkA blh Oslashe esa ratkSj xkao ds xzkehk ks=ksa esa

oxZ izfLFkfr vkSj ldquokfDr dks vkkkj ekurs gq lkekftd vlekurk dk vkUnzs CksrbZ kjk vu bl

fofk dk izksx djrs gq fdk xkA blds vfrfjDr tkWu gkWoMZ kjk dSfnksa] yhIys rFkk CkwFk kjk

Jfed ifjokjksa vkSj usYl Mlu kjk gksCkks leqnk ds OfDrksa ij fd x vuksa esa Hkh

lgHkkXkh voyksdu fofk dh lgkrk yh xbZA loZizFke kjk lu~ 1924 esa viuh iqLrd

^ rdquo ^ esa lgHkkxh voyksdu kCn dks izqDr fdk xkA

us lgHkkxh voyksdu dksa bl izdkj LiV fdk gS szligbl dkZ izkkyh dk izksx ml

le fdk tkrk gS tCkfd vuqlakkudŸkkZ vius dks lewg ds lnL ds Ik esa Lohdr gks tkus ksX

Ckuk ysrk gSA szlig

ds vuqlkj voyksdudŸkkZ voyksfdr lewg ds izfr FkklaHko iwkZrk kfuB lECkUk

LFkkfir djrk gS vFkkZr~ og leqnk esa Ckl tkrk gS RkFkk ml lewg ds nSfud thou esa Hkkx ysrk

gSA



mijksDr ifjHkkkka bl rF dks js[kkafdr djrh gSa fd lgHkkxh voyksdu esa voyksdu djus okyk

pfur lewg dk d Hkkx Ckudj mlesa okl djrs gq rFksa dks d= djrk gSA

amp vlgHkkxh voyksdu ds vUrxZr pfur vuamplewg dk LFkkh

lnL u Ckudj voyksdudŸkkZ lewg ds Ckhp dsoy mifLFkr jgdj mudh xfrfofkksa esa izfrHkkx

ugha ysrk gSA og lewg esa nhkZ vofk rd fuokl u djds dsoy voyksdu djrk gSA og muds

fdzkdykiksa dks ekSu jgdj ns[krk gS vkSj xgurkiwoZd rFksa ds fok esa tkudkjh izkIr djrk gSA

voyksdudŸkkZ g voyksdu mUgsa fCkuk lwfpr fd kVukvksa ds kfVr gksus ds le mifLFkr gksdj

muds Oogkjksa dk vu dj lwpukvksa dks ladfyr dj ysrk gSSA slh vusd ifjfLFkfrkiexcl

lkekftd thou esa kfVr gksrh gSa tksfd] lgHkkxh voyksdu kjk ugha Kkr dh tk ldrh vfirq

ogkiexcl voyksdu dh vlgHkkxh izfofk gh loZFkk miqDr gksrh gSA ijUrq iwkZ Ik ls vlgHkkxh

voyksdu djuk vlaHko gSA

bl rF dks udkjk ugha tk ldrk gS fd] iwkZrk lgHkkxh vFkok

vlgHkkxh voyksdu djuk lEHko ugha gSA bldh lhekvksa dks ns[krs gq xqMs oe~ gkV us v)Z

lgHkkxh voyksdu dk lqgtkko lkeus j[kk tksfd] nksuksa izfofkksa dh lhekvksa ds Ckhp fLFkr gks vkSj

ftlesa mijksDr nksuksa izfofkksa dh fokskrksa fo|eku gksaA

v)Z lgHkkxh vkUnksyu ds vUrxZr voyksdudŸkkZ ml lewg dh dqN fnuampizfrfnu dh fdzkvksa dk

vax Ckurk gS] ftldk pu vu gsrq fdk xk gksA ijUrq lewg ds foksk lkaLd`frd mRloksa]

laLdkjksa ] kVukvksa vkSj lekjksgksa esa og Hkkx u ysdj nwj ls mudk voyksdu dj vu djrk gSA

g voyksdu lgHkkxh o vlgHkkxh nksuksa izdkj ds voyksduksa ds xqkksa ls lefUor gksrk gS vkSj

nksuksa ds ykHk iznku dj ldrk gSA

(i)- lgHkkxh voyksdu ls vki Dk legtrs gS] ikiexclp iafDrksa esa lafkIr mRrj nhft

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------

(ii) vuqlwph lwpuk d= djus dh vkkqfud fofkksa esa ls d izeq[k fofk gSa] ftlds

vUrxZr mRrjnkrkvksa ds lek dqN pfur izrdquouksa dks izLrqr fdk tkrk gS vkSj muds mRrjksa ds

eke ls izkIr tkudkjh ds kjk vu dkZ dks izekfkd cukus dk izRu fdk tkrk gSaA g

eq[r izkFkfed lwpuka d= djus dh d egRoiwkZ izfofk gSaA g izkFkfed rF izkIr djus dk

d fordquooluh vkSj miksxh eke gSa Dksfd] vuqlwph esa fdlh leLk dks izRk rkSj ij

voyksdu djrs gq lwpukvksa dk ladyu fdk tkrk gSaA vusd vkkqfud fofkksa vkSj U=ksa kjk

lwpuk iznku djus okyksa ls lkexzh laxzghr dh tkrh gSa] vuqlwph Hkh d slk gh a= gS tks fd

viuh fordquooluhrk ds dkjk vRUr egRoiwkZ fofk gSaA



vudŸkkZ ds kjk mRrjnkrkvksa ds lehi tkdj Loa lwpuk d= djus gsrq loZizFke d lwp h

ftlesa vusd izrdquouksa dks igys ls fufrdquopr djus fyf[kr i esa lqjfkr dj fyk tkrk gSa vkSj bu

izrdquouksa ds mRrj dks Loa gh ldquokkskdrkZ kjk Hkjk tkrk gSaA g lkkkRdkj dk d ljy eke gS

ftlesa vkeus lkeus cSBdj lwpuk d= djuh gksrh gS vkSj bls lwpuknkrkvksa dks Mkd ds kjk ugha

Hkstk tkrk gSaA bl nfrsquoV ls izrdquoukoyh Hkh d izdkj dh vuqlwph gh gksrh gSa |fi nksuks ds izksx

djus ds rjhds esa vUrj fufgr gSaA izrdquoukoyh fofk dk izksx rc fdk tkrk gS tc lwpukvksa dks

foLrr ks= ls d= djuk gksrk gSa] slh fLFkfr esa izrdquoukoyh dks Mkd ds kjk Hkh Hkstk tkrk gSaA

tc lwpuka lehi fLFkr ks= ls d= djuh gksrh gSa rc vuqlwph dks izksx djrs gq Loa ml ks=

esa tkdj vu ls lEcfUkr lwpuk dh izkfIr dh tkrh gSaA

vuqlwph izrdquouksa ds d lewg ds fy izqDr fdk tkus okyk uke gS tks

lkkkRdkj djus okys ds kjk vU OfDrksa ls vkeus lkeus dh fLFkfr esa iwNk vkSj iwkZ fdk tkrk

gSaA

lafkIr izrdquouksa dh jpuk dks vuqlwph dgrs gS ftls lkekUr losZkkdŸkkZ vius

ikl j[krk gSa vkSj vius vUosrsquokk dkZ esa vkxs clt+us ds lkFk lkFk mls iwkZ djrk tkrk gSaA

mijksDr ifjHkkrsquokkvksa ls g LirsquoV gksrk gS fd vuqlwph vusdkusd izrdquouksa ls qDr slh lwph gS ftlesa

OoLFkk vkSj fufrdquopr Oslashe vkfn xqk lekfgr gksrs gSaA mRrjnkrkvksa ls izRk lEidZ LFkkfir dj

lkkkRdkj dh izfOslashk ds eke ls vudŸkkZ kjk lwpukvksa dk ladyu vuqlwph dk miksx

djds fdk tkrk gSaA

vudrkZ ds kjk pfur vu oe~ dkZampks= dh izdframpfordquoksrsquok oe~

dkZ ds mn~nsrdquoksa vkSj yfkr lewg esa Hksn gksus ds dkjk muds fufeŸk fufeZr vuqlwfpksa ds izdkjksa

esa Hkh fHkUurk ifjyfkr gksrh gSaA mijksDr fHkUurkvksa dks nfrsquoVxr j[krs gqs fHkUu fHkUu izdkj dh

cuh gqAtilde vuqlwfpksa dks vu dh lqfokkuqlkj vkksfyf[kr Hkkxksa esa ckiexclVk tk ldrk gSa yqMcxZ us

vuqlwfpksa dks rhu eq[ Hkkxksa esa foHkDr fdk gSaA

1- slh vuqlwfpka ftuds vUrxZr vfHkofŸkksa rFkk erksa dk fukkZjk vkSj mudh eki dh xAtilde gksA

2- slh vuqlwfpka tks fd oLrqfursquoB rFksa dk vkys[k djus gsrq izqDr gksA

3- slh vuqlwfpka tks lkekftd laxBuksa rFkk laLFkkvksa dh fLFkfr vkSj dkksZ dh tkudkjh j[kus ls

lEcfUkr gSaA

ih0 oh0 ax us vuqlwph dks 5 Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr fdk gSaA

1- voyksdu vuqlwph

2- lkkkRdkj vuqlwph

3- ewYkadu vuqlwph

4- izys[k vuqlwph

5- laLFkk losZkk vuqlwph

mijksDr fokuksa kjk mfYyf[kr vuqlwph ds izdkjksa dks vkkkj ekurs gq vuqlwph dks ikWp izeq[k

Hkkxksa esa ckWVk tk ldrk gSaamp

1- lkekftd vuqlakku dh d izeq[k i)fr gS voyksduA vuqlwph ds bl

izdkj ds vUrxZr izrdquouksa dk igys ls fukkZjk ugha fdk tkrk gSaA voyksdu vuqlwph dk eq[ y

vu fds tkus okys forsquok ls lEcfUkr ikksa dks vfkd LirsquoV djuk gksrk gSaA bl izdkj dh



vuqlwph ds vUrxZr izrdquouksa ds mRrj u izkIr dj] izRk i esa Loa oLrqfLFkfr dk vkdyu vkSj

forsquoysrdquokkdjds lwpukvksa dks d= dj fyk tkrk gSaA vr voyksdu vuqlwph esa lwpuknkrkvksa ls

iwNdj lkexzh dk laxzg u djds izRk voyksdu ds kjk lwpuk laxzgk dj fyk tkrk gSaA

2- amp bl vuqlwph ds vUrxZr mŸkjknkrkvksa ls lkkkRdkj ds kjk lwpuk d=

dh tkrh gSaA tc rFksa dh foLefr dh lEHkkouk vfkd gks rFkk vkiexcldM+ksa dh izdfr xqkkRed gks] rc

slh fLFkfr esa lkkkRdkj vuqlwph dks izqDr fdk tkrk gSaA g vuqlwph lkkkRdkj ds fy izksx

dh tkrh gSaA lkekftd vuqlakkuksa esa g i)fr fordquoksrsquok i ls izpkj esa gSaA lkkkRdkj vuqlwph dks

cukrs le vu forsquok ds leLr laHkkfor ikksa dks lefUor djrs gq rRlEcUkh izrdquouksa dks blesa

bl izdkj lekforsquoV dj fyk tkrk gS fd lHkh izdkj ds vkiexcldM+s LirsquoV i esa izkIr gks ldsaA blesa

izrdquouksa dk fukkZjk djus ds Ikrdquopkr~ izRsd izrdquou ds lek fjDr LFkku gksrk gSa ftldh iwfrZ

lkkkRdkjdRrkZ ds kjk Loa lqOofLFkr jhfr ls dh tkrh gSaA rFksa dks oxhZd`r djus vkSj mudk

lkjkhu djus gsrq g fofk lokZfkd ykHkizn fl) gksrh gSa] gh bldk lcls cM+k xqk gSaA

3- fofHkUu laLFkkvksa Fkk keZ] ifjokj fookg] frdquokkk vkfn ds fofok ikksa

dks ewYkafdr djus gsrq laLFkk losZkk vuqlwph dks izqDr fdk tkrk gSaA blds uke ls gh g

LirsquoV gks tkrk gS fd] ftu vuqlwfpksa ds eke ls fdlh laLFkk fordquoksrsquok dk ewYkadu djus dk izRu

fdk tkrk gSa] og laLFkk losZkk vuqlwph dgykrh gSaA ftrus tfVy izdkj dh laLFkk dks losZkk

gsrq pfur fdk tkxk mlds fufeŸk fufeZr vuqlwph dks Hkh rqyukRed i ls foLrr vkdkj

qDr cukk tkrk gSaA

4- izys[k vuqlwph ds vUrxZr slh vuqlwph fufeZr djrs gS ftls OfDrxr

thou vu i)fr dh lgkrk ls lkekftd vuqlakku esa izksx fdk tkrk gSaA izys[k vuqlwph esa

vU vuqlwfpksa ls dqN fHkUu gksrh gS] Dksfd] blesa vU vuqlwfpksa dh HkkWfr vkiexcldM+s k lwpuka

izkIr djus gsrq izrdquou cukus dk izkokku ugha gksrk gSa vfirq vusdkusd izys[k vuqlwph dk miksx

vfkdrj sfrgkfld] fodklkRed rFkk losZkk izdkj ds vuqlakkuksa esa lkexzh izkfIr gsrq fdk tkrk

gSaA i=ksa] vfHkys[kksa] iqLrdksa] iqfLrdkvksa oa if=dkvksa ds vu kjk izkIr lwpukvksa] lkexzh vkSj

vkiexcldM+ksa ds vkkkj ij lwpukvksa dk laxzgk dj fyk tkrk gSaA

5- amp tc vuqlwph dks eq[ vkkkj cukdj ewYkadu] xqk fukkZjk rFkk mldh

rqyukRed lerk dks fukkZfjr fdk tkrk gS rc ewYkadu vuqlwph izqDr gksrh gSA tc vu

dkZ dk forsquok ks= vfHkofŸk] er] izFkk] QSrdquoku bRkfn ds vUrxZr vkrk gks rc ewYkadu vuqlwph

lQyrkiwoZd izksx esa ykAtilde tkrh gSaA

ewYkadu vuqlwph ds vUrxZr vu gsrq pfur leLk vFkok kVuk dks fukkZjd djus

okys pjksa k dkjdksa ds ewY dks lqfufrdquofpr k mudks ewYkafdr fd tkus dk dkZ laikfnr fdk

tkrk gSaA Fkk ifjokj fukstu] lkeqnkfd fodkl vkSj fo|ky laxe bRkfn ds lEcUk esa lekt

ds OfDrksa dk er o nfrsquoVdksk tkuus vkSj legtus gsrq bl vuqlwph dks vklkuh ls izksx fdk

tkuk lEHko gSaA

(iii) ftu lkekftd leLkvksa dk loZikh vu izk voyksdu izfofk ls lEHko

ugha gks ikrk gS] vudk vu lwpuknkrkvksa ds lkkkRdkj ds eke ls mRrjnkrkvksa dh

euksofRrksa oa izofŸkksa bRkfn dh okLrfod tkudkjh Hkh izkIr gksrh gS] lkFk gh rdquokkskdrkZ rFksa ls



fHkK gks tkrk gSA bl fofk ds kjk vudrkZ rFkk lwpuknkrk ds chp vkeusamplkeus dh fLFkfr

mRiUu gksrh gS tks ijLij lwpukvksa ds vknkuampiznku esa lgkd gksrh gSA

ds vuqlkj vuqlakkudrkZ dYiukRed i ls lwpuknkrk ds thou

esa izosrdquok djrk gS rFkk mlds thou ds Hkwr] orZeku rFkk Hkforsquodky dh lwpuk d= djrk gSA

ds vuqlkj lkkkRdkj] lkkkRdkjdrkZ kjk vuqlakku ls lEcfUkr

tkudkjh izkIr djus ds fordquoksrsquok mn~nsrdquo ds fy pykk tkus okyk OfDrksa dk okrkZyki gksrk gSA

lHkh fokuksa ds kjk izLrqr fopkjksa oa ifjHkkrsquokkvksa ds vu ls g LirsquoV fdk tk ldrk gS fd

fdlh Hkh lkekftd foKku ds ks= esa og vuqlakku ftudh izd`fr oSKkfud gksrh gS] muds vu

esa lkkkRdkj d egRoiwkZ rFkk vkordquod a= gSA

krO gS fd lkkkRdkj dh izdfr ds lacak esa oSKkfudksa us dgk gS fd blesa vkeusamplkeus c SBdj

izkFkfed rF df=r djus esa lgkrk feyrh gS] ogha nwljh rjQ bldk d egRoiwkZ ykHk g Hkh

gS fd lkkkRdkj ds le mRrjnkrk oa mlds vklampikl ds okrkojk o fujhkk djus dk volj

Hkh izkIr gksrk gSA

izkFkfed rFksa ds ladyu ds fy dHkhampdHkh vudrkZ vu ks= esa tks fcuk gh vu

lkexzh df=r dj ysrk gSA ikVsZu us bld varxZr jsfMksVh- oh-] vihy] VsyhQksu kjk

lkkRdkj rFkk izfrfufk izfofkksa dks vizRk lzksr ekuk gSA vizRk lzksr pkj izdkj ds gksrs gSaA

vizRk lzksr dk rkRiZ gS fd vudrkZ forsquok ls lacafkr OfDrksa ls Loa u feys ysfdu Mkd

kjk Hksth xh izrdquoukoyh] eri= vFkok fdlh izdkj dh vihy ds kjk rFksa dk laxzg djus dk

izRu djrk gSA

(i) zrdquo

Ikzrdquoukoyh fofk vuqlakku dkZ djrs le vkiexcldM+ksa dk ladyu djus esa vRUr egRoiwkZ Hkwfedk dk

fuoZgu djrh gS] ftldk izksx vuqlUkkudrkZ kjk lkekftd vuqlUkku djrs le lwpuk d=

djus gsrq fdk tkrk gSA tc lkekftd vuqlUkku djrs le sls vu ks= dks pfur fdk

tkrk gSA ftldh izdfr Okid gksrh gS rc slh fLFkfr esa vudŸkkZ gsrq g lEHko ugha gksrk

fd] og foLrr ks= esa tkdj vusd OfDrksa ls OfDrxr vkSj vkReh lEcUk LFkkfir dj ldsA

slh fLFkfr esa izrdquoukoyh gh og izfofk gS ftlds eke ls mRrjnkrkvksa ls izkFkfed lkexzh dk

ladyu fdk tkrk gSA izLrqr vk esa ge izrdquoukoyh izfofk dh izd`fr] izki] izksx dh fofk vkSj

jpuk dk vu djsxsaA

rdquo rsquo Tkc vusd izdkj ds izrdquouksa dks d fufrdquopr Oslashe ls lwphc) dj

fnk tkrk gS rc g fofk izrdquoukoyh dgh tkrh gS] blds vUrxZr vu forsquok ls lEc) fofHkUu

igyqvksa ds forsquok esa iwoZ fukkZfjrfufeZr izrdquouksa dks lfEefyr dj vuqlakku fdk tkrk gSA

vuqlakkfur] forsquok ds leLr ikksa dks lesVdj lEcfUkr forsquok dh okafNr lwpuk o vkWdM+s d=

djus esa izrdquoukoyh lgkd gksrh gSA izrdquoukoyh fofk dk izksx vuqlakkudŸkkZ kjk vUosfrsquokr forsquok ls

lEcfUkr izrdquouksa dh lwph dks Mkd kjk mRrjnkrkvksa dks izsfrsquokr djds fdk tkrk gSA ldquokksfkr forsquok

ds egRo dks mRrjnkrkvksa dks legtkus gsrq d Ok[k i= Hkh Mkd kjk mRrjnkrkvksa dks Hkstk

tkrk gSA izrdquoukoyh ds eke ls lapkfyr forsquok dks legtrs gq mRrjnkrkvksa kjk Loa iltdj]

legtdj mlds izrdquouksa ds mRrj dks iwfjr dj Mkd kjk iqu vuqlakkudŸkkZ dks Hkstk tkrk gSA



vudŸkkZ Mkd kjk izkIr izrdquoukoyh oa ml ij vkkkfjr mRrjksa ls izkIr lwpukvksa dks Ok[kfrr

oa fordquoysfrsquokr dj vuqlakkfur forsquok ls lEcfUkr fursquodrsquokZ fudyrk gSA vr vuqlakku dh xqkoŸkk

izrdquoukoyh ds izrdquouksa oe izkIr mRrjksa dh xqkoŸkk ij cgqd dqN fuHkZj djrh gSA

ds vuqlkj ^îzrdquoukoyh d izdkj dk mRrj izkfIr dk lkku gS ftldk Loi slk

gksrk gS fd] mRrjnkrk mldh iwfrZ Loa djrk gSA

^êwyr izrdquoukoyh izsjkkvksa dk d lewg gS] ftls frdquokfkr yksxksa ds lEeq[k mu

izsjkkvksa ds vUrxZr muds ekSf[kd Oogkjksa dk voyksdu djus ds fy izLrqr fdk tkrk gSA

^îzrdquoukoyh fofHkUu OfDrksa dks mRrj nsus ds fy nh xbZ izrdquouksa dh d

rkfydk gSA

mifjfyf[kr ifjHkkrsquokkvksa dk lkj g gS fd] izrdquoukoyh forsquok ls lEcfUkr vkiexcldM+ksa o rFksa dks d=

djus gsrq d izHkkordquokkyh eke gS tks vuqlakkudŸkkZ oa mRrjnkrkvksa ds e izRk oa OfDrxr

lEcakksa ds vkkkj ij u cudj lqnwjorhZ ks=ksa esa fLFkr mRrjnkrkvksa ds kjk izrdquoukoyh dks Hkjdj

vuqlakkudŸkkZ dks izsfrsquokr djus ds kjk fOslashkfUor gksrh gSA mRrjnrkvksa kjk iznRr mRrjksa ds vkkkj

ij OoLFkkiu dh izfOslashk oe vkiexcldM+ksa ij vkkkfjr lkaf[dh forsquoy srdquokkfdk tkrk gSA

rdquo yqMoxZ us izrdquouoyh dks eq[r nks izdkjksa esa foHkkftr fdk gSA

1- rdquo ftl izrdquoukoyh ds fuekZk dk eq[ mnnsrdquo fdlh lewg fordquoksrsquok dh

lkekftdampvkfFkZd ikksa ls lEcfUkr lwpukamplkexzh o rFksa dk ladyu djuk gksrk gS] og rF

lEcUkh izrdquoukoyh dgykrh gSA

2- zrdquo ftl izrdquoukoyh dk y fdlh forsquok fordquoksrsquok ij

mRrjnkrkvksa ds vareZu esa fo|eku fopkjksa] fpksa vFkok vfHkofRrksa dks Kkr djuk gksrk gS og er

vkSj euksofRr lEcUkh izrdquoukoyh dgykrh gSA

us Hkh izrdquoukoyh ds nks izdkjksa dks mfYyf[kr fdk gSamp

1- rdquo amp tc ldquokkskdkZ esa izqDr djus gsrq izrdquoukoyh dks igys ls gh fufeZr dj

fyk tkrk gS rc bls lajfpr izrdquoukoyh dgrs gSaA bl izdkj dh izrdquoukoyh esa vfkdkardquokrk fdlh

izdkj ds ifjorZu dh laHkkouk ugha jgrh gSA lajfpr izrdquoukoyh fordquokky ks= esa QSys OfDrksa ls

mRrj izkIr dj izkFkfed rFksa o vkiexcldMksa dks d= djus ds Ikrdquopkr~ laxzghr rFksa dk

iquZforsquoysrdquokkdjus esa miksxh gksrh gSA blesa ladfyr izrdquouksa dh izd`fr LirsquoV] iwoZampfukkZfjr vkSj d

fordquoksrsquok Oslashekuqlkj gksrh gS ftlds ifjkkeLoi izrdquoukoyh izRsd mRrjnkrk ds fy ckskxE vkSj

dleku gksrh gSA

2- zrdquo vlajfpr izrdquoukoyh ds vUrxrZ vuampforsquok ds forsquok esa lwpuka d=

djus gsrq iwoZ fukkZfjr izrdquouksa dks lekforsquoV ugha fdk tkrk gS vfirq vuqlakkfur forsquok dk dsoy

mYys[k dj mls LirsquoV dj fnk tkrk gSA vuqlakku dkZ djrs le g vuqlakkudRrkZ oa

mRrjnkrk dk visfkr lwpukvksa dks d= djus gsrq ekxZampfunrdquokZu dk dkZ djrh gSA

3- rdquo amp [kqyh izrdquoukoyh ds vUrxZr lwpuknkrk OfDr dks bruh LorU=rk izkIr gksrh

gS fd] og izrdquouksa dks ilt+dj mlds lEcUk esa vius OfDrxr fopkjksa dks vius ldquokCnksa esa izdV dj

ldsA [kqyh izrdquoukoyh esa izRsd izrdquou ds fjDr LFkku fnk xk gksrk gS] ftlls fd] mRrjnkrk OfDr

ml fjDr LFkku dh iwfrZ vius fopkjkuqlkj djus gsrq qDr gksrk gSA



zrdquo amp cUn izrdquoukoyh esa [kqyh izrdquoukoyh ds foijhr izRsd izrdquou ds

lEeq[k izrdquou ls lacfUkr dqN lEHkkfor mRrjksa dks igys ls gh fukkZfjr djds vafdr dj fnk tkrk

gS ftlls g LirsquoV gksrk gS fd] mRrjnkrk dks viuk OfDrxr er vius ldquokCnkuqlkj u ODr djds

fn x lEHkkfor mRrjksa esa ls d pqudj vius er dks izdV djuk gksrk gSA vFkkZr lwpuknkrk

kjk iznRr lwpuk fufU=r gksrh gS] eqDr ughaA

ifjokj ds lnLksa kjk lgksx fdl i esa fnk tkrk gSamp

1- mRiknu dkksZa esa

2- cktkj esa

3- xg dkksZa esa

4- cPpksa dh ns[kHkky esa

5- dksbZ vU

izkIr vkdM+ksa dks lkaf[dh nfrsquoV ls fordquoysfrsquokr djus oe vuqlakkudrkZ ds mnnsrdquoampiwfrZ esa

lgkd gksus ds dkjk g izrdquoukoyh vuqlakku dkZ gsrq lqfokktud gksrh gSA

5- rdquo amp fp=e izrdquoukoyh ds vUrxZr lhks izrdquou u nsdj izrdquouksa dks forsquokkuqlkj fp=

i esa ltkydj Oslashec) i esa lwph esa fnk tkrk gS] mRrjnkrk dks forsquok ds fy ekSf[kd k

okfpd i esa funsZrdquok nsdj fn x fp=ksa esa ls viuk mRrj pfur djuk gksrk gSA bl izfofk dk

izksx fordquoksrsquok i ls ckydks vkSj vYiampfrdquokfkr OfDrksa ls lwpuk izkfIr gsrq fdk tkrk gSA

6- rdquo amp fefJr izrdquoukoyh ds vUrxZr d gh izdkj izrdquouksa ds LFkku ij vusd izd`fr

ds izrdquouksa dk lekosrdquok fdk tkrk gS Fkk dqN izrdquouksa dk mRrj vius erkuqlkj fnk tkrk gS vkSj

dqN izrdquouksa dk mRrj dqN lEHkkfor mRrjksa esa ls fdlh d dks pfur djuk gksrk gSA cUn vkSj

[kqyh nksuksa izdkj dh izrdquoukoyh ds leUo ls fefJr izrdquoukoyh dk fuekZk gksrk gSA

(ii) izkFkfed lkexzh ladyu esa jsfMks vFkok Vsyhfotu dk

egRoiwkZ lzksr gS orZeku esa fodflr rFkk fodklkhy nskksa bu midjkksa dk miksx fdk tkrk gSA

buds kjk fdUgha foksk voljksa ij fofHkUu dkZOslasheksa dk izlkjk djds lzksrkvksa ls vihy dh tkrh

gS fd lEcfUkr fok ls vius fopkjksa vFkok izfrfOslashkvksa dk veqd irs ij Hkst nsa blds QyLoi

fufpr vofk ds vUnj fok ls lEcfUkr cgqr vfkd mUgravekj izkIr gks tkrs gSaA

(iii) VsyhQksu lkkkRdkj esa lwpuknkrkvksa ls vizRk lEidZ LFkkfir dj

izkFkfed rFksa dk ladyu fdk tkrk gS orZeku le esa egkuxjksa kgjksa rFkk foLrr ks= ds dkjk

muds ikl igqapuk vklku ugha gksrk VsyhQksu ds kjk pqus xs lwpuknkrkvksa ls lEidZ LFkkfir

djds d foksk fok ls lEcfUkr rFksa dks df=r djus dk izRu fdk tkrk gSA buds kjk

izkIr lwpukvksa ls izkIr fudkksZ dk lRkiu djuk lEHko ugha gksrkA

(iv) bl izfofk dk izksx foLrr vu ks= esa fdk tkrk gSA bl izfofk

ds vUrxZr lexz esa ls dqN izfrfufk bdkbksa dk pu dj fyk tkrk gS vkSj g ekuk tkrk gS

fd buds kjk nh xbZ lEiwkZ lewg ds fopkjksa] euksofRrksa vkfn dk izfrfufkRo djsxhA

(i)- izrdquoukoyh ds izdkjksa dk lafkIr esa mRrj nhft

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------



--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------

rF ladyu ds izkFkfed lzksrksa ds xqk bl izdkj gSa amp

1- izkFkfed rFksa ds ladyu esa vudrkZ mRrjnkrk ls lhks

lEidZ ds eke ls lwpuka ladfyr djrk gSA voyksdu fofk esa vudrkZ lgHkkxh

voyksdu dh lgkrk ls ml leqnk k lewg dk vfHkUu v ax cudj vu forsquok ds

ckjs esa foLrr oa xgu lwpuka izkIr dj ysrk gSA

2- pwafd vudrkZ LOka vu ks= esa tkrk gS blfy fn

lkexzh ladyu ds le fdlh izdkj ds ifjorZu dh vkordquodrk vuqHko dh tkrh gs rks g

ifjorZu lEHko gS ftlls fursquodrsquokZ vfkd izHkkfod cu ldsA g izfr ifjfLFkfr ds vuqi

izrdquouksa esa Hkh ifjorZu djus dk volj iznku djrk gSA

3- rdquo blds kjk izkIr rF vfkd FkkFkZ oa fordquooluh

gksrs gSa Dksafd vuqlakkudrkZ Loa mifLFkr gksus ds dkjk lwpuknkrkvksa ij lkekUr

fua=k jgrk gS vkSj os xyr lwpuka ugha ns ikrsA gka ij izkIr lwpukvksa dk lRkiu dh

laHkkouk Hkh jgrh gSA

4- izkFkfed rFksa ds eke ls rFksa dk ladyu djus ij

le oa ku nksuksa dh cpr gksrh gSA blesa mRrjnkrk oa vudrkZ ds chp izRk

lEidZ gksus ds djk ljyrk oa lgtrk ls lgh oa FkkFkZ lwpukvksa dks de le esa

df=r fdk tk ldrk gSA

rF ladyu ds izkFkfed lzksrksa esa fuEufyf[kr nksrsquok gSaamp

1- vudrkZ dh blesa izeq[k Hkwfedk jgrh gSA fn

vudrkZ vius OfDrxr iwokZxzgksa dks ugha NksM+ ldrk k fua=k ikus esa vleFkZ jgrk

gS rks vu esa OfDrxr ikikr dh iwkZ lEHkkouk jgrh gSA

2- izkFkfed lzksr kjk rF ladyu esa lcls deh g gS fd blds

vUrxZr vudrkZ dks Lora=rk feyh gksrh gS tks vu dh oLrqfursquoBrk dks izHkkfor

djrh gS Dksafd vuqlakkudrkZ rFksa dks rksM+ampejksM+ dj viuh lqfokkuqlkj mudk izksx

djrk gSA

3- bl lzksr kjk orZeku ls lacafkr rFksa dk

lady ugh lEHko gS Dksafd bleas thfor OfDrksa ls lwpukvksa dks df=r fdk tkrk gS

ijarq blesa vrhr dh kVukvksa dk vu djuk lEHko ugha gSA

izkFkfed lzksr dh bu dfeksa ds ckotwn Hkh FkkFkZ oa fordquooluh lwpukvksa ds ladyu ds fy

izkFkfed lzksr dh vge Hkwfedk dk fuokZg djrs gSaA



frhd lzksr k izys[kuh lzksr os gksrs gS tks fd izdkfrdquokr k vizdkfrdquokr leLr fyf[kr lkexzh dk

izfrfufkRo djrs gSa vkSj ftlds eke ls vuqlakkudrkZ dks vius forsquok ls lacafkr vusd egRoiwkZ

lwpuka vkadMsa vkfn izkIr gks tkrs gSA frhd rF ls vfHkizk mu lHkh lwpukvksa ls gS tks bl

vu ds iwoZ fdlh vU OfDr k laLFkk kjk df=r fds xs gksa rFkk sls foojkksa vFkok

izys[kksa ls gS tks vudrkZ ds vfrfjDr fdlh vU OfDr k laxBu kjk izLrqr fds tkrs xs

gksrs gSA ih0 oh0 ax us Hkh frhd lzksr ds lanHkZ esa fy[kk gS fd ^^ frhd lzksr sls rF iznku

djus okys lzksr gksrs gSa tks fdlh iwoZ Lrj ij izkFkfed lzksrksa kjk vkysf[kr vFkok ladfyr gksrs gSa

rFkk ftudk miksx djus okyk OfDr mudk ladyu djus okys OfDr ls fHkUu gksrk gSA vr

ljy ldquokCnksa esa frhd lkexzh og gS ftldk ladyu d OfDr djrk gS vkSj izksx vU OfDt

Hkh djrk gSAfdlh Hkh sfrgkfld vu esa frhd lkexzh dk egRoiwkZ LFkku gksrk gSA budh

izd`fr cgr gksrh gSA

amp

frhd rFksa dks ftu ekeksa kjk izkIr fdk tk ldrk gS] os frhd lzksr dgykrs gSaA buds

kjk izkFkfed rFksa dk ijhkk fdk tkrk gS ftl ls vu dh fnrdquokk dk fukkZjk djus es

lgkd gksrk gSA rF ladyu ds frhd lzksrksa dks izeq[kr nks Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr fdk tkrk gS amp

1- OfDrxr izys[k

2- lkoZtfud izys[k

frhd lzksr

OfDrxr izys[k lkoZtfud izys[k

thou bfrgkl Mkfjka oSfDrd i= laLejk izdkfrdquokr izys[k

vizdkfrdquokr izys[k

bl ij fopkj djus ls Lor gh LirsquoV gks tksxk fd ldquokkskdrkZ fduampfdu lzksrksa ls frhd rF

df=r dj vius vu gsrq miksx esa ys ldrk gSA

izRk oa fyf[kr lkekxzh ds i esa vfHkys[kksa dk egRoiwkZ LFkku gSA blds vUrxZr OfDrxr

vFkok lkewfgd fodkl lEcUkh tkudkjh fo|eku gksrh gS OfDrxr izys[k ds vUrxZr og lEiwkZ

fyf[kr lkexzh k OfDr vius lEiwkZ thou eas vius Loa ds ckjs esa k lkekU kVukvksa dh fordquoksrsquok

izd`fr ds vuqlkj fyf[kr i esa izLrqr djrk gSA OfDrxr izys[kksa ls vfHkizk vkRedFkkvksa]

Mkfjksa] i=ksa rFkk Lejk vkfn eas fy[ks xs dqN ys[kksa ls gS buds fuEu ykk gSaamp

s fyf[kr gksrs gSaA

budh jpuk iwkZrk ys[kd dh bPNkuqlkj gksrh gSA

buesa ys[kd vius vuqHkoksa dk orkUr djrk gS



vfHkys[kksa ds vUrxZr fofHkUu dkZkyksa dh dkZokgh gSA vkksxksa dh dkZokgh] Ukkyksa ds

vfHkys[k dh lkekxzh izdkfrdquokr lkekxzh ds vUrxZr dsUnzh rFkk izkarh ljdjksa ds izdkrdquokklu

vuqlakku laLFkkvksa ds izdkrdquoku] vfHkys[k ds izdkjA

(i) HkkoiwkZ vfHkys[kksa esa OfDrxr i=ksa dk izFke LFkku gS buds eke ls OfDr

dh vkUrfjd Hkkoukvksa dks lQyrk ls Kkr fdk tk ldrk gSA i= oSfDrd gksrs gSa rFkk vu

ds nfrsquoVdksk ls bfrgkldkjksa rFkk ys[kdksa kjk fyf[kr i=ksa dk fordquoksrsquok miksx fdk xk gSA i= ds

eke ls OfDr vius fopkjksa dks Lora= i ls vfHkODr djrk gSaA vr blesa OfDr vius

egRoiwkZ fopkjksa] Hkkoukvksa] thou ds vuqHko] kkk] izse] kstukvksa vkfn dks ODr djrk gSA

mngkjkkFkZ Hkkjr ds Lora=rk laxzke ds le nsrdquok ds cM+sampcM+s usrkvksa ds tks i=pkj gqvk Fkk vkt

mlds vkkkj ij vusd egRoiwkZ jktuhfrd kVukvksa dks legt lduk lEHko gqvk gSA d vksj

OfDrxr i= vu dh nfrsquoV ls egRoiwkZ lkexzh gS ysfdu OfDrxr i=ksa dks izkIr djuk dfBu

gS Dksafd g OfDrxr rFkk xksiuh gksrs gSa lkFk gh budks legtuk rFkk vFkZ Kkr djuk d

dfBu izfOslashk gSA i=ksa dh dfBukbka fdlh lhek rd iSnk gksrh gSa i= nwljksa dks izHkkfor djus dh

mn~nsrdquo ls fy[ks tkrs gSaA blfy buesa Hkh dsoy kVukvksa dk lR orkUr ugh gksrkA i= dh

vUrZoLrq ys[kd rFkk ftls i= fy[kk tk jgk mlds chp ds lacak ij fuHkZj djrk gSA buds kjk

OfDr dh mu lHkh xqIr lwpukvksa dks izkIr djrs gSa ftUgsa og Loa fdlh ds lek izdV ugh djrk]

fdUrq ldquokksk dkZ dh nfrsquoV ls os vRUr egRoiwkZ gSaA

(ii) Mkfjka d slk OfDrxr izys[k gS ftlesa d OfDr vius fnu izfrfnu dh

kVukvksa dks Mkjh ds i esa fy[krk gS blds vUrxZr og lHkh izdkj ds vuqHkqfrka k dVq vuqHkoksa

oa Oogkjksa dks LirsquoV i ls fy[krk gSA Mkfjka lcls Tknk

jgLksn~kkVu djus okyh gksrh gSa Dksafd d OfDr dks budk turk ds lekus iznfrdquokZr gksus dk Hk

ugha gksrk oa nwljh vkSj kVukvksa oa fOslashkvksa ds kfVr oa laiUu gksus d le mudks cgqr LirsquoV

i esa fy[k fnk tkrk gSA Mkjh OfDr dh iwkZr xksiuh nLrkost gS ftlesa fcuk ladksp ds

furkUr xksiuh kVukvksa rFkk egRoiwkZ rFksa dks Tksa dk Rksa fy[krk gSA gh dkjk gS Mkfjka

vu dkZ esa dkQh lgkd fl) gksrh gSaA Mkfjksa kjk okLrfod lwpuka fey tkrh gSa Dksafd

buesa lkekUr kVukvksa dks FkkZFk i ls izLrqr fdk tkrk gSA Mkjh xksiuh oa fordquooluh

rFksa dks izkIr djus dk d egRoiwkZ lzksr gSA lkekftd vuqlakku esa Mkjh dh dqN lheka Hkh gSa

OfDr ruko rFkk lakrsquokZ ds le ij kVukvksa dks cgqr foLrkj ls izLrqr djrk gS ijUrq dbZ eghuksa

ds ldquokkfUriwkZ oa lq[kn kkksa dks buesa mfpr ek=k esa LFkku ugha nsrkA bleas Oslashec) foojk ugha

feyrkA fn Mkjh dks izdkfrdquokr djus dh ys[kd dh vizdV bPNk Hkh gS rks mlesa vdYiukrdquokhyrk

oa kVukvksa dks clt+k plt+k dj fy[kus dk Hkko vk tkrk gSA dHkhampdHkh Mkjh izdkrdquokukFkZ ds mn~nsrdquo

ls Hkh fy[kh tkrh gS vkSj rc muesa Hkh izHkko mRiUu djus ds izRu ds dkjk fod`fr vk tkrh gSA

sls easa Mkfjksa ds eke ls izkIr rFksa ds vkkkj ij oSKkfud fursquodrsquokZ fudkyuk dfBu gksrk gSA

(iii) budk izksx sfrgkfld vuqlakkudrkZvksa kjk fdk tkrk gS thou bfrgkl

fdlh OfDr kjk Loa fy[kk tkrk gS k fdlh OfDr ds thou lEcUkh kVukvksa ds ckjs esa vU

OfDr kjk fy[kk tkrk gSA tku est bls ifjHkkfrsquokr djrs gq LirsquoV djrs gS fd ^^ okLrfod vFkZ esa

thou bfrgkl ldquokCn dk rkRiZ fdlh Okid vkRedFkk ls gksrk gSA ijUrq lkekU vFkksZa esa bldk

izksx fdlh Hkh thou lacakh lkexzh ds fy fdk tk ldrk gSA blesa fdlh egkiqrsquok ds thou

bfrgkl ds eke ls fdlh fordquoksrsquok le dh lkekftd] vkfFkZd] lkaLd`frd] jktuhfrd rFkk kkfeZd



kVukvksa dks legtuk Hkh lEHko gks tkrk gSA thou bfrgklksa ls d fordquoksrsquok dky dh lkekftd

ifjfLFkfrksa oa leLkvksa dks Hkyh izdkj ls legtk tk ldrk gSA lkekftd vuqlakku esa thou

bfrgkl ds vusd izdkjksa dk izksx fdk tkrk gSA

1- g OfDr kjk LosPNk ls vius ckjs esa fy[kh fy[kh tkrh

gSA

2- vkRedFkk ds i esa g vfHkys[k OfDr fdlh vU OfDr k

fdlh ljdkjh vFkokk xSj ljdkjh laxBu izjskk ds QyLoi izLrqr fds tkrs gSA blesa

OfDr vius ckjs esa fy[krk gSA

3- amp bldk rkRiZ d sls thou bfrgkl ls gS ftldh jpuk d

OfDr kjk fdlh vU egkiqrsquok ds thou ls lacafkr egRoiwkZ kVukvksa vFkok foojkksa dks

ysdj dh tkrh gSA

thou bfrgkl OfDr ds thou dh fofrdquokrsquoV kVukvksa dk ladyu ek= ugha gksrk gS] vfirq g ml

OfDr ds dky ds lHkh lkekftd igyqvksa dks legtkus esa enn djrk gSA blds lkFk ml le dh

lkekftd leLk ds dkjk oa lekkku dks tkudj orZeku ifjfLFkfrksa dks legtus esa lgkd

fl) gksrs gSaA thou bfrgkl ds bl egRo ds irdquopkr Hkh lkekftd vuksa esa buds miksx dh

dqN lheksa Hkh gSaA lp rks g gS fd vkRedFkka cgqnk izdkrdquoku gsrq fy[kh tkrh gSa vkSj mudk

mn~nsrdquo izpkj] lqkkj k vius dkksZa dk vkSfpR lkku gks ldrk gS vkSj blls fod`fr vkrh gSA

nwljs vkRedFkkvksa esa cgqr lh iqjkuh kVuka gksrh gSa vkSj ftl le ys[kd kjk fy[kh tkrh gSa gks

ldrk gS fd ys[kd dks muds forsquok esa Bhd ls kn u gks ys[kd vius yEcs thou esa l s dqN

kVukvksa dk pu djrk gS g pquko mlds fopkjksa ls izHkkfor gksrk gS bu lc dkjkksa ls thou

bfrgkl ls izkIr sfrgkfld tkudkjh fod`r gks tkus dh lEHkkouk cuh jgrh gSA

(iv) laLejk OfDr kjkLoa ds thou ds jksekapd vuqHko] k=k vkfn ij fy[ks tkrs

gSaA s laLejk lkekftd vuqlakku esa rFksa dks ladfyr djus ds egRoiwkZ izfr gksrs gSaA bfrgkl esa

sls dbZ mnkgjk feyrs gSa tgkWa laLejk vu ds fys vkkkjHkwr jgs gSaA dksyEcl] Qkfgku]

tSls OfDrksa ds fyf[kr lLejkksa ls vRfkd miksxh lwpukvksa dks izkIr fdk tk ldkA fczfVrdquok

dky esa vusd vfkdkfjksa kjk fy[ks tkus okys tuin laLejk sfrgkfld i)fr ds vkkkj ij

fy[ks tkus ds irdquopkr Hkh vkt rF ladyu dk egRoiwkZ lzksr gSA

buds eke ls yksxksa ds jgu lgu] jhfr fjoktksa] keZ] laLd`fr oa lEiwkZ thou fofk vkfn

dks legtus esa enn izkIr gksrh gS laLejk esa dqN nksrsquok Hkh OkIr gSa og g gS fd buesa Oslashec)rk oa

oLrqfursquoBrk dk vHkko ikk tkrk gS ftlls FkkZFk fursquodrsquokZ izkIr djus esa dfBukbZ gksrh gS blds

irdquopkr Hkh laLejk thou ladyu esa Srhd izfr ds i esa miksxh lkfcr gksrs gSaA

(i)- thou bfrgkl ls vki Dk legtrs gSa] ikiexclp iafDrksa esa lafkIr mRrj nhft

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -



----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------

lkoZtfud izys[kksa ds vUrxZr slh leLr izdkfrdquokr rFkk vizdkfrdquokr lkekxzh lfEefyr dh tkrh gS

ftldk ladyu fdlh ljdkjh rFkk xSjljdkjh laLFkk kjk lkoZtfud miksx ds fy fdk tkrk

gSA lkoZtfud izsy[k rFksa ds ladyu dk d izeq[k frh lzksr gSA

(i) rdquo blds vUrxZr os izys[k vkrs gSa ftudk izdkrdquoku lkoZtfud miksx ds fy

fdk tkrk gS vusd ljdkjh rFkk xSj ljdkjh laxBu tc izkFkfed i ls rFksa dk ladyu djrs

gSa rFkk vUr esa mUgsa tulkekU ds miksx gsrq izdkfrdquokr fdk tkrk gSA tc bu rFksa dk vU

vuqlakkudrkZ kjk miksx fdk tkrk gS rks muds fys s rF izdkfrdquokr izys[kksa ds i esa rF

ladyu dk frhd lzksr cu tkrs gSaA mnkgjk ds fy Hkkjrh kstuk vkksx] yksd lsok vkksx

kjk izLrqr izfroanu egRoiwkz lzksr gSaA orZeku esa vusd xSjampljdkjh ljdkjh laLFkkvksa kjk ldquokksk

dkZ fds tk jgk gS bu ldquokksk dkksZa dk izdkrdquoku Hkh lkoZtfud izys[k dk vax gS] s izdkfrdquokr izys[k

lkekftds vuqlakku esa lgkd fl) gksrs gSaA lkFk gh ifjdYiuk ds fuekZk esa lgkd gksrs gSaA

(ii) rdquo vusd ldquokksk laLFkkuksa] vkZljdkjh laLFkkuksa vkSj ljdkjh laLFkkuksa]

lkoZtfud izfrrsquoBkuksa] fordquoofo|kyksa] egkfo|kyksa vkfn esa ksX oa avuqHkoh OfDrksa kjk d=

cgqr ls vkadM+s vizdkfrdquokr jg tkrs gSaA fn s vkadM+s miyCk gks tks arks bUgsa frhd vkadM+ksa ds

i esa izksx fdk tk ldrk gSA dqN ljdkjh rFkk xSjljdkjh laLFkkvksa kjk df=r dqN lkexzh

mudh xksiuhrk Hkh cuks j[kus gsrq izdkfrdquokr ugha djkh tkrh] rFkk dqN lkexzh vkfFkZd k vU

dkjkksa ls izdkfrdquokr ugha gks ikrhA jkk ea=ky ls lEcfUkr nLrkostksa dh xksiuhrk cuks j[kus ds

mn~nsrdquo gh mudk izdkrdquoku ugha djkk tkrkA vFkkZr blds vUrxZr sls lHkh izys[k vkrs gSa tks

lkoZtfud gksrs gSa ij izdkfrdquokr ugha gksrs gSa k ugha gks ikrsA pwafd izdkfrdquokr u gksus ds dkjk

lgtrk ls izkIr ugha gksrsA

vizdkfrdquokr izys[k ds vUrxZr frhd lkexzh ds fuEufyf[kr lzksr vkrs gSaamp

1- vizdkfrdquokr izys[k esa vfHkys[k egRoiwkZ gSA vfHkys[k os lwpuka gSa tks ljdkjh

oa xSjljdkjh laLFkkvksa kjk izrdquokklfud dkZ ds fy ladyu dh tkrh gSaA s vfHkys[k

fdlh Hkh vuqlakku ds fy egRoiwkZ gks ldrs gSaA

2- dbZ ckj LFkkuh lekt lqkkjd] usrk] egkiqrsquok vkfn vRfkd miksxh

xgu lwpukvksa dk lekosrdquok djrs gq ikMqfyfika rSkj djrs gSa ftudk izdkrdquoku dkjkordquok

ugha gks ikrk gS] ftUgsa lkoZtfud miksx ds fy laxzgkyksa esa j[k fnk tkrk gSA

3- vusd ldquokkskdrkZ vuqlakku dkksZa ds vkkkj ij egRoiwkZ

izfrosnu rSkj dj ysrs gSaA vuqlakku ys[k rks fy[k ysrs gSa ijarq lHkh ldquokksk dkZ

ikMqfyfiksa dh rjg izdkfrdquokr ugha gksrsA ldquokksk fo|kFkhZ kjk izLrqr izfrosnu bl lanHkZ esa

egRoiwkZ gSA

4- yksdxhr rFkk yksd xkFkka vizdkfrdquokr yksd xhr] yksd laLd`fr] frdquokykys[k] yksdxkFkk esa

frhd rF ladyu d egRoiwkZ izfr gSaA ekuordquokkfL=ksa kjk vusd vu esa budk

dkQh miksx fdk tkrk gSA



fursquodrsquokZr dgk tk ldrk gS fd frhd izfr gj i esa vu ds fy egRoiwkZ gksrs gSa]

ysfdu budk miksx lkokkuhiwoZd fdk tkuk pkfgA

12-7

rF ladyu ds frhd lzksrksa ds xqk bl izdkj gSa

1- vu izkjEHk djus ls vu forsquok dk Kku] ifjdYiuk fuekZk] ekxZnrdquokZu] izkFkfed rFksa ds

ladyu ds irdquopkr forsquoysrdquokkvkfn esa frhd lkexzh egRoiwkZ gksrh gSA

2- frhd lkexzh dh lgkrk ls fdlh Hkh lekt] mldh lajpuk ds bfrgkl dk dks legtk tk

ldrk gSA

3- frhd rF rVLFk vkSj ikikrjfgr gksrs gSaA frhd rF ftl i esa ladfyr fds tkrs gSa

mudk mlh i esa miksx fdk tk ldrk gSA

4- xksiuh lwpukvksa dk ladyu djus ds fy Hkh frhd lkexzh dk egRo cgqr vfkd gS ftu

lwpukvksa dks OfDr dHkh Hkh nwljksa dks nsuk ugha pkgrk mUgsa lqjfkr NksM+ tkrk gS tks ckn esa d

fordquoksrsquok vu ds vUrxZr slh lwpukvksa ds vkkkj ij vRfkd miksxh fursquodrsquokZ fudkys tk ldrs

gSaA

nksrsquok

rF ladyu ds frhd lzksrksa esa fuEufyf[kr nksrsquok bl izdkj gSaamp

1- frhd lzksr ds vkkkj ij oSKkfud lkekUhdjk fudkyuk dkQh dfBu gksrk gS Dksafd OfDr]

i=] Mkjh] laLejk vkfn fy[krs le vRfkd Hkkoqd gksus ds dkjk clt+k plt+k dj fy[k nsrk gS

dbZ ckj laLejk vkfn esa dYiukvksa dk miksx gksrk gSA

2- frhd rF vrhr ls lacafkr gksus ds dkjk budh iqu ijhkk djuk laHko ugha gSA

3- frhd rFksa kjk izkIr rFksa ls oSKkfud fursquodrsquokZ ns ikuk dfBu gksrk gS Dksafd frhd rF

Oslashec) ugha gksrsA

4- frhd lzksrksa esa lkoZHkkSfedrk dk vHkko gksrk gS Dksafd sfrgkfld izys[kksa dk ys[ku

bfrgkldkj vius nfrsquoVdksk ls djrk gSA

frhd lzksr izkFkfed lzksr dk LFkku rks ugha ys ldrh ijarq izkFkfed lzksr ds i esa vordquo dke

dj ldrh gS g izkFkfed lzksr ls izkIr rFksa ds lRkiu esa ksx ns ldrh gSA

(i)- frhd lzksr ds rhu xqkksa vkSj nksrsquokksa dks crkbA

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------



vuqlwph vkSj izukoyh nksuksa esa lkkkRdkj oa OfDrxr lEidZ dk leku egRo gSA |fi izukoyh

esa g lEidZ nwj dk Hkh fo|eku gks ldrk gS tks fd vuqlwph esa lEHko ugha r|fi ckaacute rkSj ij

nksuksa ds e dksbZ LiV fHkUurk ifjyfkr gksuk vlaHko lh izrhr gksrh gSA

rdquo

rdquo

rdquo

rdquo



(i)- izkFkfed lzksr rFkk frhd lzksr esa vUrj esa LirsquoV dhft

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------- -----

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------- -

ardquo

lkekftd vuqlakku esa izkFkfed oa Srhd lzksrks viuk vyxampvyx egRo gksrk gSA izkFkfed lzksrksa

kjk izkFkfed lkexzh ladfyr dh tkrh gS] tcfd frhd lzksrksa kjk sfrgkfld lkexzh dk

ladyu fdk tkrk gSA

izuks dh lwph gS ftls vuqlakkudrkZ Loa mRrjnkrkvksa ds ikl ys tkdj Hkjrk gSA

izuks dh lwph gS ftls Mkd kjk lwpuknkrk ds ikl Hksts tkrh gS rFkk lwpuknkrk bl

ij izuksa ds mUgravekj nsdj vuqlUkkudrkZ dks okil ns nsrk gSA

voyksdu rF ladyu dh d fofk gS] ftlesa nfrsquoV vkkkfjr lkexzh laxzg gksrk gSA

fo|kFkhZ dks bl izu dk mŸkj izkFkfed rF ldquokhrsquokZd ds vUrZxr fns xs foojk esa ls fy[kuk gSA

fo|kFkhZ dks bl izu dk mŸkj izRk izkFkfed lzksr ldquokhrsquokZd ds vUrZxr fns xs foojk esa ls

fy[kuk gSA

fo|kFkhZ dks bl izu dk mŸkj vizRk izkFkfed lzksr ldquokhrsquokZd ds vUrZxr fns xs foojk esa ls

fy[kuk gSA

fo|kFkhZ dks bl izu dk mŸkj OfDrxr izys[k ds vkkkj ldquokhrsquokZd ds vUrZxr fns xs foojk esa ls

fy[kuk gSA

fo|kFkhZ dks bl izu dk mŸkj frhd lzksr ds xqk vkSj nksrsquok ldquokhrsquokZd ds vUrZxr fns xs foojk esa

ls fy[kuk gSA

fo|kFkhZ dks bl izu dk mŸkj izkFkfed lzksr rFkk frhd lzksr esa vUrj d s vkkkj ldquokhrsquokZd ds

vUrZxr fns xs foojk esa ls fy[kuk gSA









Singh K (1983) Techinques of method of Social Survey Research and Statistics Prakashan Kendra Lucknow Kothari CR (2009) Research Methodology Methods and Techniques 2

nd Revised ed New Delhi New Age

International (P) Limited Publishers

Young PV (1960) Scientific Social Surveys and Research Asia Publishing House Bombay

1amp izkFkfed rF fdls dgrs gSa izkFkfed rF ds ladyu ds izeq[k lzksrksa dh foospuk dhftA

2amp frhd rF dk mYys[k djrsa gq frhd lkexzh ds ladyu ds lzksrksa dk okZu dhftA

3amp frhd lzksr dk mYys[k djrsa gq frhd lzksr ds xqk vkSj nksrsquokksa dk okZu dhftA

4amp izkFkfed lzksr rFkk frhd lzksr esa vUrj LirsquoV dhftA



Focussed Group Discussion

13-0 mn~nsrdquo

13-1 izLrkouk

13-2 dsfUnr lewg lkkkRdkj dk vFkZ

13-3 dsfUnr lewg lkkkRdkj ds pjk

13-4 dsfUnr lewg lkkkRdkj dh fordquoksrsquokrk

13-5 dsfUnr lewg lkkkRdkj ds mn~nsrdquo

13-6 dsfUnr lewg lkkkRdkj ds ykHk

13-7 dsUnzh lewg lkkkRdkj dh lheka

13-8 lkjkak



13-11 ckskampizuksa ds mRrj



130 rdquo


dsfUnzr lewg lkkkRdkj ds vFkZ dks legt ikuk]

dsfUnzr lewg lkkkRdkj ds pjk dks legt ikuk]

dsfUnzr lewg lkkkRdkjdh fordquoksrsquokrk dks legt ikuk]

dsfUnzr lewg lkkkRdkj ds mn~nsrdquo dks legt ikuk]

dsfUnzr lewg lkkkRdkj ds ykHk dks legt ikuk]

dsfUnzr lewg lkkkRdkj dh lhekvksa dks crkukA

bl izdkj ds lkkkRdkj dk izksx lkekUr fdlh lkekftd kVuk k ifjfLFkfr] fQYe] jsfMks] k

Vsyhfotu izksxzke dk lwpuknkrkvksa ij izHkko dk vu djus ds fy fdk tkrk gSA lapkj

vuqlakku eas bldk vfkdrj izksx fdk tkrk gSA mnkgjk ds fy fdlh jsfMks izksxzke ds lquu s

vFkok fdlh fQYe dks ns[kus ds irdquopkr mlds izHkko dks tkuus ds fy lzksrkvksa oa nrdquokZdksa dk

lkkkRdkj fyk tkrk gSA pwafd blesa fdlh fordquoksrsquok kVuk] voLFkk k ifjfLFkfr ds izHkko ij gh

lkkkRdkj dsfUnzr gksrk gS fQj lwpuknkrkvksa ls mudk okZu djus dks dgk tkrk gSA vyx vyx

yksx mlh vuqHko dk vyx vyx okZu djrs gSa vkSj bl izdkj dqN ifjdYiukvksa dk fuekZk djrk

gSA



dsfUnzk lewg lkkkRdkj rF ladyu dh d izfofk gS ftls eke ls okZukRed vuksa dk

xgu vu dj xqkkRed rFksa dks df=r djus ds fy miksx esa ykk tkrk gSA tSls

oSfDrd vu rFkk utkfr okZu vkfnA bl izdkj ds lkkkRdkj dk miksx loZizFke eVZu rFkk

mudh lgksxh isVordfhflk dsMky us 1946 esa OfDrksa ij lkoZtfud lUnsrdquokokgu ds lkkuksa tSls

jsfMks] Vh0oh0] lekpkj i= vkfn ds lkekftd oa euksoSKkfud izHkko ekius ds fy xk bldk

izkku mn~nsrdquo ifjdYiuk ds ml vkSfpR dk ijhkk djuk gksrk gS ftldh izfrLFkkiuk ekuo

Oogkj dh iwoZ fordquoysfrsquokr voLFkk ds vkkkj ij gqbZ gksA blds vUrxZr izsjkk ds izzzzzz zfr rFkk vU xgu

rFksa ij ku dsfUnzr gksrk gSA fdl ewy izsjkk us fdlh OfDr dks d fordquoksrsquok izdkj dk Oogkj

djus ds fy izsfjr fdkA

s vU lkkkRdkj ls fuEuor fHkUu gksrk gSA

1- mu ij izksx gksrk gS tks ifjfLFkfr fordquoksrsquok ls iwoZ lacak j[krs gSaA

2- mUgh fLFkfrksa ls lacafkr gS ftdk iwoZ forsquoysrdquokkizkIr gSA

3- lkkkRdkj funsZfrdquokdk ls lEiUu djkk tkrk gSA

4- bldk lacak vkUrfjd vuqHkwfrksa ls gksrk gSA blds vkkkj ij uohu ifjdYiukvksa dk

fuekZk djrk gS] lkFk gh ldquokkskdrkZ viuh ifjdYiuk dh oSkrk dh ijhkk djrk gSA

dsfUnzr lkkkRdkj og gS tks d fordquoksrsquok forsquok ij dsfUnzr gksrk gS rFkk blesa lHkh kVuk]

ifjfLFkfr] leLk vkfn mRrjnkrkvksa dks d lk vuqHko fnk tkrk gSA g lkkkRdkj mRrjnkvksa

ds okLrfod vuqHkoksa ds izHkko ij dsfUnzr jgrk gS lkkkRdkj dh izfOslashk esa og vu forsquok ls

lacfUkr mu ikksa dks ku esa j[krs gq fdlh Hkh Oslashe esa vkSj fdlh Hkh lt+ax ls izrdquou djus ds fy

Lora= gksrk gSA sls lkkkRdkj esa mRrjnkrk dks mius fopkjksa dks d fordquoksrsquok lt+ax ls ODr djus dh

iwjh Lora=rk gksrh gS ysfdu izrdquoudrkZ dk izRu g jgrk gS fd mRrjnkrk vujr forsquok ij

dsfUnzr jgrs gq gh izrdquouksa dk mRrj nasA bl nfrsquoVdksk ls bldk mn~nsrdquo mRrjnkrkvksa ds vuqHkoksa ds

lUnHkZ esa ifjdYiukvksa dks fodflr djuk rFkk dqN uohu igyqvksa dk lekosrdquok djus dk volj

izkIr djuk gksrk gSA mlh ls lacfUkr izrdquou iwNs tkrs gSaA

mnkgjkkFkZ foiku ds ks= esa dsUnzh lewg us mRiknksa ds irsquoBiksrsquokk ls lacakh tkudkjh

izkIr djus ds lkFkamplkFk vU fofHkUu forsquokksa gsrq d egRoiwkZ lkku ds Ik esa izqDr gksrs gSaA tc

dksbZ laxBu vius lEiwkZ foiku usrRo gsrq fnrdquokkfunsZrdquok rSkj dj jgs gksrs gSa rks dsUnzh lewg

eq[rk mRikn k lS)kafrd fodkl ds izkFkfed pjk esa miksxh fl) gksrs gSaA fofrdquokrsquoVrk dsUnzh

lewg fdlh Hkh dEiuh dks mlds fodkl] O] fdlh us mRikn dh cktkj esa tkap ds lanHkZ esa

nfrsquoVdksk vFkok xzkgd k vke turk ds lkeus ml mRikn ds tkus ls iwoZ lykg nsrk gS rFkk mls

cktkj esa mrkjus k uk mrkjus gsrq viuh vuqefr iznku djrk gSA

dsUnzh lewg ds fopkj foeZrdquok gsrq ekxZnrdquokZu ds fy vuqlakkudrkZ d fnrdquokk funsZfrdquokdk

lkkkRdkj izkjEHk djus ls iwoZ gh rSkj dj ysrk gSA lkekUrk g fopkj foeZrdquok fdlh oLrq k

mRikn Jskh dh laiwkZ vokkjkkvksa ls izkjEHk gksrk gS rFkk viuh lEiwkZrk rd igqprs igqprs d

fufrdquopr kkjkk dks izkIr gksrk gSA dsUnzh lewg esa lwpuknkrkvksa dk pu tukafddh] leku euksofRr

rFkk leku fopkj o Oogkj okys OfDrksa ds vkkkj ij fdk tkrk gSA



vr dsUnzh lewg d lkkkRdkj gS tks NksVs NksVs mRrjnkh lewgksa esa izfrdquokfkr eLFkksa

kjk lEiUu djkk tkrk gSA g lkkkRdkj d vukSipkfjd rFkk lkekU rjhds ls lEiUu gksrk gS

tgka gj lwpuknkrk fdlh Hkh ik ij vius fopkj ODr djus gsrq LorU= gksrk gSA

(i) dsfUnzr lewg lkkkRdkj ds vFkZ dks lafkIr i esa mYys[k dhft

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------- -------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------- ---------

--------------

eVZu ds vuqlkj bl lkkkRdkj dks fuEufyf[kr pjkksa esa lEiUu djkk tkrk gSamp

izFke pjk ds vUrxZr mu OfDrksa dk lkkkRdkj ds fy pfur fdk

tkrk gS ftUgsa fdlh fofrdquokrsquoV ifjfLFkfr k leLk ls xzflr ns[kk tkrk gS vFkkZr fordquoksrsquok

ifjfLFkfr ls iwoZ lEcak j[krs gksaA blds vUrxZr OfDrksa ls lkekftd ifjfLFkfrksa esa

vkus okys cnyko dk tkap djuk gksrk gSA

izksfxd dkjd ds izHkko dks ysdj dqN midYiuka cuk ysuk rFkk mu

midYiukvk sa dh tkap ds fy lkkkRdkj ds fy dqN fufnZrsquoV izrdquou rSkj fdk tkuk]

lkkkRdkj djus ls igys gh dkYifud Lrj ij okrkZyki dk vkkkj bl izdkj rSkj

fdk tkrk gS fd ifjdYiukvksa ds lRkiu esa lgkd fl) gks ldsA

bldk izksx lkkkRdkj funsZfrdquokdk ds vkkkj ij gksrk gS vFkkZr

lkkkRdkj funsZfrdquokdk dh jpuk djus ds irdquopkr mlh vuqi esa okrkZyki dks vkxs clt+kk

tkrk gS fQj lacfUkr izrdquouksa ds ckjampckj kqek fQjk dj mlh leLk ij ykk tkrk gS

ftlds ckjs esa foLrkj ls tkuuk gSA g vUosrsquokd ds izeq[k ks=ksa ij ifjdYiukvksa ds

fnXnrdquokZu djrk gSA

bl pjk ds vUrxZr ladsfUnzr lkkkRdkj dks vkxs clt+kk tkrk gS vkSj

lekIr Hkh gksrk gSA blesa fofrdquokrsquoV ifjfLFkfrksa dks izLrqr djds izrdquou iwNs tkrs gSaA uohu

ifjorZuksa ds vU dkjk Hkh iwNs tkrs gSaA izkIr mRrjksa dk forsquoysrdquokkfdk tkrk gS rFkk

ftl pj ds ewY ij vkSj tkudkjh izkIr djuh gS mls Hkh mRrjnkrk ls iwNk tkrk gSA

g vu fordquoksrsquok oa fufrdquopr fLFkfrksa ds lacak esa vkRefursquoB vuqHkoksa ] vkRedfrksa

rFkk HkkoukRed izfr mRrjksa ij dsfUnzr gksrk gSA

(i) dsfUnzr lewg lkkkRdkj ds pjk dk lafkIr i esa mYys[k dhft



----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------- ----------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -----------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------ ------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

rdquo

1- ladsfUnzr lkkkRdkj dh g fordquoksrsquokrk gS fd blds kjk okLrfod ifjfLFkfrksa dk vuqHko

djus okys OfDrksa dh OfDrxr izfOslashkvksa fofrdquokrsquoV laosxksa rFkk mRrstukvksa ls mBus okys

fufrdquopr ekufld lkgphZ bRkfn dk irk yxkk tk ldrk gS Dksafd bl izdkj ds

lkkkRdkj esa mRrjnkrk bu ckrksa dks fNik ugha ikrk Dksafd lkkkRdkjdrkZ us ifjfLFkfr dk

iwoZ forsquoysrdquokkdjds g Kkr fdk gksrk gS fd mRrjnkrk dks DkampDk crykuk pkfg

blfy fn mRrjnkrk ds mYVs lhks mRrjksa dks lkkkRdkjdrkZ rqjUr idM+ ysrk gSA

2- ladsfUnzr lkkkRdkj bl izdkj dh fordquoksrsquokrk ds dkjk ruko dh ifjfLFkfrksa dk vu

djus esa fordquoksrsquok i ls miqDr fl) gksrk gSA

3- g lkkkRdkj dsoy mUgh OfDrksa dk fyk tkrk gS tks ml forsquok fordquoksrsquok ls lacafkr jg

pqds gSaA

4- lkkkRdkj iFk iznfrdquokZdk dk lgkjk lkkkRdkj gsrq fyk tkrk gSA ftlesa forsquok ls lacafkr

Kkr dh tkus okyh ckrksa dk mYys[k fdk tkrk gSA

5- ml izdkj dk lkkkRdkj d fofrdquokrsquoV ifjfLFkfr ds izfr lwpuknkrk ds vuqHkoksa] euksofRrksa

oa Hkkoukvksa dks tkuus ds fys fdk tkrk gSA

6- blesa lwpuknkrk vius fopkj ODr djus gsrq LorU= gksrk gS blesa lkkkRdkjdrkZ

lwpuknkrkvksa ds mRrjksa dks izHkkfor ugh djrk

7- blesa kVuk dk iwoZ forsquoysrdquokkdj izrdquouksa dh d lwph rSkj dj yh tkrh gSA



9- ekuo Oogkj ds lack esa dqN ifjdYiukvksa dh izekfkdrk dh tkap ds fy dsfUnzr

lkkkRdkj dk izksx fdk tkrk gSA

10- ladsfUnzr lkkkRdkj esa izrdquou oa izrdquou iwNus ds lt+ax esa yphykiu gksrk gSA

11- blesa can okys izrdquouksa ds LFkku ij [kqys izrdquou lkkkRdkjdrkZ ls iwNs tkrs gSa ftuesa mRrjnkrk

tks Hkh eglwl djrk] mRrj ns ldrk gSA

(i) dsfUnzr lewg lkkkRdkj dh fdUgh pkj fordquoksrsquokrkvksa dks fyf[k

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------ ------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------



---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------- --------------------

rdquo

eVZu us 1968 esa ladsfUnzr lkkkRdkj ds mn~~nsrdquo izfrikfnr fdA

1- bldk izFke mn~nsrdquo g gS fd izpkj ekeksa rFkk midjkksa ds izHkkoh igyqvksa dks fukkZfjr

djus oa tkuus dk izkl fdk tkrk gSA Jksrkxk k nrdquokZdxk kjk ns[ks xs vusd izdkj

ds izpkj ekeksa ls foKkiu ds izfr muds fopkjksa dks tkuus dk izkl jgrk gSA

2- nrdquokZdxkksa rFkk Jksrkxkksa dks mu izfrfOslashkvksa ds cgqvkkeh ikksa dh izd`fr dk fukkZjk

djukA

3- Jksrkxkksa rFkk nrdquokZdxkksa ds foKkiu ds izfr tks izHkko mRiUu gksrs gSa muls lacfUkr

ifjdYiukvksa dk fuekZk fdk tkrk gS rFkk muls lacfUkr tkudkjh OfDrksa ls izkIr dh

tk ldrh gS k ughaA

4- slh uohu tkudkjh k rF Kkr djuk tks losZkk ds izkjEHk esa midYiuk ds fuekZk ds

le rd Kkr ugha gksrs gSaA

eVZu ds vuqlkj ledkyhu lektksa esa izpkj izlkj ds ekeksa dh fofokrk vkSj vizRkfrdquokr

foLrkj ds dkjk lkekftd] jktuhfrd] lkaLd`frd oa vkfFkZd lajpukvksa ds Loiksa dks izHkkfor

djrk gSa rFkk bu lajpukvksa ds Loiksa ls izHkkfor gksrh gS buds ksxnku dks ldsfUnzr lkkkRdkj esa

gh tkuk tk ldrk gSA

blds vUrxZr lkkkRdkj ds le mRrjnkrk ls fdlh Hkh forsquok ij xgu rFkk

xgjkbZ ds lkFk iwNrkN dh tkrh gS ftlesa forsquok ls lacfUkr izRsd ik ij mRrjnkrk ds fopkj

tkuus dk izkl fdk tkrk gSA bl izdkj dk lkkkRdkj rHkh lQy gks ldrk gS tcamp

lkkkRdkjdrkZ bl dkZ esa fordquoksrsquok vuqHkoh rFkk izfrdquokfkr gksA

lkekftd ifjfLFkfrksa rFkk euksoSKkfud dkjdksa dk lkekU Kku gksuk vkordquod gSA

bl izdkj ds lkkkRdkj esa iwoZ esa dksbZ fufrdquopr ifjdYiuk ugha gksrh lkFk gh vukSipkfjd

ifjfLFkfrksa rFkk vkSipkfjd ifjfLFkfr esa Hkh sls xgu lkkkRdkj lEiUu fds tk ldrs gSa ftuesa

mRrjnkrk ls izRk oa vizRk rjhdksa ls rFkk lwe Lrj rd iwNampiwN dj uohu tkudkjh izkIr

dh tkrh gSA tfVy Hkkoukvksa oa fopkjksa dks dsoy sls lkkkRdkj ls gh ekywe fdk tk ldrk gSA

sls lkkkRdkj ds vUrxZr mRrjnkrk oa lkkkRdkjdrkZ ds chp lanHkZ oa

ek ds i esa tulapkj dk dkbZ Hkh lkku tSls jsfMks] Vhoh] izsl vkfn gks ldrk gSA i=dkfjrk

esa dksbZ Hkh lapkj fordquoksrsquokK mRrjnkrkvksa dh lwph fukkZfjr djds muls okrkZyki djrk gSA okrkZyki

ds kjk fdlh Hkh forsquok k tulapkj ek dh dksbZ Hkh leLk dks fyk tk ldrk gS rRirdquopkr

ml ij xgu lkkkRdkj fdk tkrk gSA

bl izdkj ds lkkkRdkj dks fuEufyf[kr rjhds ls fdk tkrk gS amp

1- izFke mRrjnkrk dh lwph cukh tkrh gS

2- mRrjnkrkvksa dk nks k rhu ckj lkkkRdkj fdk tkrk gS



3- lkkkRdkj fukkZfjr vofk ds vUrjky ds mijkar mRrjnkrkvksa ls lEidZ LFkkfir fdk tkrk

gSA

izFke ckj lkkkRdkj rc fdk tkrk gS tc og dkjd vuqifLFkr gksA sls esa tks mRrjnkrkvksa ls

fopkj k rF izkIr gksrs gSa mUgsa fy[k fyk tkrk gS] blds irdquopkr fdlh dkjdkVuk dks

mRrjnkrk eglwl djrs gS d fukkZfjr le ds vuqHko ds mijkar mUgha mRrjnkrk ls iqu

lkkkRdkj fyk tkrk gS rFkk uohu dkjdksa ds izHkko tkuus ds fy mRrjnkrkvksa ls izrdquou iwNs tkrs

gSa ftlls mudh ekufldrk esa vks ifjorZuksa dh tkudkjh izkIr gks ldsA rhljh ckj Hkh bUgha

mRrjnkvksa ls ikrdquop Ok[k ds lkkkRdkj gsrq lEidZ LFkkfir dj izHkkoksa dh tkudkjh izkIr dh

tkrh gSA

(i) dsfUnzr lewg lkkkRdkj ds mn~nsrdquoksa dks fyf[k

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------

lkjkUrkdksl ds vuqlkj bl lkkkRdkj ds fuEu ykHk gSa] ftudk foojk fuEuor gSamp

bl i)fr dh ekSfyd fokskrk g gS fd blds eke ls fdlh Hkh

lkekftd bdkbZ k leLk dk lwe vkSj xgu vu fdk tk ldrk gSA g i)fr fdlh

leLk k bdkbZ ds d ik dk vu ugha djrh cfYd bdkbZ ls lEcfUkr lHkh igyqvksa dk

vu fdk tkrk gS blhfys bls lkekftd lwenkZd U= ekuk gSA lkFk gh bl i)fr esa

mRrjnkrk dks izrdquouksa ds mRrj nsus esa viskkd`r vfkd LorU=rk jgrh gSA

rdquo lkkkRdkj drkZ dh Hkwfedk lkSE gksrh gSA mldks cgqr lksp legt dj

dkZ djrk gS vkSj vius Oogkj dks ifjfLFkfrksa ds vuqdwy fuaf=r djrk gSA dsfUnzr lewg

lkkkRdkj esa lkkkRdkjdrkZ Oogkj dqrdquoky gksrk gSA ftl dkjk og nwljksa dks viuh vksj vkdfrsquokZr

djds lnLksa ls iwkZ lgksx izkIr djrk gSA

blesa izfrfufk bdkbksa dk xgu vu fdk tkrk gS blds

eke ls bdkbksa ds d i= dk vu u djds fofkV igyqvksa tSls ikfjokfjd] vkfFkZd]

kSkfkd] kkfeZd rFkk jktuSfrd vkfn dk vu fdk tkrk gSA tkudkjh vfkd fofrdquokrsquoV gksrh gSA

lkkkRdkj drkZ dk lkekftd vuqlkku leLk ls lkexzh ladyu djus esa

lkkkRdkj funsZfrdquokdk dk izksx djrk gSA lkkkRdkjdrkZ d ds ckn d fcUnq ij lwpuknkrk dks

ftruh foLrr vFkok ftruh lafkIr lwpuk og nsuk pkgrk gS] mls nsus ds fy izsfjr djrk gSA

blesa lwpuk ladfyr djrs le lwpuknkrk dks mRrj nsus ds ikZIr LorU=rk jgrh gS ftl dkjk

vfkd tkudkjh izkIr gksus ds volj clt+ tkrs gSaA



(i) dsfUnzr lewg lkkkRdkj ds ykHkksa dk lafkIr i esa mYys[k dhft

------------------------------------------------ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------- -------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------

dsUnzh lewg lkkkRdkj esa leLk k kVuk dk xgu vu djus ds Ikrdquopkr~ Hkh g fofk esa

fuEukafdr lheka gSa tks bl izdkj gSA

1- izrdquoukoyh rFkk lkkkRdkj fofk ds foijhr dsUnzh lewg lkkkRdkj la[kRed tkudkjh izkIr

djus dh d vPNh fofk ugh gSA

2- dsUnzh lewg lkkkRdkj ds eke ls fdlh lkekftd bdkbZ k leLk ds ckjs d= dh xbZ

tkudkjh dh Ok[k djrs gSa rks blesa d lewg esa tks vke lgefr gksrh gS og lHkh lnLksa dh

jk dk izfrfufkRo ugh djrh gS Dksfd dqN PfDrksa dks ppkZ esa gkoh gkusk iM~rk gS vkSj de

eq[kj yksx viuk ksxnku ugh djrs gSaA bl izdkj dsUnzh lewg lkkkRdkj vkadMk+ksa ds laxzg dh

fofk dk izfrfufkRo ugh dj ldrhA

3- dsUnzh lewg lkkkRdkj esa ldquokkskdrkZ dh fuHkkZjrk jgrh gS ftl dkjk dsUnzh lewg lkkkRdkj dh

oSkrk ij loky mBkk tkrk gS Dksafd dsUnzh lewg lkkkRdkj ds eke ls izkIr fds xs

ifjkke Loa ldquokkskdrkZ ds ilt+us ls izHkkfor gksrs gSaA

bl bdkbZ esa geus lcls igys dsfUnzr lewg lkkkRdkj dk vFkZ legtkrs gq mlds pjkksa dh ppkZ

djrs gq LirsquoV fdk gS fd fdlh lkekftd bdkbZ ds xgu oa foLrr vu djus rFkk bl

bdkbZ ds ckjs esa lEiwkZ xqkkRed vkiexcldM+s df=r djus dh egRoiwkZ izfofk gSA blds irdquopkr~ dsfUnzr

lewg lkkkRdkj dh fordquoksrsquokrkvksa rFkk mn~nsrdquoksa dh ppkZ dh gSA dsfUnzr lewg lkkkRdkj kjk fdlh

Hkh laLFkk k forsquok dk lEiwkZ vu djus ds fy OofLFkr izkkyh dk izksx fdk tkrk gS

ftlls laLFkk dk xgu vu lEHko gks ldsA bl i)fr esa lwpuknkrk dks vius fopkj j[kus dh

iwkZ LorU=rk gksrh gS ftl dkjk xgu vkSj foLrr tkudkjh izkIr gksrh gSA


lkkkRdkj lksn~nsrdquo okrkZyki gS ftlesa d OfDr nwljs ls lwpuk ladfyr djrk gSA

midYiuk d slk iwoZ fopkj gksrk gS tks ldquokkskdrkZ fdlh Hkh forsquok ds lacak esa vius

izkjfEHkd Kku oa lkekU vuqHko ij cukrk gSA

tc vuqlakku ds ks= oa forsquokoLrq dks lkekftd izkVukvksa ds dzec) o

OofLFkr vu rd lhfer dj fnk tkrk gS rks lkekftd vuqlakku dgykrk gSA

rdquo sls izrdquou ftuds vkxs lwpuknkrkvksa kjk fn tkus okys laHkkfor mRrj gksrs gSaA



zrdquo sls izrdquou ftudk mRrj lwpuknkrk vius Loa ds ldquokCnksa esa nsrk gSA








fo|kFkhZ dks bl izu dk mŸkj dsfUnr lewg lkkkRdkj dk vFkZ ldquokhrsquokZd ds vUrZxr fns xs ds


fo|kFkhZ dks bl izu dk mŸkj dsfUnr lewg lkkkRdkj ds pjk ldquokhrsquokZd ds vUrZxr fns xs foojk

esa ls fy[kuk gSA

fo|kFkhZ dks bl izu dk mŸkj ds Unr lewg lkkkRdkj dh fordquoksrsquokrka ldquokhrsquokZd ds vUrZxr fns xs ds


fo|kFkhZ dks bl izu dk mŸkj dsfUnr lewg lkkkRdkj ds mn~nsrdquo ldquokhrsquokZd ds vUrZxr fns xs


fo|kFkhZ dks bl izu dk mŸkj dsfUnr lewg lkkkRdkj ds ykHk ldquokhrsquokZd ds foojk esa ls fy[kuk gSA

tgksMk] esjh] eksVZu] Mh- vkSj LVqvVZ] MCYw dqd] fjlpZ eSFkM~l bu lksrdquoky

fjysrdquokUlrdquok] MordfkMu] UwkdZA




rdquo

1amp dsfUnzr lewg lkkkRdkj fdls dgrs gSa dsfUnzr lewg lkkkRdkj ds izeq[k pjkksa dh foospuk

dhftA

2 amp dsfUnzr lewg lkkkRdkj dh izkkyh dk mYys[k djrsa gq dsfUnzr lewg lkkkRdkj dh

fordquoksrsquokrkvksa dk okZu dhftA

3amp dsfUnzr lewg lkkkRdkj dh izkkyh dk mYys[k djrsa gq dsfUnzr lewg lkkkRdkj ds mn~nsrdquoksa dk okZu dhftA

4amp lewg lkkkRdkj fdls dgrs gSa dsfUnzr lewg lkkkRdkj ds ykHk k lhekvksa dh foospuk

dhftA



Narratives amp Oral Histories

14-0 mn~nsrdquo

14-1 IkzLrkouk

14-2 o`rkUr dk vFkZ

14-3 ekSf[kd bfrgkl dk vFkZ

144 ekSf[kd bfrgl oa o`rkUr izfofkksa kjk rF ladyu esa dfBukbka

145 lkjkak

146 ifjHkkfrsquokd ldquokCnkoyh

147 ckskampizuksa ds mRrj

148 lanHkZ xzaFk lwph

149 lgkd miksxh ikB~ lkexzh

1410 fucakkRed izrdquou

rdquo


4 orkUr ds vFkZ dks legt ikuk]

5 ekSf[kd bfrgkl ds vFkZ dks legt ikuk]

6 xqkkRed rFksa ds ladyu esa dfBukbZ dks legt ikuk]

orkUr rFkk ekSf[kd bfrgkl nksuksa gh sfrgkfld vuqlakku dk lcls izkphu lzksr ekuk tkrk gS

Dksafd bfrgkl dh fyf[kr ijEijk dbZ orsquokksZa irdquopkr~ izkjEHk gqbZA vkkqfud Loi iznku djus dh

nfrsquoV ls bu nksuksa ds vfHkys[ku esa VsifjdkMZj ij izksx fdk tk jgk gSA lkekftd vuqlakku us

xqkkRed rFkk xkukRed nksuksa izdkj dh lkexzh dk viuk vyxampvyx egRo gksrk gSA

vuqlakkudrkZ vuqlakku ij vu dh leLk dh izd`fr ds vuqi d= dh tkus okyh lkexzh

ds ckjs esa fukZ ysrk gSA xqkkRed lkexzh dks df=r djus esa lgHkkxh voyksdu] oSfDrd

vu thou bfrgkl] rFkk vUroZLrq forsquoysrdquokkizfofkksa dk izksx fdk tkrk gSA xkukRed rFksa

ds ladyu esa izrdquoukoyh] vuqlwph rFkk lkkkRdkj tSlh izfofkksa dk egRoiwkZ LFkku gSA tc ge

fdlh leLk dk vu djrs gSa rks ekSf[kd bfrgkl rFkk orkUrksa kjk egRoiwkZ oa vRUr

miksxh xqkkRed lkexzh ladfyr dh tkrh gS] lkFk gh orkUr rFkk ekSf[kd bfrgkl kjk lkekftd

kVukvksa rFkk rFksa ds ckjs esa foLrr tkudkjh miyCk djkus esa lgkrk iznku djrs gSaA

orkUr sfrgkfld lkexzh dks ladfyr djus oa lqjfkr j[kus dh izeq[k i)fr gS blds vUrxZr mu

OfDrksa dk vfHkfyf[kr lkkkRdkj fdk tkrk gS tks Hkwrdkyhu kVukvksa esa viuh lgHkkfxrk j[krs

gks vFkok tks iqjkru thou i)fr dk vuqHko j[krs gksaA orkUr esa vuqlakkudrkZ mu yksxksa ds



vuqHko tkuus vFkok vfHkfyf[kr djus dk izkl djrk gS tks fdlh fordquoksrsquok kVuk dh tkudkjh j[krs

gSa rFkk os muesa lgHkkxh jgs gksaA fczfVrdquok ldquokklu dky esa vusd vaxzst izrdquokkld

dbZ ckj orkUr izfrdquokfkr vaxzst fokuksa kjk Loa fy[ks xs ftudk izdkrdquoku fVIifkksa vkSj iwNrkN

ds i esa gqvkA lkFk gh dbZ vaxzstksa kjk Hkkjr dh tutkfrksa ks=ksa rFkk nwjnjkt xkaoksa ds ckjs esa

orkUr fy[ks xs gSa ftuds eke ls tutkrh ks= rFkk nwjnjkt xkaoksa ds ml le dh thou

i)fr ds ckjs esa egRoiwkZ tkudkjh izkIr gksrh gSA

ekSf[kd bfrgkl sfrgkfld lkexzh ladfyr dh izeq[k i)fr gSA bfrgkl ys[ku esa dbZ vkkkj oa

i gSaA ekSf[kd bfrgkl fofk esa okso`) OfDrksa ls lkkkRdkj fdk tkrk gS vkSj mu kVukvksa ds

ckjs esa tkudkjh df=r dh tkrh gS tks mudh ckYkoLFkk] fdrdquokksjkoLFkk] qokoLFkk vkSj izkSlt+koLFkk

esa kVh gS vkSj os mu kVukvksa ds izRk vFkok ijksk i esa prdquoenhn xokg jgs gSaA blds lkFk gh

muls viuh ckYkoLFkk] fdrdquokksjkoLFkk] qokoLFkk vkSj izkSlt+koLFkk dh kVukvksa ] dkkZdykiksa vkSj

euksHkkoksa ds ckjs esa Hkh crkus ds fy dgk tkrk gSA bl izdkj bl fofk kjk foxr bfrgkl ys[ku

dj thou bfrgklksa dh jpuk dh tkrh gSA g fofk losZkak fofk vkSj lkekftd bfrgkl dk

feyktqyk i gSA g vkerkSj ij fdlh OfDr kjk fns xs dFku gksrs gSa tks vuqlakkudrkZ fdlh

OfDr ls xgu lkkkRdkj ds eke ls d= djrk gSA tSls fdlh vijkkh k fukZu OfDr dh

vki chrhA bl vu ds fy lkkkRdkj nsus okys OfDr ds iwkZ lgksx dh vkordquodrk gksrh gSA

aekSf[kd bfrgkl dk vFkZ nks iksa esa LirsquoV fdk tk ldrk gSamp

1- g xqkkRed vuqlakku dh izfOslashk gS ftlesa OfDrxr lkkkRdkj dks vkkkj ekuk tkrk gS

rkfd Hkwrdkyhu kVukvksa ls lacfUkr vFkksZa fuoZpuksa oa vuqHkoksa dks legtk tk ldsA

2- bls ekSfyd sfrgkfld izys[k ekuk tkrk gS tksfd vkxkeh vuqlakkuksa gsrq izkFkfed lkexzh

miyCk djkus dk dkZ djrk gS blesa vkfMks k fofMksa rFkk VsifjdkMZj dk izksx fdk

tkrk gS tks Loa esa mRiknu gSA

(i) orkUr rFkk ekSf[kd bfrgkl ds vFkZ dks lafkIr i esa mYys[k dhft

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------

---------------------

ekSf[kd bfrgl oa orkUr izfofkksa kjk xqkkRed rFksa dks ladyu ds izksx djus ij fuEufyf[kr

dfBukbksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gS amp

1- bl izfofkksa dh loZizFke dfBukbZ mu yksxksa ls lEidZ LFkkfir

djus ls lacfUkr gS Dksafd OfDrksa kjk ljyrk ls vius thou ds ckjs esa crkus ds fy

rSkj ugh gksrs gSa vFkok vius vuqHko ds ckjs esa crkus gsrq rRij ugha gksrsA



2- rdquo bl izfofkksa kjk df=r rF vkSj lwpukvksa esa fordquooluhrk dh

deh gksrh gS Dksafd lacfUkr OfDrksa kjk lwpukvksa vFkok vius vuqHkoksa dks clt+k plt+k dj

crkrs gSa ftlesa lwpukvksa dh fordquooluhrk lUnsgtud gks tkrh gSA

3- lkekftd vu esa bl izdkj dh xqkkRed

izfofkksa dk izksx djus ds fy g vkordquod gS fd vuqlakkudrkZ dsk lcls igys fofHkUu

lkekftd foKkuksa ds ifjis dh foLrr tkudkjh izkIr djuk vfuokZ gSA bu fofHkUu

izdkj ds ifjfLFkfrksa esa leUo LFkkfir djus essa dfBukbZ vkrh gSA vuqlakkudrkZ dks tks

lkekxzh bu fofHkUu ifjisksa ls izkIr gksrh gS mldk Oslashec) izLrqrhdjk Hkh d leLk cu

tkrh gsA

4- lwpuknkrk oa vuqlakkudrkZ nksuksa dh vksj ls vfHkufr iSnk gksus dh

lEHkkouk lnSo cuh jgrh gSA nksuksa dh Hkwfedkvksa esa leUo j[kuk rFkk OfDrxr Ikkikr

dks fuaf=r djuk nksuksa izfofkksa ds izksx esa vkus okyh izeq[k dfBukbZ gSA

5- lwpuknkrk oa vuqlakkudrkZ esa bu izfofkksa kjk lkexzh df=r djus gsrq

LFkkfir lEidZ oa df=r lwpuk ls lacfUkr d vU dfBukbZ uSfrd ewYksa ls lacfUkr gS

fn vuqlakkudrkZ fn uSfrd ewYksa ds dkjk lwpuknkrk kjk crks xs orkUr dks gw c gw

izLrqr djrk gS rks gks ldrk gS fd lwpuknkrk ds fgrksa dks fdlh izdkj dk uqdlku gks]

fn lwpuknkrk gksus okys uqdlku ds izfr lpsr gS rks og vusd slh lwpuka thou

bfrgkl oa o`rkUr esa fy[krk gh ugha gSA

(i) orkUr rFkk ekSf[kd bfrgkl dh fdUgh nks dfBukbksa dks lafkIr i esa mYys[k dhft

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------- ---------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

-------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------- -----

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

ardquo

orkUr lfnksa iqjkuh rF ladyu dh d izfofk gS blh izdkj dh d vkSj izfofk gS ftls ekSf[kd

bfrgkl dgrs gSA tks xqkkRed rFksa dks ladfyr djus dh egRoiwkZ izfofkkWa gSaA vrhr esa dksbZ

slh lwfokk ugha Fkh ftlls budks laxzghr fdk tk ldsA vFkkZr~ fyf[kr ijEijk ugha Fkh lkjs yksx

ekSf[kd i esa gh kn djrs Fks vkSj vkordquodrk iM+us ij viuh Lejk ldquokfDr ds dkjk mudks oLrq

k kVuk ds ckjs esa crk Hkh nsrs FksA orZeku esa vusd vRkkqfud midjkksa ds eke ls lwpukvksa

dk ladyu fdk tkrk gS tks vfkd fordquooluh gksrs gSaA


fordquooluhrkamp g lkaf[dh tkap k fdlh vu esa vlaxfr] oLrqfursquoBrk vkSj LirsquoVrk dks

crkrk gSA



d OfDr vFkok lewg ds lkFk fofrdquokrsquoV izkkstu ls vkksftr vkSipkfjd

okrkZyki dh izfdzk lkkkRdkj dgykrh gSA

rF dk rkRiZ fdlh slh kVuk ls gS ftldk voyksdu fdk tk ldsA

os yksx tks losZkk ds ckjs esa lwpuk nsrs gSaA g lwpuk lkkkRdkj k izrdquoukoyh ds

eke ls yh tkrh ldrh gSA

147

fo|kFkhZ dks bl izu dk mŸkj orkUr dk vFkZ rFkk ekSf[kd bfrgkl dk vFkZ ldquokhrsquokZd ds vUrZxr

fns xs ds foojk esa ls fy[kuk gSA

fo|kFkhZ dks bl izu dk mŸkj orkUr rFkk ekSf[kd bfrgkl dh dfBukbka ldquokhrsquokZd ds vUrZxr

fns xs foojk esa ls fy[kuk gSA

148




Donald Polkinghorne Narrative Knowing and the Human Sciences Albany SUNY Press 1988

Coffey Amanda amp Paul Atkinson (1996) Making Sense of Qualitative Data Thousand Oaks CA Sage Publications

Polkinghorne Donald E (1995) Narrative configuration in qualitative analysis Qualitative studies in

education Vol 8 issue 2


Singh K (1983) Techinques of method of Social Survey Research and Statistics Prakashan Kendra Lucknow Kothari CR (2009) Research Methodology Methods and Techniques 2nd Revised ed


Young PV (1960) Scientific Social Surveys and Research Asia Publishing House Bombay Riessman CK (1993) Narrative Analysis Newbury Park Sage Publications

Smith CP (2000) Content analysis and narrative analysis In Reis HT Judd CM eds Handbook

of research methods in social and personality psychology New York NY Cambridge University

Press

1410 rdquo

1- orkUr ls vki Dk legtrs gS orkUr rFkk ekSf[kd bfrgkl dh dfBukbksa dk mYys[k

dhftA 2- ekSf[kd bfrgkl ls vki Dk legtrs gS orkUr rFkk ekSf[kd bfrgkl dh dfBukbksa dk

mYys[k dhftA



Secondary Data Base amp Official Document

150 mn~nsrdquo 151 izLRkkouk

152 vkkkj lkexzh izys[k

153 izys[kksa ds izdkj

154 izys[k ds ykHk

155 izys[k dh leLka

156 dkkZy vfHkys[k

157 lkjkak


159 vHklampizuksa ds mRrj




rdquo


vkkkj lkexzh izys[k ds vFkZ dks legt ikuk]

izys[k ds izdkj dks legt ikuk]

vkkkj lkexzh izys[k dh miksfxrk RkFkk dfBukbZ dks legt ikuk]

dkkZy vfHkys[k dks crkukA

lkekftd vuqlakku ds fy dsoy izkFkfed lkexzh gh ikZIr ugha gksrh cfYd vusd lkekftd

kVukvksa dks legtus rFkk izkFkfed rFksa dh izekfkdrk dh ijhkk djus esa frhd lkexzh ds

ladyu dh Hkh vkordquodrk gksrh gSA frhd rF ls vfHkizk mu lHkh lwpukvksa ls gS tks bl

vu ds iwoZ fdlh vU OfDr k laLFkk kjk df=r fds xs gksaA bueas i=] Mkfjka]

vkRedFkka] ikMqfyfika] ljdkjh izzfrosnu] tuxkuk fjiksZV] xstsfVj] izys[k] vfHkys[k vkfn vkrs

gSaA bldk rkRiZ g gS fd frhd rF igys ls miyCk gksrs gSa ftudk miksx dksbZ ldquokkskdrkZ

vius ldquokksk forsquok dh vkordquodrkuqlkj djrk gSA fdlh ldquokkskdrkZ ljdkjh k xSjljdkjh laxBu kjk

bl izdkj dh lkexzh ls igys ladfyr fds gksrs gSaA

frhd lzksrksa kjk df=r lkexzh dks frhd vkkkj lkexzh dgk tkrk gSA bls vuqlakkudrkZ

nwljs ds vuqlakku ls izkIr djrk gS vFkkZ bls Loa vuqlakkudrkZ ladfyr ugh djrk gSA frhd

rFksa ds laxzg esa izys[k ldquokksk ds fy egRoiwkZ vkkkj lkexzh iznku djrs gSaA ldquokksk dkZ vkjEHk

djus ls iwoZ ifjdYiukvksa ds fuekZk esa frhd lkexzh dk buesa iqLrdsa] if=dk a] v[kckj] fjiksVZ]

Qkbysa] vkRedFkka] i= rFkk Mkfjka s lHkh dqy vkrs gSaA fdlh Hkh lekt ds bfrgkl dks Kkr



djus esa frhd lkexzh vRUr miksxh gksrh gSA frhd lkexzh dk izksx djrs le

vuqlakkudrkZ ds fy g LFkkfir djuk vfuokZ gksrk gS fd ftu i)frksa] lkkuksa] lkksa oa

izys[kksa dk mlus vius vuqlakku esa izksx fdk gS os fordquooluh vkSj lansgjfgr gSaA

izdkfrdquokr rFkk vizdkfrdquokr izys[kksa dks frhd vkkkj lkexzh ds Ik esa lfEefyr djrs gSaA izys[kksa dks

ge eq[r N izdkjksa esa foHkkftr dj ldrs gSa amp

1- fofk vkSj fue

2- izrdquokklfud izfrosnu

3- ldquokksk bfrgkl

4- vkadM+ksa ds izdkrdquoku

5- OfDrxr izys[k

6- vfHkys[k

lkekftd ldquokksk esa fn fdlh ljdkjh k xSj ljdkjh laxBu ls lacfUkr

vu djuk gks rks mlds fy lafokku] fofk vkSj fueksa dh tkudkjh gksuk cgqr vkordquod gksxhA

vusd vU laxBuksa tSls jktuhfrd nyksa] LoSfPNd Lkektlsoh laxBuksa vkSj Dycksa ds vius lafokku

gksrs gSaA vu ds fy nwljs egRoiwkZ izys[k fofk ls lacfUkr gksrs gSaA cgqr ls laxBu tSls

fordquoofo|ky] yksd fuxe vkfn fofk kjk gh cuks tkrs gSaA budk lafokku ml fofk kjk gksrk gS

ftuds eke ls budh LFkkiuk gksrh gS cgqr ls nwljs laxBuksa ds dkksZa vkSj vfkdkjksa dk okZu Hkh

fofkksa esa gksrk gSaA mngkjk ds fy] vkdj vfkfue] nM izfOslashk lafgrk] dkj[kkuk vfkfue]

vkS|kSfxd fookn vfkfue] yksd izfrfufkRo vfkfue vkfn d ldquokkskkFkhZ ds fy vRUr vkordquod

gSa fd og bu fofkksa dk Loa vu djsA

nwljh vksj vu ds fy fueksa dk vu Hkh egRoiwkZ LFkku gSA Hkkjrh lekt ds

cgqr ls vax fofkksa ds LFkku ij fueksa kjk fuksftr gksrs gSaA tSls lafokku dh kkjk 309 kjk

laln vkSj jkTksa ds fofk eMyksa dks g vfkdkj fnk xk gS fd os fofk kjk viusampvius

deZpkfjksa dh fuqfDr rFkk lsok dh ldquokrksZa dk fua=k djsA izRsd laLFkk k laxBu dkks Z a dks djus

ds fy cgqkk fufrdquopr dkZ fofkka gksrh gSa] bUgsa Hkh fue dgk tk ldrk gS s fofkksa ds vUrxZr

cus fueksa ls fHkUu gksrs gSaA

rdquo izRsd izfrosnu dk g mn~nsrdquo gksrk gS fd Dk izRu fds tk jgs gSa

muesa lkkuksa ij fdruk O gqvk] Dk leLka lkeus vkh vkSj Dk fursquoifRr vkh vkfnA g

izfrosnu izRsad laxBu kjk turk rFkk xzkgdksa dks rFkk fuEu Lrj ls mPp Lrj dks fns tkrs gSaA

buds eke ls egRoiwkZ lkexzh izkIr gksrh gS g fdlh Hkh laxBu rFkk mlds dkZ ds forsquok esa

tkuus ds egRoiwkZ lkku gksrs gSaA tSls iaaporsquokhZ ds izfrosnu] blds vfrfjDr ljdkj kjk izdkfrdquokr

fofHkUu ftyksa ds xtsfVlZ rFkk lkaf[dh cqysfVu vkfn Hkh lwpuka izkIr djus ds eq[ lkku gSaA

laln kjk izfrorsquokZ izLrqr vkfFkZd losZkk ds eke ls iwkZ vkfFkZd tkudkjh izkIr gksrh gSA pquko

vkksx] fokku lHkk] vke pquko rFkk vU pquko dk CkSjk rFkk vkadM+s vius izfrosnu esa izLrqr

djrk gS] izrdquokklu ds izRsd foHkkx kjk vius foHkkx ls lacfUkr fiNys orsquokZ dh fursquoifRr vkSj O

rFkk vxys orsquokZ ds izLrkfor dkZOslasheksa vkSj O dk iwkZ CkSjk ctV esa fey tkrk gS bl izdkj lHkh



izfrosnu frhd vkkkj lkekxzh ds i esa egRoiwkZ lkku gks ldrs gSa ftuls ewYoku lkexzh

izkIr gks ldrh gSA

ldquo lkekftd vuqlakku ds eke ls ldquokksk fo|kfFkZksa kjk izLrqqr izfrosnu k ldquokksk

izcak Hkh cgqr vfkd egRoiwkZ fl) gq gSa vuqlakkudrkZvksa kjk izLrqr ldquokksk izacak esa |fi fdlh

forsquok ls lacfUkr i=ksa dk vRfkd xgu vu djds egRoiwkZ rF izdkrdquok esa yks tkrs gS

ysfdu fordquoksrsquok lkekftd vuqlakku dh fnrdquokk dk fukkZjk djus rFkk izkIr lwpukvksa dk lRkiu djus

ds fy ldquokksk izfrosnu cgqr egRoiwkZ gksrs gSa fordquoofo|ky] ljdkj ds cgqr ls vfkdjk rFkk xSj

ljdkjh laxBu ldquokksk bfroRr dk izdkrdquoku djrs jgrs gSa fordquoofo|kyksa esa gksus okyh ldquokksk ij

vkkkfjr lwe bfroRr if=dkvksa esa ldquokksk i=ksa ds i esa izdkfrdquokr gksrs gSa rFkk blh dks cgn bfroRr

iqLrd ds i esa izdkfrdquokr gksrk gSA lkFk gh dqN ldquokksk dkZ izdkfrdquokr ugha gksrs cfYd fordquoofo|kyksa

ds iqLrdkyksa esa laxzfgr gksr gSaA vkbZ- lh- l- l- vkj-] w0th0lh0] u0lh0vkj0Vh0 rFkk vU

laLFkku izkkstukvksa ds fy izfrorsquokZ vuqnku nsrh gS rFkk buds bfroRrksa dks izdkfrdquokr Hkh djokrh gSA

bfroRr esa lxzghr lkexzh k vkkkj lkexzh dk iqu ls vU ldquokkskdrkZvksa kjk miksx fdk tkrk

gSA sfrgkfld lkexzh ds clt+rs gq izksx ds ifjkkeLoIk vusd ljdkjh] v)Z ljdkjh oa xSj

ljdkjh laxBu oa laLFkka lkexzh vkkkj oa lkexzh cSad rSkj djus dk dkZ djus yxs gSa rkfd

vkordquodrk iMus ij budk izksx fdk tk ldsA Hkkjrh fordquoofo|ky lak kjk Hkkjrh

fordquoofo|kyksa ij tks lkexzh izdkfrdquokr dh tkrh gS og vkkkj lkexzh oa lkexzh cSad dk dkZ djrh

gSA blds vUrxZr fdrus foHkkx vkSj muesa vkpkZ] mikpkZ oa ySDpjj vkfn dk irk py tkrk

gSA blh izdkj Hkkjrh lkekftd vuqlakku ifjrsquokn~ kjk lekt oSKkfudksadh lEiwkZ lwph dks iqfLrdk

ds Ik esa rSkj djkk tkrk gSA

ljdkj ds foHkkx rFkk vU xSj ljdkjh laxBu leample ij ldquokksk dk dke djrs gSa rFkk

bfroRr dks izdkfrdquokr Hkh djrs gSaA ljdkjh laxBuksa kjk vkksxksa ds eke ls d izfrosnu izzLrqr

fdk tkrk gS ftlls ewYoku tkudkjh izkIr gksrh gSA tSls foRr vkksx] osru vkksx] vkfnA xSj

ljdkjh laxBu Hkh fufer i ls ldquokksk dkZ djokrs jgrs gSa vkSj buds bfroRrksa ls Hkh egRoiwkZ

lkexzh izkIr gksrh gSA

(i) bfroRr dks lafkIr i esa mYys[k dhft

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -----------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------ ------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

rdquo frhd rFksa ds vUrxZr ljdkj kjk izdkfrdquokr mu vkadM+ksa dk fordquoksrsquok

egRo gksrk gS ftUgsa ljdkj kjk fofHkUu foHkkxksa dh lgkrk ls d= fdk tkrk gS fQj mUgsa

izdkfrdquokr dj tulkkkjk dks mudh lwpuk nh tkrh gS blesa eq[r dsUnzh lkaf[dh laxBu dk

egRoiwkZ LFkku gSA bldh LFkkiuk lu~ 1951 esa gqbZ ftldk eq[ mn~nsrdquo lkjs nsrdquok ds vkadM+ksa ls

lacfUkr dkZdykiksa esa leUo ykuk rFkk laizRksa dks ifjHkkfrsquokr dj d fufrdquopr ekud r djuk



FkkA bUgh ekudksa rFkk ifjHkkrsquokkvksa ds vkkkj ij lkjs nsrdquok ds vkadM+s rSkj fds xsA g jkTksa ds

lkaf[dh foHkkxksa ds e leUo LFkkfir djrk gS vkSj izRsd jkT dk lkaf[dh foHkkx jkT

ljdkj ds foHkkxksa ds e leUo ykrk gSA ftlls leLr foHkkxksa ds vkadM+ksa dk vkkkj d ls

j[kk tk ldsA mngkjk ds i esa fuEufyf[kr foHkkxksa kjk vkadM+ksa dk laxzg rFkk izdkrdquoku dk dkZ

fdk tkrk gSamp

srdquo frsquok bldh LFkkiuk 1947 esa gqbZ

FkhA bldk eq[ mn~nsrdquo dfrsquok lacakh vkadM+ksa dk laxzg] lalkku vkSj vkadM+ksa dk izdkrdquoku

djuk gSA

bldh LFkkiuk 1947 esa lhek ds lSfudksa] lkeku]

xkfM+ksa] fuokl vkfn ds vkadM+s rSkj djus ds mn~nsrdquo ls gqbZ FkhA

bldh LFkkiuk 1946 esa gqbZ Fkh bldk dkZ Je ls lacfUkr vkadM+s rSkj fds

tkrs gSaA

m|ksx kakksa ls lacfUkr vkadMka+s dks rSkj djrk gSA

rdquokZ g laxBu nsrdquok dh vFkZOoLFkk ds fofHkUu ikksa ls lacfUkr

vkadM+s izfrnrdquokZ losZkk kjk d= djrk gSA bldh LFkkiuk 1950 esa gqbZ FkhA

g laxBu tuxkuk vfkfue 1948 ds

vkhu tuxkuk dk dkZ djrk gSA

7- foRr ea=ky ds varxZr _k] for] xjhch] eqnzkampLQhfr]

jguamplgu] izfrOfDr vk oa vU vkfFkZd rF ladfyr fds tkrs gSa vkSj fofHkUu

izfrosnuksa ds eke ls izdkfrdquokr fds tkrs gSaA

tuxkuk dk rkRiZ lexz dh leLr bdkbksa dk vu djuk gSA

bl lexzrk dh bdkbZ d lewg] leqnk k lEiwkZ jkrsquoVordf gks ldrk gSA tuxkuk dks o`gr~ vkadM+ksa

dk d izeq[k lkekftd izys[k ekuk tkrk gSA fordquoo ds yxHkx lHkh nsrdquokksa esa izRsd nl orsquokZ Ikrdquopkr~

tuxkuk djkh tkrh gS ftlls ml nsrdquok ls lacafkr tula[k ds ckjs esa fofok izdkj dh lwpukvksa

dk ladyu fdk tkrk gSA tuxkuk fjiksVZ ds vkkkj ij gh fdlh nsrdquok dh Hkkoh uhfr dk fuekZk

fdk tkrk gSA fukstu ds bl qx esa lkekftd vkSj vkfFkZd thou ds lHkh ikksa ij ljdkj ds

fua=k esa fujarj of) gksrh tk jgh gSA tuxkuk ds kjk lkekftd] vkfFkZd rFkk lkaLd`frd

thou d s vusd egRoiwkZ ikksa ds forsquok esa fordquooluh vkadM+s o lwpuksa izkIr gks tkrh gSaA 1872 esa

Hkkjr esa izFke ckj tuxkuk gqbZ Fkh vkSj 1881 esa nwljhA blds irdquopkr izfr nl orsquokZ ckn tuxkuk

gksrh vk jgh gSA bu vkadM+ksa ds eke ls gesa ifjokj dk vkdkj] xzkehkamprdquokgjh tula[k]

L=hampiqrsquok vuqikr] tula[k kuRo] fofHkUu Hkkrsquokk cksyus okys dh tula[k] fofHkUu keksZa ds yksxksa

dh tual[k] fofHkUu ks=ksa esa dkZrdquokhy OfDrksa dh la[k] csjkstxkjh] tUenj] eRqnj] vkq dk

foojk] lkkjrk] izfr OfDr vk] vkfn ds forsquok esa irk yx ldrk gSA iwjs Hkkjr] izRsd jkT vkSj

izRsd ftys ds vkadM+s vyxampvyx izdkfrdquokr fd tkrs gSaA bu lc nfrsquoVdksk ls tuxkuk dk

vRfkd egRo gS vkSj blhfy dgk tkrk gS fd tuxkuk kstuk fodkl dh dqath gSA Hkkjr esa

vkt dsUnz rFkk jkT Lrj ij rF ladyu ds dkZ dks vRfkd Okid vkSj OofLFkr i ls iwkZ

fdk tkrk gSA



miZqDr foospu ls LirsquoV gks tkrk gS fd tuxkuk dh fjiksVZ vRUr egRoiwkZ oa miksxh

izdkrdquoku gSa tksfd tula[k ls lacafkr foofk izdkj ds vkadM+sa izLrqr djus oa Hkkoh uhfrka cukus

esa lgkd gSaA

lkexzh ladyu ds frhd lzksrksa ds i esa dsUnz vkSj jkT Lrj ij dqN stfUlksa dks vxzkafdr

i ls legtk tk ldrk gS amp

fofHkUu ea=kyksa rFkk ljdkj kjk xfBr laxBu kjk

vusd miksxh lwpukvksa dk ladyu fdk tkrk gSA

bl ea=ky ds vkhu vkfFkZd oa lkaf[dh

funsrdquokky kjk d`frsquok] d`frsquok mit ds ewY] dfrsquok etnwjh rFkk d`frsquok ls lacfUkr fodkl dkksZa

ds ckjs esa vfkd`r lwpukvksa dk ladyu fdk tkrk gSA

bl ea=ky ds vkhu fjtoZ cSad vkWQ bafMk ds kjk leample ij

vusd egRoiwkZ losZkk djds vkadM+ksa dk ladyu fdk tkrk gSA nsrdquok dh eqnzk LQhfr]

jguamplgu dk Lrj] izfr OfDr vk] vkfFkZd OoLFkk ls lacafUkr vusd rFksa dks tkuus ds

fy ea=ky ds izfrosnu vfkd egRoiwkZ lzksr dk dkZ djrs gSaA

4- blds varxZr dqy mRiknu rFkk nsrdquok dh vkfFkZd fLFkfr ls

lacafkr rFksa dk ladyu dj Hkkjrh Okikj if=dk esa bu vkadM+ksa dks izdkfrdquokr fdk

tkrk gS tks okfkT rFkk m|ksx ls lacafkr gksrs gSaA

5- rdquo blds varxZr frdquokkk dk Lrj vFkkZr nsrdquok esa lkkjrk dh fLFkfr] ldquokSkfkd

fodkl] ldquokSkfkd uhfrka] fiNM+s oxksZa ds dYkk rFkk lkekftd fukstu tSls lekt

dYkk dkksZa o frdquokkk ls lacafkr vkadM+ksa dk ladyu dj izdkfrdquokr fdk tkrk gSA

6- bl ea=ky ds kjk Hkkjrh Je xtV] vkfFkZd if=dk esa Jfedksa ls

lacafkr vkadM+ksa tSls Jfed vfkfueksa] Je lqjkk] Je dYkk rFkk Jfed vk lacafkr

rFksa dks izdkfrdquokr fdk tkrk gSA

7- lwpukvksa vkSj vkadM+ksa ds ladyu rFkk muds izdkrdquoku esa bl

ea=ky dh egRoiwkZ Hkwfedk jgrh gSA bl ea=ky dk egRoiwkZ foHkkx izdkrdquoku foHkkx gS

bldh LFkkiuk 1953 esa gqbZ FkhA bl ea=ky dk izdkrdquoku foHkkx vU lHkh ea=kyksa jkT

ljdkjksa rFkk laxBuksa ls lwpuka izkIr djds mUgsa izdkfrdquokr djrk gSA tSls taulapkj]

vkfFkZd fukstu] ukxfjd vkiwfRkZ] dfrsquok] LokLF] frdquokkk] oSKkfud vuqlakku vkfn ks=ksa ls

lacafkr uohure lwpukvksa dk ladyu djus ds fy g foHkkx loZizFke lzksr gSA

8- nsrdquok dh vkUrfjd ifjfLFkfrksa k nrdquokkvksa ls lacfUkr lwpukvksa dks ladfyr

fdk tkr gS rFkk mudk tuxkuk izfrosnu rFkk Hkkjr dh tuxkuk izi= esa izdkrdquoku

jftLVordfkj tujy ds dkkZy ls fdk tkrk gS blds vkhu gh tuxkuk lacakh vkdM+ksa dks

df=r djus dk dkZ fdk tkrk gS lkekftd leLkvksa ls lacfUkr fdlh Hkh vu

dkZ esa bl ea=ky kjk izdkfrdquokr vkadM+ksa dk fordquoksrsquok egRo gksrk gSA

9- jsyos lkaf[dh ekfld if=dk esa Hkkjrh jsy ifjogu lacakh lwpuka

izdkfrdquokr dh tkrh gSA

10- bl ea=ky ds vUrxZr nsrdquok dh lkkjrk] ldquokS[kfkd

fodkl] lkekftd fukstu frdquokkk lacakh uhfrka] fiNM+s oxksZa ds dYkk rFkk ekuoh lzksrksa

ds miksx dh nrdquokk vkfn ds vkkkj ij lwpukvksa dks izdkfrdquokr fdk tkrk gS A lkekftd

vuksa esa bl ea=ky ds izfrosnuksa dks fordquoksrsquok Ik ls miksxh rFkk izekfkd fl) gksrs gSaA



11- orZeku ifjfLFkfrksa esa nsrdquok ds lEiwkZ lkekftd rFkk vkfFkZd fukstu

lacakh dkZOslasheksa dks rSkj djus rFkk mUgsa ykxw djus ds fy fofHkUu ea=kyksa ls vkkkj

lkekxzh iznku djus esa fukstu ea=ky dh Hkwfedk vRfkd gSA d vksj fofHkUu kstukvksa

ds fuekZk ds fy egRoiwkZ rFksa dk ladyu fdk tkrk gS rks nwljh vksj miyCk lkkuksa

vkSj Hkkoh vkordquodrkvksa esa leUo djrs gq lHkh kstukvksa dks izLrqr fdk tkrk gSA

12- ldquo bl ea=ky ds eke ls uxj fukstu] uxjhdjk

dh izfdzk] ukxfjd lqfokkvksa] rFkk uxjh jkstxkj ls lacafkr vkadM+s lkekftd vuksa ds

fy izeq[k frhd lzksr gSA

13- Hkkjr esa dsUnzh lkaf[dh laxBu izk rhu bdkbka

jkrsquoVordfh vk] vkS|ksfxd fodkl rFkk fofHkUu izdkj ds losZkkksa ds fy Lora= i ls dkZ

djrh gSa tcfd vU bdkbka Loa lwpukvksa dks df=r ugha djrh cfYd dsUnzh ljdkj

ds fofHkUu foHkkxksa ls lwpukvksa dk ladyu djds mudk izdkrdquoku djrh gSaA budk eq[ dkZ

fofHkUu ks=ksa ls lacfUkr lwpukvksa dks df=r djds mudk leUo djuk mUgsa izdkrdquoku

djuk gSA lkkkjkrk ftyk Lrj dh lwpuka jkT Lrj ij lefUor dh tkrh gS rFkk jkT

Lrj dh lwpuka dsUnh lkaf[dh laxBu dks izsfrsquokr dh tkrh gSA

14- g foHkkx Hkkjrh ifjogu lacakh rFksa dk ladyu dj mUgs VSordffQd

losZ esa izdkfrdquokr djokrk gSA

15- bl foHkkx dh LFkkiuk 1953 esa gqbZA bl foHkkx dk izdkrdquoku

foHkkx rFksa ds ladyu vkSj izdkrdquoku dk egRoiwkZ dkZ djrk gSA g foHkkx izfrorsquokZ vaxzsth

esa bafMk vkSj fgUnh Hkkrsquokk esa Hkkjr uke dh if=dk dk izdkrdquoku djrk gSA blds varxZr

vkfFkZd vkadM+s] LokLF] frdquokkk] tula[k] tulapkj] lekt dYkk] Hkwfe lqkkj] lgdkfjrk]

m|ksx] d`frsquok] flapkbZ] lkaLd`frd xfrfofkka ifjogu] Je rFkk vkokl vkfn ls lacafkr

uohure vkadM+s izdkfrdquokr fds tkrs gSaA

16- jkrsquoVordfh funsZrdquoku losZkk laxBu jkrsquoVordfh fun Zrdquoku losZkk funsrdquokky dh LFkkiuk 1950 esa

gqbZ ftldk eq[ mn~nsrdquo pqus xs ks=ksa esa funrdquokZu ds vkkkj ij OfDrksa ls lEidZ LFkkfir

djds mudh vkordquodrkvksa dh tkudkjh izkIr djuk Fkk rFkk bldh lgkrk ls kstuk

vkksx dks kstukvksa ds fukkZjk esa lgkrk iznku djuk FkkA bl miksfxrk dks ns[krs gq

lu~ 1971 esa jkrsquoVordfh funrdquokZu losZkk laxBu dk fuekZk fdk xk g laxBu nsrdquok dh

vFkZOoLFkk] vkoklh fLFkfr] vk vkSj O ds izfrekuksa] csjkstxkjh rFkk d`frsquok etnwjksa dh

fLFkfr vkfn ls lacfUkr vkadM+ksa dks fufer i ls df=r djrk gS rFkk kstuk vkksx

dh lgkrk djrk gSA g Loa lwpukvksa dh ladfyr ugha djrk oju~ ljdkjh foHkkxksa kjk

fds tkus okys losZkk dk rduhdh ekxZnrdquokZu djrk gSA

miZqDr ea=kyksa ds vfrfjDr okfkT rFkk m|ksx ea=ky] fofk vkSj Uk ea=ky] IkZVu

ea=ky Hkh lkekftd vuksa dks vusd miksxh lwpuka iznku djrs gSaA dsUnz esa dsfUnz

lkaf[dh laxBu ljdkjh vkadM+ksa dks izdkfrdquokr dj tulkkkjk dks miyk djkus dk d

egRoiwkZ eke gS lkFk gh fofHkUu jkTksa esa g dkZ lkaf[dh foHkkx kjk fdk tkrk gSA

(i) rF ladyu esa dsUnz ljdkj dh fdUgh nks stfUlksa dks lafkIr i esa mYys[k dhft



----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

[k- lkekftd vuqlakku esa frhd rFksa ds i esa jkT Lrj ds

ea=kyksa rFkk foHkkxksa kjk izdkfrdquokr vkadM+ksa dh Hkwfedk vge~ gksrh gSA jkT Lrj ij leample

ij Je dYkk] LokLF] vkokl] jkstxkj] Jfedksa dh fLFkfr vkfn forsquokksa ls lacafUkr vkadM+ksa dks

df=r djds mudk izdkrdquoku fdk tkrk jgrk gSA iFkdampi`Fkd foHkkx kjk i`Fkd i`Fkd lwpuka

df=r dh tkrh gSA bu lwpukvksa dks OofLFkr i ls izdkfrdquokr djus dk dkZ lwpuk foHkkx dk

gksrk gSA jkT Lrj ij uohu vkadM+ksa dks df=r djus rFkk mudk leUou djus esa lkaf[dh

Cwjks dh Hkwfedk vge~ gksrh gSA bl lkaf[dh Cwjks dh lgkrk ls ftys Lrj ij lkaf[dh

vfkdkjh fuqDr fds tkrs gS tks fofHkUu foHkkxksa ls ftys Lrj ij lwpuka df=r djrs gSa rFkk

mUgsa lkaf[dh Cwjks dks Hkstrs gSaA

amp 1- vU lzksrksa dh viskk ljdkjh vkadM+s vfkd fordquooluh gksrs gSaA

2- lkekftd vuqlakku esa bu vkadM+ks dk miksx ljyrk ls miksx fdk tkrk gSA

3- ljdkjh vkadM+ks dk le le ls izdkrdquoku gksus ds dkjk ljyrk ls vkadM+s izkIr fds tk

ldrs gSA

4- s vkadM+s vfkd fordquooluh vkSj izekfkd gksrs gSa Dksfd bUgs o`gn laxBu rFkk izfrdquokfkr

OfDrksa kjk df=r fds tkrs gSaA

5- ljdkjh vkadM+ks esa fdlh izdkj dk ikikr ugh ikk tkrkA

6- ljdkjh vkadM+s Okid tkudkjh iznku djus ds lkFk gh kstuk fuekZk esa lgkd gksrs gSaA

ljdkj vkadM+ks ds varxZr ljdkj dh vlQyrk nrdquokkZus okys vkadM+ks dks izdkfrdquokr ugh

djkk tkrk Dksafd s vkadM+s ljdkj dh uhfrksa vkSj dkZdzeksa dh nfrsquoV ds vuqlkj gh miksx esa

yls tkrs gSaA

2- ljdkjh vkadM+ks esa oLrqfursquoBk dk vHkko ikk tkrk gS Dksafd buds kjk dsoy foHkkxksa dh

lQyrk dks gh nrdquokkZk tkrk gSA

3- ljdkjh deZpkfjksa dh ykijokgh] dkepksjh] [kkuk iwfrZ rFkk csbZekuh ds dkjk fordquooluhrk dks

[kks nsrs gSaA

7 OfDrxr izys[kksa ls rkRiZ izys[kksa k fyf[kr lkekxzh ls gS ftUgsa fdlh

OfDr kjk futh i ls fy[kk tkrk gS ladqfpr vFkZ esa buesa fdlh OfDr kjk futh fOslashkvksa]

vuqHkoksa rFkk fordquooklksa ls fy[ks xs izys[kksa dks lfEefyr fdk tkrk gSA OfDrxr izys[k lkekftd

kVukvksa dks legtus esa egRoiwkZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSa Dksafd buls okLrfod rFksa dk irk pyrk gSA

blesa thou bfrgkl] Mkjh rFkk OfDrxr izeq[k i ls lfEefyr fdk tkrk gSA thou bfrgkl

ls rkRiZ foLrr vkRedFkk ls gSA rF ladyu ds Srhd lzksr ds i esa thou bfrgkl dk

dkQh egRo gSA thou bfrgkl esa OfDr vius thou dh kVukvksa vkSj lqgtkoksa dk cgqr foLrkj ds



lkFk LokHkkfod foospu djrk gSA blesa fdlh OfDr ds thou bfrgkl ls mlds le dh

lkekftd] vkfFkZd] jktuSfrd] lkaLd`frd oa fofHkUu izdkj dh kVukvksa dks legtus esa lgkrk

feyrh gS] blls fdlh d foksk dky dh lkekftd ifjfLFkfrksa oa leLkvksa dks Hkyh izdkj

legtk tk ldrk gSA vkRedFkkvksa esa nwljs izdkj ds OfDrxr izys[kksa esa dqN vfkd foLrr gksus gh

lEHkkouk gS Dksafd ys[kd vius xqkksa dks clt+kdj fy[krk gS lkFk gh iqjkuh kVUkk gksrh gS ftuds

ckjs esa ys[kd dks muds forsquok esa kn u gksA ys[kd vius yEcs thou esa dqN kVuka pqu ysrk gS

g pquko mlds fopkjksa dks izHkkfor djrk gS bu dkjkksa ls vkRedFkkvksa ls izkIr sfrgkfld

tkudkjh fod`r gks tkus dh lEHkkouk jgrh gSA

lkekU OfDr vius thou esa dbZ i= fy[krk gSA buesa OfDr egRoiwkZ fopkjksa] Hkkoukvksa]

thou dh izeq[k kVukvksa] vuqHkoksa] izse] kkk] viuh kstukvksa vkfn dks ODr djrk gS ftlds kjk

thou ds vizRkfkr vkSj vRfkd xksiuh rFksa dks Hkh Kkr fdk tk ldrk gSA vr buesa FkkFkZ

rFkk fooluh lkexzh fey ikrh gSA vFkkZr~ OfDrksa kjk fy[ks xs futh i= Hkh muds ckjs esa

egRoiwkZ tkudkjh miyCk djkus esa lgkrk iznku djrs gSaA i= Hkh nwljs OfDrksa dks izHkkfor

djus ds mn~nsrdquo ls fy[ks tkrs gSsa blfy muesa Hkh dsoy kVukvksa dk lR orkUr ugha gksrkA lkFk

gh i=ksa dk miyCk gks tkuk d dfBu dkZ gS rFkk fn d gh ik ds i= miyCk gks k chp

ds dqN i= u feys rks lkexzh esa Oslashec)rk ugha jgrhA

Mkjh ds eke ls OfDr ds nSfud fOslashkdyki vkSj mlds vUr eu dh Hkkoukvksa dks

legtus esa lgkrk feyrh gSA pwafd Mkjh d iwkZr xksiuh nLrkost gS] vr OfDr ds thou dh

jgLeh ckrksa dk irk yxkus dk d fooluh lzksr gSa s lc ckrs flQZ Mkjh esa fy[kh tk

ldrh gSaA Mkjh d futh izys[k gS ftlesa dqN yksx vius nSfud thou dh izeq[k kVukvksa ]

vuqHkoksa rFkk orZeku ifjfLFkfrksa ds ckjs esa viuh izfrfOslashkvksa dks foLrr vFkok ladsrd i esa

Mkjh fy[krs jgrs gSa fdUrq s dHkhampdHkh vPNh vkkkj lkexzh ugha ns ikrhA g lEHko gS fd os

lakrsquokksZa vkSj thou ds ukVdh ikksa dks vfkd egRo ns nsa vkSj lq[k ldquokkfUr ds dky dks deA Mkjh

esa ladsrks kjk fy[kk xk gS rks mudk vFkZ yxkuk dfBu gks ldrk gSA Mkfjka fordquooluh lkexzh

k vkadM+ks ds lzksr gSa rFkk muls fy[kus okys ds ckjs esa vusd sls jgLksa dk Hkh irk pyrk gZSA

dHkh dHkh Mkjh Hkh izdkrdquoku ds mn~nsrdquo ls fy[kh tkrh gS vkSj rc mlesa Hkh izHkkoksRiknu ds izRu

ds dkjk fod`fr vk tkrh gSA

(i) OfDrxr izys[k dks lafkIr i esa mYys[k dhft

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------

vizRk oa fyf[kr lkexzh ds Ik esa vfHkys[kksa dk egRoiwkZ LFkku gSA blds

vUrxZr OfDrxr vFkok lkewfgd fodkl lacakh tkudkjh fo|eku gksrh gSA cgqr ls ljdkjh rFkk

xSj ljdkjh laLFkkvksa kjk viuh izrdquokkldh vkordquodrkvksa dh iwjk djus ds fy vusd egRoiwkZ



rF oa lwpuka ladfyr djds j[ks tkrs gSaA vfHkys[k izys[kksa dk d egRoiwkZ izdkj gSA izRsd

laxBu esa vfHkys[kksa esa egRoiwkZ fukZksa] fukZksa ls iwoZ ds fopkj foerdquokZ rFkk okn esa muds dkkZyksa

dk orkUr feyrk gSA g lEiwkZ lkexzh fofHUu lfefrksa] laxBuksa] vkksxksa ds izfrosnu o le

e ij vkksftr gksus okyh cSBdksa dh dkZokfgksaa ds Ik esa gksrh gSA |fi g lkexzh xksiuh

gksrh gS] ijUrq lkFk gh dkQh fordquooluh Hkh gksrh gSA bu vfHkys[kksa dks ge izk nks Hkkxksa esa

foHkkftr djrs gSa amp

1- lHkkvksa lehfrksa vkfn dh dkZokgh

2- dkkZy vfHkys[k

ljdkjh rFkk xSj ljdkjh laxBu esa lHkkvksa] lfefrksa vkfn dh dkZokgh dk vfHkys[k j[kk tkrk gS

tks gesa laxBu ds fOslashkdykiksa ls voxr djkrk gS blesa foksd] fofHkUu vkksxksa dh dkZokgh]

jkT eMyksa dh dkZokgh] lHkkvksa] ifjrsquoknksa] lfefrksa dh dkZokgh] ea=hifjrsquokn dh dkZokgh ls

lacfUkr dkZokgh dh tkudkjh gesa izkIr gksrh gS lkFk gh Ukkyksa kjk fns xs fukZksa] vkksxksa

oa lehfrksa ds izfrosnu] vuqlakku laLFkkuksa ds izdkrdquoku] vuqlakku ys[k] ljdkjh rFkk xSj ljdkjh

if=dka vkfn mYys[kuh gSaA

lkekftd vuqlakku esa izkFkfed os frhd nksuksa izdkj dh vkkkj lkexzh df=r dh tkrh gSA

frhd lkexzh dk vuqlakku esa viuk vyx egRo gksrk gS A frhd lkexzh ds izeq[k xqk

fuEukafdr gSaamp

izys[kksa ds miksx dk d ykHk g gS fd buds kjk cgqr lh

iwoZ ls df=r lkxxzh fey tkrh gSA vuqlakkudrkZ tks lkexzh Loa df=r djrk gS mls

izkFkfed lkexzh dgrs gSaA nwljksa kjk fdlh vU mn~nsrdquo ds fy df=r dh xh lkexzh

xkSk vkkkj lkexzh dgykrh gSA ftlds dkjk vuqlakkudrkZ ds le] Je oa ku ds OFkZ

izksx ls cpr djrs gSa Dksafd vuqlakkudrkZ dks xkSk vkkkj lkexzh ls miksxh fyf[kr

lkexzh izkIr gks tkrh gSA tSls iqfyl foHkkx esa vijkkksa] frdquokkk foHkkx esa fo|kfFkZksa ds vkadM+s

vkfn ds ckjs esa lwpuka izkIr gksrh gSA xkSk vkkkj lkexzh gesa eq[r izys[kksa ls feyrh gS

ftuds vkadM+ks dks ljdkjh o xSj ljdkjh laxBuksa ds kjk fufer Ik ls df=r fds

tkrs gSaA

izys[kksa dk nwljk egRoiwkZ ykHk blds kjk Hkwrdky

dh kVukvksa k forsquokksa esa irk yxrk gSA vFkkZr gesa sfrgkfld lkexzh izkIr gksrh gSA

Hkwrdkyhu kVukvksa dk ks=h vu djuk lEko ugh gksrkA orZeku dh lkexzh dks rks ge

Loa d= dj ldrs gS ysfdu vrhr dh lkexzh dks mlh dky k le ds OfDrksa ls

izkIr gksrh gSA blds fy cgqkk ml le ds izys[kksa dk miksx djuk gksrk gSA blds

eke ls gesa dky forsquok ds ckjs esa irk pyrk gSA lektrdquokkL= dh bfrgkl ds vu ls

lacafkr ldquokk[kk dks sfrgkfld lektrdquokkL= dgrs gSaA

lkekftd vuqlakku dh izfofkksa esa gesa nwljs OfDrksa ij fuHkZj

jguk iM+rk gS tSls lkkkRdkj kjk vkkkj lkexzh laxzg djus esa mRRkjnkrkvksa ij fuHkZj

jguk iM+rk gSA ysfdu izys[kksa ds miksx kj bl izdkj dh fuHkZjrk ugh jgrh gSA izys[kksa

dk feyuk lnSo vklku ugh gksrk Dksafd dksbZ Hkh ljdkjh rFkk xSj ljdkjh laxBu kjk

vius cgqr ls izys[kksa dks xksiuh ekkuus ds dkjk vuqlakku drkZvksa dks miyCk ugha



djkrsA iqjkus izys[k ftudk egRo laLFkk ds fy de gks tkrk gS d ldquokkskdrkZ dks vklkuh

ls miyCk gksus ds dkjk dkQh miksxh lkfcr gksrs gSaA

izys[kksa dk d ykHk g gS fd vuqlakku drkZ kjk fdlh izdkj ds

ikikr djus dh lEHkkouk rFkk lkexzh dks vius ewYksa ds vuqIk rksM+ ejksM+ ysus dh

lEHkkouk de gksrh gSA ftl Oogkj dk vu ge djuk pkgrs gSa og vu ds dkjk

gh vkSj mlds kjk ifjofrZr gks tkrk gS lkFk gh lwpuknkrkvksa kjk Hkh izrdquouksa dk lgh

mRrj izkIr ugh gksrk ftlds kjk Hkh Oogkj izHkkfor gks tkrk gSA izys[kksa esa g dfBukbZ

de mUiUu gksrh gSA tSls dksbZ ldquokkskdrkZ fofk ls lacafkr vu djuk pkgrk gS rks mlds

vfHkys[kksa ls cgqr lh egRoiwkZ fordquooluh rFkk izekfkd tkudkjh izkIr dj ldrs gSaA blh

izdkj ljdkjh rFkk xSj ljdkjh laLFkkvksa ds vfHkys[kksa kjk dbZ miksxh vkkkj lkexzh izkIr

dh tk ldrh gSA

|fi frhd lkexzh lkekftd vuqlakku esa vuqlakkudrkZ dks egRoiwkZ ksxnku nsrh gS] fQj Hkh

blds izksx ds dkjk vuqlakku esa vusd leLkvksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gSA bu izys[kksa ds izeq[k

leLka fuEukafdr gSa amp

rdquo izys[kksa ds miksx esa dbZ leLka vkrh gSa ftuesa ls d g gS fd

ljdkjh rFkk xSj lajdkjh laxBuksa kjk df=r vkadM+s lnSo lR ugh gksrs gSa Dksafd bu

vkadM+ks dks oSKkfud lt+x ls ladfyr djus esa dkQh dfBukbka mBkkuh ilt+rh gSaA ftUgs bl

dkZ gsrq j[kk xk gS og iwkZ bZekunkjh ds lkFk vkadM+s d= djus ds LFkku ij vuqeku ls

fy[k ns k fQj iwoZ ds vkadM+ksa esa FkksM+k cgqr Qsjcny dj uohu vkadM+ksa dks izLrqr djsA

ljdkjh vkadM+ks ds ladyu esa fuqDRk deZpkjh vius mPp vfkdkjh ds lEeq[k vius dkZ

dks vPNk crkus dh izofRr ds dkjk] bu vkadMksa dks xyr Ik esa izLrqr djrk gS rks

mudh ekSfydrk dh fordquooluhrk esa deh vkrh gSA

izys[kksa dh nwljh egRoiwkZ leLk d gh forsquok ls lacafkr vkadM+ksa

esa fHkUurk dk ikk tkuk gSa Dksfd fdlh Hkh ljdkjh rFkk xSj ljdkjh laxBu ds eke ls

fdlh Hkh forsquok esa vkadM+s d= fds tkrs gS rks og laLFkka vkadM+ks dks d= djus ls iwoZ

muls lacafkr ekudks vkSj ifjHkkrsquokkvksa ls iwkZ Ik ls fHkK ugh gksrsA vkadM+ksa dh ldquokq)rk

ifjHkkrsquokk dh LirsquoVrk ij fuHkZj djrh gS A ifjHkkrsquokkvksa vkSj ekudks dh fHkUUrk ds dkjk dHkh

dHkh slk gksrk gS fd vyx vyx laxBuksa kjk df=r d gh forsquok ls lacafkr vkadM+s

vyx vyx gksrs gSaA lkFk gh frhd lkexzh dk miksx djus ls iwoZ g tkap Hkh dj

ysuh pkfg fd vkadM+ks dks d= djus esa Dk i)fr viukh xbZA

lHkh izys[k ys[kdksa ds fofrdquokrsquoV nfrsquoVdkskksa kjk izHkkfor gksrs gS vkSj

gks ldrk gS fd vuqlakkudrkZ dks okLrfodrk dh iwkZ tkudkjh u gksA Dksfd os ftl

nsrdquokdky rFkk ifjfLFkfrksa esa rSkj fds tkrs gSa mls tkkus ds irdquopkr gh mldk miksx

fdk tk ldrk gSA lanHkZ ds lkFk gh ckr dk vFkZ rFkk egRo lHkh dqN cny tkrk gSA

mnkgjkkFkZ igys ds bfrgkldkj jktkvksa vkSj lkearks ds forsquok esa fy[krs Fks] tulkkkjk ds

forsquok esa mudh tkudkjh de gh gksrh Fkh vkSj muds forsquok esa fy[kuk egRoiwkZ ugh legtrs

FksA lkekUrk g izekfkr djuk dfBu gksrk Fkk fd ftl OfDRk ds izys[kksa dks frhd

lkexzh ds Ik esa izksx dj jgs gSa og d fursquoik ] bZekunkj ] laksX OfDr Fkk k ughaA



blfy iqjkus orkarks dks iMus ls LirsquoV gks tkrk gS fd blesa nq[k lq[k] Uk vUk vkfn

mPp oxksZa ds vkarfjd lacakksa ds lanHkZ esa gh ns[ks vkSj izLrqr fds tkrs FksA mudk forsquok

lkkkjk turk ugh FksA blfy izys[kksa dk miksx djus ls ioZ g ku j[kuk vkordquod

gS fd fdl lanHkZ ds fy vkSj fdl ds kjk fy[ks xA

lkekUrk izys[kksa kjk miyCk lwpuka vikZIr gksrh gSa Dksafd mUgsa

vuqlakku ds mn~nsrdquo k vuqlakkudrkZ kjk df=r ugh fdk tkrkA budk miksx djus

ls iwoZ g Hkh ku nsuk pkfg budksa fdl mn~nsrdquo ds fy fy[kk xk gSA mn~nsrdquo dh

nfrsquoV ls dqN tkudkjh miksxh gks ldrh gS vkSj dqN gekjs fy miksxh u gksA cgqr lh

dkYifud ckrksa dk Hkh k g gks ldrk gS fd dqN ckrs Hkwy ls k fdlh vkSj dkjk ls

NwV xh gksaA

(i) izys[kksa ds nks egRoiwkZ ykHkks rFkk leLkvksa dk lafkIr i esa mYys[k dhft

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

buesa ogn laxBuksa ds dkkZyksa esa Hkh vfHkys[k j[ks tkrs gSa bu laxBuksa esa izRsd egRoiwkZ ekeys

ij dksbZ Hkh fukZ ysus ls iwoZ fukZ ls lacfUkr vkordquod tkudkjh df=r dh tkrh gS rRirdquopkr

laxBu ds vfkdkfjksa kjk fofHkUu igyqvksa ij fopkj foerdquokZ gksrk gS fQj fukZ fdk tkrk gS fQj

fukZ loZlEefr ls ikfjr gksus ds irdquopkr blds dkkZUou ds fy vknsrdquok fns tkrs gSSa vkSj vU

dkZ fds tkrs gSaA bl dkZokgh ls lacfUkr ekeys dks vfHkys[k dgrs gSa bls dkkZy esa dqN

le rd lqjfkr j[kk tkrk gS vkSj vkordquodrkuqlkj fudky dj ns[k fyk tkrk gS bl vfHkys[k

dh egRoiwkZ dkZ g gS fd tSls gh blls feyrk tqyrk dksbZ ekeyk vkrk gS rks vfHkys[k ns[k dj

g vklkuh ls Kkr gks tkrk gS fd igys bl ekeys ij Dk fukZ fyk xk rFkk bl fukZ ysus

ds ihNs dkjk Dk FkkA

izRsd dkkZyh vfHkys[k dks eq[r nks Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr fdk tkrk gS s nksuksa Hkkx cgqkk

vyxampvyx Qkbyksa esa lqjfkr j[ks tkrs gSaA

i= Oogkj dk rkRiZ laxBu ds vU vaxksa rFkk ckgj ds foHkkxksa ds lkFk tks

tkudkjh lkgtk dh tkrh gS mls i= Oogkj dgk tkrk gS blesa foHkkx ls lacfUkr fofHkUu igyqvksa

k fopkjksa dks i= Oogkj ds eke ls vfHkdjkksa dsk izsfrsquokr fdk tkrk gS rFkk d izfr dks Hkforsquo

ds fy Qkby esa lqjfkr j[k fnk tkrk gS rFkk vU vfkdjkksa esa izkIr mRrjksa dks Hkh vyx

Qkby esa j[kk tkrk gSA leample ij fofHkUu foHkkx vU foHkkx ls tkudkjh izkIr djus k

foHkkx esa lacfaUkr fys xs fukZksa dks i= Oogkj ds eke ls nwljs foHkkx esa Hksts tkrs gaSA



rdquo blds vUrxZr laxBu ds vUnj fofHkUu ryksa ij izdV fds xs

fopkj fVIifkksa ds i esa] fys xs fukZ rFkk muds fOslashkUou ds fy fns xs vknsrdquok jgrs gSaA

blds vfrfjDr dqN vfHkys[k nwljs iksa esa j[ks tkrs gSa tSls ys[kk d fufrdquopr i esa ys[kk iqLrdksa

esa j[kk tkrk gSA

Hkkjr ljdkj oa jkT ljdkj ds vfHkys[kkxkjksa esa iqjkus vfHkys[k fey ldrs gSa dsUnz ljdkj dk

vfHkys[kkxkj ubZ fnYyh esa fLFkr gS blesa dbZ orsquokksZa iqjkus vfHkys[k ns[ks tk ldrs gSaA blesa dqN

Qkbysa iqLrdsa] rFkk ekufp= miyCk gSa blesa dqN vfHkys[kksa ds lwe Nkkfp= Hkh cuk fy xs gSaA

blesa egRoiwkZ OfDrksa vkSj usrkvksa ds OfDrxr izys[k gSaA bu vfHkys[kkxkj esa ldquokkskdrkZ dks

egRoiwkZ tkudkjh fey tkrh gSA

(i) dkkZyh vfHkys[k dks lafkIr i esa mYys[k dhft

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------- --------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------

vkkkj lkexzh ds lzksrks ds Ik esa izys[kksa dk egRoiwkZ LFkku gS buds kjk le] ku vkSj Je rhuks

dh cpr gksrh gSA sfrgkfld lkexzh dh izkfIr rFkk blls lkekftd ifjorZu ds vu esa lgkrk

feyrh gSA vusd laLFkkvksa kjk Hkh sls izys[k rSkj fds tkrs gS rFkk buds kjk lkexzh k vkadM+sa

vius futh izksx ds fy ladfyr dh tkrh gSaA ftuesa cgqewY vkSj miksxh lkexzh miyCk djkh

tkrh gS rkfd ml tkudkjh esa fp j[kus okys vuqlakkudrkZ vius vuksa dks vfkd miksxh

cuk ldsaA c`gr Lrj ij miyCk vkadM+s vuqlakkudrkZ dks slk vkkkj iznku djrs gSa fd og

fl)karksa rd dk fuekZk djus esa lQy gks tkrk gSA


zrdquo izrdquoukoyh lkekftd vuqlakku esa vkadM+sa ladyu djus ds fy izksx fdk tkus okyk

d slk midjk gSa tksfd izrdquouksa dh lwph k rkfydk ds Ik esa gSA

thou bfrgkl dk rkRiZ foLrr vkRedFkk ls gSA


OfDrxr izys[kksa dk rkRiZ sla izys[kksa k fyf[kr lkexzh ls gS ftUgsa fdlh

OfDr kjk futh Ik esa fy[kk tkrk gSA

fl)kar lkekftd okLrfodrk ds ckj esa gh voyksfdr izLrkoukvksa dk lkj gSA



fo|kFkhZ dks bl izu dk mŸkj izys[kksa ds izdkj ldquokhrsquokZd ds vUrZxr fns xs bfroRr ds foojk esa ls

fy[kuk gSA

fo|kFkhZ dks bl izu dk mŸkj izys[kksa ds izdkj ldquokhrsquokZd ds vUrZxr fns xs tuxkuk ds vkadM+s ds


fo|kFkhZ dks bl izu dk mŸkj izys[kksa ds izdkj ldquokhrsquokZd ds vUrZxr fns xs OfDrxr izys[k ds


fo|kFkhZ dks bl izu dk mŸkj izys[kksa ds ykHk rFkk izys[kksa dh leLka ldquokhrsquokZd ds vUrZxr fns xs


fo|kFkhZ dks bl izu dk mŸkj dkkZy vfHkys[k ldquokhrsquokZd ds vUrZxr fns xs foojk esa ls fy[kuk

gSA

15-10




Lucknow


Kothari CR (2009) Research Methodology Methods and Techniques 2nd

Revised ed New Delhi


15-11





ed) (1975) The Handbook of Social Psychology vol II Amerind

Publishing Co New Delhi

1512 rdquo

1- frhd vkkkj lkexzh ds izeq[k izdkj dkSu ls gSa LirsquoV dhft

2- frhd vkkkj lkexh ls vki Dk legtrs gSaA izys[kksa ds ykHkksa rFkk leLkvksa dh foospuk

dhftA

3- tuxkuk dks sfrgkfld lzksr Dks dgka tkrk gS legtkbsA

4- frhd vkkkj lkexzh ls vki Dk legtrs gSa dkkZy vfHkys[k dh foospuk dhftA



MASO-503

साभाजिक अनसॊधान विधध औय कॊ पमटय अनपरमोग- I

Social Research methods and Computer Applications- I

Block 1 Introduction to Social Research

Unit 1 Social Research ndash Meaning and Purpose of Social Research

lkekftd kksk vFkZ rFkk lkekftd kksk dk miacutes

Unit 2 Theory and Research Qualitative amp Quantitative

fl)kUr rFkk kksk xqkkRed oa xkukRed

Unit 3 Objectivity and Subjectivity in Social Research

lkekftd kksk esa oLrqfuBrk oa OfDrfuBrk

Unit 4 Ethics amp Social Research

lkekftd kksk esa uSfrdrk

Block II Research Design

Unit 5 Formulation of Research Problem

अनसॊधान सभसमा का ननभााण

Unit 6 Forms of Research Design Descriptive Diagnostic Explanatory amp Experimental Research Design

िणाातभक अनिषणातभक परमोगातभक एिॊ ननदानातभक शोध परयचना

Unit 7 Comparative Analysis in Social Research

foyskk

Unit 8 Textual Analysis Media and Content Analysis

विशरषण

Unit 9 Evaluative Action and Participatory Research

Block III Methods of Data Collection

Unit 10 Levels of Measurement and Use of standard scales

Unit 11 Sampling Types of Sampling-probability and Non-probability sampling


Unit 12 Source of DataPrimary and Secondary Data

-

Unit 13 Focused Group Discussion (FGD)

Unit 14 Narratives and Oral Histories

Unit 15 Secondary Data bases and Official Documents




bdkbZ dh ijs[kk

1-0 miacutes

1-1 izLrkouk







1-8 lkjkak

1-9 kCnkoyh

1-10 vHkl izu















































































vUrxZr fdk tkrk gSA






dk izkl djrs gSaA









dgk tkxkA





























vFkok foLrkj djuk]






djuk gks ldrk gSA










yxkk tk ldrk gSA



















fd x gSaA

(3) ampleample ij




(4)








ldrk gSamp




























gSA





























dkZ ekuk tkrk gSA















ugha tk ldrk gSA


















tkrk gSA


dks viukus ls gSA






















York




London



2


bdkbZ dh ijs[kk

2-0 miacutes

2-1 izLrkouk






2-7 lkjkak

2-8 kCnkoyh

2-9 vHkl izu































tkrk gSA









































































foospuk djus ls gSA































































ldrk gSA

























gSA










































































































































fdk tkrk gSA





vu Hkh dgk tkrk gSA











Kkr fdk tk ldrk gSA








fdk gSamp


















gSA




















Hkh gks ldrk gSA






tkrk gSA


fdk tk ldrk gSamp















ongoing processes)




variables)





discussions etc)








action)


LiV gks tkrs gSaA





















tkrk gSA





fdk tkrk gSA






dhftA


dhftA


LiV dhftA





Ok[k dhftA







Company New York


Heinemann London







New York


York




New York




York



Company New York











rFkk
















fdk tkrk jgk gSA
































































vLohdkj djrs gSaA





























iM+rk gSA


























































gksus nsrkA






















gS]












































gSA















































York



York











legt ikiexclxsA
























gSaA









































gksrh gSA












gksrh gSA



















pqdk gSA


















yxkk tk ldrk gSA



















(Monaghan 1993)A








































































































fdk tkuk pkfgA







dj ldrk gSA






































pkfgA
















Hkkx ysuk pkfgA




LiV gksuk pkfgA




























tkrk gSA














dhftA





York



Chicago IL



















57 चय








51



















5 2




gSAszlig







1- leLk dk dFku































































gS



mRiUu djrh gSAszlig

55





























tkrk gS A


















tk jgk gS A








- funkZu dh fofk
























laHko gksrk gS A







510








512


513




इकाई -6




































































































foyskk



7-1 izLrkouk







7-3 lkjkardquok

7-4 ldquokCnkoyh





rdquo








ldsxsaaaA




















vRfkd OofLFkr gSA

foyskk






































foyskk






vxzfyf[kr gSaamp



























foyskk




dkSuampdkSu lh gSaA






























































dh gSA





lgh xyr



zrdquo


----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------

-------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -----------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------ -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

rdquo





----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ----------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------- ---------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------------------

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------- -------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

rdquo

















fdk tk ldrk gSA















tk ldrk gSamp



































Kku fdk tk ldrk gSA








miksx gSA






























gSA























rdquo


















ldquokCnkoyh






tkrk gSA

rdquo

rdquo

1- lgh

2- lgh

3- lgh

4- xyr

5- lgh

6- lgh




lkslkbVhA










rdquo











8-2 VsDpqvy foyskk]

8-3 ehfMk foyskk












8-5 lkjkardquok

8-6 ldquokCnkoyh





rdquo



xk gSA











ldsxsaA




dj ldsxsaA


dj ldsxsaA

































































































ldsA
























izrdquou




----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------



------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

izrdquou




furdquokku yxkbsaA

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------- ------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

ifjHkkrsquokk



















rdquo




tkrk gSA




tkrk gSA


rdquo rdquo










lkekftd kVukvksa dh












tk ldsA















rdquo








vu lEHko gksrk gSA


tkrk gSA



lgh xyr





zrdquo




----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------






















foyskk rdquo















ifjofrZr djukA














fdk tkrk gSA





rdquo




furdquokku yxkbsaA

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------- ------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------

-------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -----------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------



----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------- ----------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -----------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------ ------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------





gSaA

































vUroZLrq









tkrk gSA


























lkadsrdksa dk pu









































d egRoiwkZ leLk gSA











ifjekku ds lUnHkZ



































rdquo









djrk gSA









ldquokCnkoyh






gSA






d lwph izLrqr dhA

rdquo7- lgh

8- lgh

9- lgh

10- lgh

11- lgh

12- lgh









zrdquo


























9-5 lkjkardquok

9-6 ldquokCnkoyh





mn~nsrdquo












































dh tkrh gSA



































rdquo








tkrk gSA


tkrk gSA




gS

rdquo


----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------ ------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------- --------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

lgh xyr



----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------ ------------

------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------

zrdquo




yxkbsaA

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------- --------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------- ------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------

-------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

rdquo




----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------ --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------



-------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------


----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------- ----------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------ --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------



























































fordquoksrsquokrkW

















fdk tkrk gSA



Hkh dgk tkrk gSA



rdquo













tkrk gSA





tkrk gSA

rdquo


----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -----------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------ -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------

-------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ---------------------

rdquo




----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------







pjk fuEu gSaamp











































vkkkj js[kk losZkk

lelkefd ewYkadu


Ikfjkstuk



euksofrksa dk vu

fdzk dh kstuk


ifjkstuk dk vkjEHk




vafre ewYkadu

laLrqfrka












dh tk ldrh gSA











fy[ksaxsA


Kkr fdk tksxkA





gks ldrh gSA
















gSA





gksrk gSA^^










cukukA

































































esa lQy gksrk gSA










































ls legt ikrk gSA













voxr gksrk gSA











gksrk gSA
















rdquo







xk FkkA



ldrhA





lgh xyr




--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

nksrsquok




























gSA

























































ugha gSA




















ughsa gSA

































9-5 lkjkardquok






















ldquokCnkoyh





izLrqr djuk gSA





rdquo





fdk tkrk gSA


tkrk gSA






gksrk gS

rdquo




xk FkkA



dh tk ldrhA










izsl-




y[kuAring-


fyfeVsM] yanu


pSisy fgy-














UqkdZ-




rdquo


dhftA



dhftA



MkfysA



vUrj LirsquoV dhftA






10-2 ekiu dk vFkZ

10-3 ekiu ds izdkj

10-3-1 ukeh ekiuh


10-3-3 vUrjky ekiuh




10-4-2 oSkrk






10-6-1 FkLVZu ekiuh

10-6-2 fydZV ekiuh

10-6-3 xkVeSu ekiuh


10-7 lkjkak






rdquo




















dj ldsaxsA













(nominal scale)











(sex) (number)

(Ordinal scale)















gSA





(Interval scale)







5000 0 vfkd gSA













tkrk gSA

(Ratio scale)









kjk gksrk gSA




gSaA








----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------

10-4


1- fordquooluhrk

2- oSkrk


rdquo





vFkZ fufgr gSaA











izkIr dh tkrh gSA






ldrs gSaA


ldrs gSaA















----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -----------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------






1ampLirsquoV oSkrk


3ampdlkSVh oSkrk



4ampjpuk oSkrk












ij fuHkZj djrh gSA






























ldrkA






1- vfr lger $2

2- lger $1


4- vlger amp1

5- vfr lger amp2



























































----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------





































10-6


izdkj fuEufyf[kr gS

vad iSekus


Jskh lwpd ekid


























fuEufyf[kr gSaA

1- FkLVZu iSekus

2- fydVZ iSekus


4- cksxkMZl iSekusA

amp

















tkrh gSA














----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------














leku gksus pkfgA









iwkZrk lger 5 1

lger 4 2

vfufrdquopr 3 3

vlger 2 4

iwkZrk vlger 1 5









tkrk gSA







_kkRed gksxhA

X F Fx Fx2 F Fx Fx

2

rdquo




vfkd ljy Hkh gSA




--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------------------











gSaA











lger k vlger FkkA









dgrs gSA









j[kh tkrh gSaA










izdkj FkkA



rdquo rdquo











lkku gSA


----------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------- -------
















vewrZ gksrs gSA


fd tkrs gSaA


gSA








ls fy[kuk gSA


















fucakkRed izrdquou



foospuk dhftA









11-0 mn~nsrdquo

11-1 izLrkouk












11-7 lkjkardquok






rdquo



















rdquo


















dgrs gSA





rdquo










lke gks ldsaA








1122 rdquo rdquo
































------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------









tkrh gSA




























cf) dh tk ldrh gSA

rdquo rsquok












d ljy fofk gSA









rdquo









rdquo










5- xqPN funrdquokZu


















dj fns tkrs gSa






vu fdk tkrk gSA







1

0

4

8

0

1

5

0

1

1

0

1

5

3

6

0

2

0

1

1

8

1

6

4

7

2

1

6

4

5

6

9

1

7

9

1

4

1

9

4

6

2

5

9

0

3

6

2

0

7

2

2

3

8

8

4

6

5

7

3

2

5

5

9

5

8

5

3

9

3

3

0

9

9

3

8

9

1

9

8

2

7

9

8

2

5

3

4

0

2

9

3

9

6

5

3

4

0

9

5

2

4

1

3

0

4

8

3

6

0

2

2

5

2

7

9

7

2

6

5

7

6

3

9

3

6

4

8

0

9

1

5

1

7

9

2

4

8

3

0

4

9

3

4

0

3

2

0

8

1

4

2

1

6

7

9

3

0

9

3

0

6

2

4

3

5

1

6

8

0

0

7

8

5

6

1

6

3

7

6

3

9

4

4

0

5

3

5

3

7

7

1

3

4

1

5

7

0

0

4

3

7

5

7

0

3

9

9

7

3

8

1

8

3

7

1

6

6

3

6

0

6

1

2

1

9

1

7

8

2

6

0

4

6

8

6

1

3

0

5

4

9

6

8

4

6

0

6

7

2



































gSA



rdquo
















-------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------

-------------------------------------------------------










































----------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------












jgrs gksaA

rdquo











Mky ldrs gSaA












fuHkZj gksrk gSA





dgrs gSaA








gSA


vu fdk tkrk gSA



gSaA











in izfrpu dgrs gSaA


rdquo





ldrk gSA

rdquo





----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------

rdquo









































------------------------------------------------ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------






















rdquo



rdquo




rdquo rdquo









tk ldrkA

















rdquo














tkuk pkfgA
























gSA






gksxkA



ldrk gSA






----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------

rdquo rdquo






ls feyrh tqyrh gSaA






ekuk tkrk gSA










rdquo








ekU gksrs gSaA





gSA







Press Illinois




rdquo





gSA


gSA











Lucknow

rdquo


dhftA



mYys[k dhftA



nrdquokkZbA


mik crkbA



-


12-0 mn~nsrdquo

12-1 izLrkouk


12-3 izkFkfed rF










12-9 lkjkak






srdquo
































1- izkFkfed rF

2- frhd rF



















izkFkfed lzksr

rdquo


------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------



djrs gSaA






















iFkd vFkZ gSA













fdk tkuk vfuokZ gSA




fdk tk ldrk gSamp

A








iznku dhA









tkrkA



















Ckuk ysrk gSA szlig



gSA
























--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------






















gSaA






djds fdk tkrk gSaA









lEcfUkr gSaA


1- voyksdu vuqlwph

2- lkkkRdkj vuqlwph

3- ewYkadu vuqlwph

4- izys[k vuqlwph


























qDr cukk tkrk gSaA
















tkuk lEHko gSaA


















Hkh izkIr gksrk gSA






izRu djrk gSA

(i) zrdquo








jpuk dk vu djsxsaA




















rkfydk gSA




















dleku gksrh gSA


















2- cktkj esa

3- xg dkksZa esa


5- dksbZ vU

























----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------



--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------

























djrk gSA



















amp




1- OfDrxr izys[k

2- lkoZtfud izys[k

frhd lzksr











s fyf[kr gksrs gSaA


















































gSA






ysdj dh tkrh gSA






















----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -



----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------































egRoiwkZ gSA








12-7





ldrk gSA






gSaA

nksrsquok













----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------






rdquo

rdquo

rdquo

rdquo




------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------- -----

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------- -

ardquo



ladyu fdk tkrk gSA







fy[kuk gSA


fy[kuk gSA


fy[kuk gSA


ls fy[kuk gSA






















13-0 mn~nsrdquo

13-1 izLrkouk







13-8 lkjkak






130 rdquo















gSA













































----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------- -------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------- ---------

--------------
























----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------- ----------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -----------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------ ------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

rdquo










pqds gSaA
















------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------ ------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------



---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------- --------------------

rdquo






djukA



tk ldrh gS k ughaA






gh tkuk tk ldrk gSA





















gSA







tkrh gSA


----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------






















------------------------------------------------ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------- -------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------








































esa ls fy[kuk gSA











rdquo


dhftA





dhftA




14-0 mn~nsrdquo

14-1 IkzLrkouk

14-2 o`rkUr dk vFkZ



145 lkjkak






rdquo












































----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------

---------------------
















tkrh gsA











----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------- ---------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

-------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------- -----

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

ardquo









crkrk gSA








147





148














Press

1410 rdquo



mYys[k dhftA







154 izys[k ds ykHk

155 izys[k dh leLka

156 dkkZy vfHkys[k

157 lkjkak






rdquo


























1- fofk vkSj fue


3- ldquokksk bfrgkl


5- OfDrxr izys[k

6- vfHkys[k





























izkIr gks ldrh gSA

























------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -----------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------ ------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------












fdk tkrk gSamp



djuk gSA




tkrs gSaA

























fdk tkrk gSA





esa lgkd gSaA















































































----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------













ldrs gSA







yls tkrs gSaA




[kks nsrs gSaA






































----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------













2- dkkZy vfHkys[k









fuEukafdr gSaamp









tkrs gSaA

























dh tk ldrh gSA







































NwV xh gksaA


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------























esa j[kk tkrk gSA







----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------- --------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------



















fy[kuk gSA








gSA

15-10




Lucknow





15-11







1512 rdquo



dhftA






bdkbZ dh ijs[kk

1-0 miacutes

1-1 izLrkouk







1-8 lkjkak

1-9 kCnkoyh

1-10 vHkl izu















































































vUrxZr fdk tkrk gSA






dk izkl djrs gSaA









dgk tkxkA





























vFkok foLrkj djuk]






djuk gks ldrk gSA










yxkk tk ldrk gSA



















fd x gSaA

(3) ampleample ij




(4)








ldrk gSamp




























gSA





























dkZ ekuk tkrk gSA















ugha tk ldrk gSA


















tkrk gSA


dks viukus ls gSA






















York




London



2


bdkbZ dh ijs[kk

2-0 miacutes

2-1 izLrkouk






2-7 lkjkak

2-8 kCnkoyh

2-9 vHkl izu































tkrk gSA









































































foospuk djus ls gSA































































ldrk gSA

























gSA










































































































































fdk tkrk gSA





vu Hkh dgk tkrk gSA











Kkr fdk tk ldrk gSA








fdk gSamp


















gSA




















Hkh gks ldrk gSA






tkrk gSA


fdk tk ldrk gSamp















ongoing processes)




variables)





discussions etc)








action)


LiV gks tkrs gSaA





















tkrk gSA





fdk tkrk gSA






dhftA


dhftA


LiV dhftA





Ok[k dhftA







Company New York


Heinemann London







New York


York




New York




York



Company New York











rFkk
















fdk tkrk jgk gSA
































































vLohdkj djrs gSaA





























iM+rk gSA


























































gksus nsrkA






















gS]












































gSA















































York



York











legt ikiexclxsA
























gSaA









































gksrh gSA












gksrh gSA



















pqdk gSA


















yxkk tk ldrk gSA



















(Monaghan 1993)A








































































































fdk tkuk pkfgA







dj ldrk gSA






































pkfgA
















Hkkx ysuk pkfgA




LiV gksuk pkfgA




























tkrk gSA














dhftA





York



Chicago IL



















57 चय








51



















5 2




gSAszlig







1- leLk dk dFku































































gS



mRiUu djrh gSAszlig

55





























tkrk gS A


















tk jgk gS A








- funkZu dh fofk
























laHko gksrk gS A







510








512


513




इकाई -6




































































































foyskk



7-1 izLrkouk







7-3 lkjkardquok

7-4 ldquokCnkoyh





rdquo








ldsxsaaaA




















vRfkd OofLFkr gSA

foyskk






































foyskk






vxzfyf[kr gSaamp



























foyskk




dkSuampdkSu lh gSaA






























































dh gSA





lgh xyr



zrdquo


----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------

-------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -----------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------ -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

rdquo





----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ----------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------- ---------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------------------

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------- -------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

rdquo

















fdk tk ldrk gSA















tk ldrk gSamp



































Kku fdk tk ldrk gSA








miksx gSA






























gSA























rdquo


















ldquokCnkoyh






tkrk gSA

rdquo

rdquo

1- lgh

2- lgh

3- lgh

4- xyr

5- lgh

6- lgh




lkslkbVhA










rdquo











8-2 VsDpqvy foyskk]

8-3 ehfMk foyskk












8-5 lkjkardquok

8-6 ldquokCnkoyh





rdquo



xk gSA











ldsxsaA




dj ldsxsaA


dj ldsxsaA

































































































ldsA
























izrdquou




----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------



------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

izrdquou




furdquokku yxkbsaA

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------- ------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

ifjHkkrsquokk



















rdquo




tkrk gSA




tkrk gSA


rdquo rdquo










lkekftd kVukvksa dh












tk ldsA















rdquo








vu lEHko gksrk gSA


tkrk gSA



lgh xyr





zrdquo




----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------






















foyskk rdquo















ifjofrZr djukA














fdk tkrk gSA





rdquo




furdquokku yxkbsaA

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------- ------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------

-------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -----------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------



----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------- ----------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -----------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------ ------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------





gSaA

































vUroZLrq









tkrk gSA


























lkadsrdksa dk pu









































d egRoiwkZ leLk gSA











ifjekku ds lUnHkZ



































rdquo









djrk gSA









ldquokCnkoyh






gSA






d lwph izLrqr dhA

rdquo7- lgh

8- lgh

9- lgh

10- lgh

11- lgh

12- lgh









zrdquo


























9-5 lkjkardquok

9-6 ldquokCnkoyh





mn~nsrdquo












































dh tkrh gSA



































rdquo








tkrk gSA


tkrk gSA




gS

rdquo


----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------ ------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------- --------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

lgh xyr



----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------ ------------

------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------

zrdquo




yxkbsaA

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------- --------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------- ------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------

-------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

rdquo




----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------ --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------



-------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------


----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------- ----------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------ --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------



























































fordquoksrsquokrkW

















fdk tkrk gSA



Hkh dgk tkrk gSA



rdquo













tkrk gSA





tkrk gSA

rdquo


----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -----------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------ -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------

-------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ---------------------

rdquo




----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------







pjk fuEu gSaamp











































vkkkj js[kk losZkk

lelkefd ewYkadu


Ikfjkstuk



euksofrksa dk vu

fdzk dh kstuk


ifjkstuk dk vkjEHk




vafre ewYkadu

laLrqfrka












dh tk ldrh gSA











fy[ksaxsA


Kkr fdk tksxkA





gks ldrh gSA
















gSA





gksrk gSA^^










cukukA

































































esa lQy gksrk gSA










































ls legt ikrk gSA













voxr gksrk gSA











gksrk gSA
















rdquo







xk FkkA



ldrhA





lgh xyr




--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

nksrsquok




























gSA

























































ugha gSA




















ughsa gSA

































9-5 lkjkardquok






















ldquokCnkoyh





izLrqr djuk gSA





rdquo





fdk tkrk gSA


tkrk gSA






gksrk gS

rdquo




xk FkkA



dh tk ldrhA










izsl-




y[kuAring-


fyfeVsM] yanu


pSisy fgy-














UqkdZ-




rdquo


dhftA



dhftA



MkfysA



vUrj LirsquoV dhftA






10-2 ekiu dk vFkZ

10-3 ekiu ds izdkj

10-3-1 ukeh ekiuh


10-3-3 vUrjky ekiuh




10-4-2 oSkrk






10-6-1 FkLVZu ekiuh

10-6-2 fydZV ekiuh

10-6-3 xkVeSu ekiuh


10-7 lkjkak






rdquo




















dj ldsaxsA













(nominal scale)











(sex) (number)

(Ordinal scale)















gSA





(Interval scale)







5000 0 vfkd gSA













tkrk gSA

(Ratio scale)









kjk gksrk gSA




gSaA








----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------

10-4


1- fordquooluhrk

2- oSkrk


rdquo





vFkZ fufgr gSaA











izkIr dh tkrh gSA






ldrs gSaA


ldrs gSaA















----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -----------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------






1ampLirsquoV oSkrk


3ampdlkSVh oSkrk



4ampjpuk oSkrk












ij fuHkZj djrh gSA






























ldrkA






1- vfr lger $2

2- lger $1


4- vlger amp1

5- vfr lger amp2



























































----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------





































10-6


izdkj fuEufyf[kr gS

vad iSekus


Jskh lwpd ekid


























fuEufyf[kr gSaA

1- FkLVZu iSekus

2- fydVZ iSekus


4- cksxkMZl iSekusA

amp

















tkrh gSA














----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------














leku gksus pkfgA









iwkZrk lger 5 1

lger 4 2

vfufrdquopr 3 3

vlger 2 4

iwkZrk vlger 1 5









tkrk gSA







_kkRed gksxhA

X F Fx Fx2 F Fx Fx

2

rdquo




vfkd ljy Hkh gSA




--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------------------











gSaA











lger k vlger FkkA









dgrs gSA









j[kh tkrh gSaA










izdkj FkkA



rdquo rdquo











lkku gSA


----------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------- -------
















vewrZ gksrs gSA


fd tkrs gSaA


gSA








ls fy[kuk gSA


















fucakkRed izrdquou



foospuk dhftA









11-0 mn~nsrdquo

11-1 izLrkouk












11-7 lkjkardquok






rdquo



















rdquo


















dgrs gSA





rdquo










lke gks ldsaA








1122 rdquo rdquo
































------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------









tkrh gSA




























cf) dh tk ldrh gSA

rdquo rsquok












d ljy fofk gSA









rdquo









rdquo










5- xqPN funrdquokZu


















dj fns tkrs gSa






vu fdk tkrk gSA







1

0

4

8

0

1

5

0

1

1

0

1

5

3

6

0

2

0

1

1

8

1

6

4

7

2

1

6

4

5

6

9

1

7

9

1

4

1

9

4

6

2

5

9

0

3

6

2

0

7

2

2

3

8

8

4

6

5

7

3

2

5

5

9

5

8

5

3

9

3

3

0

9

9

3

8

9

1

9

8

2

7

9

8

2

5

3

4

0

2

9

3

9

6

5

3

4

0

9

5

2

4

1

3

0

4

8

3

6

0

2

2

5

2

7

9

7

2

6

5

7

6

3

9

3

6

4

8

0

9

1

5

1

7

9

2

4

8

3

0

4

9

3

4

0

3

2

0

8

1

4

2

1

6

7

9

3

0

9

3

0

6

2

4

3

5

1

6

8

0

0

7

8

5

6

1

6

3

7

6

3

9

4

4

0

5

3

5

3

7

7

1

3

4

1

5

7

0

0

4

3

7

5

7

0

3

9

9

7

3

8

1

8

3

7

1

6

6

3

6

0

6

1

2

1

9

1

7

8

2

6

0

4

6

8

6

1

3

0

5

4

9

6

8

4

6

0

6

7

2



































gSA



rdquo
















-------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------

-------------------------------------------------------










































----------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------












jgrs gksaA

rdquo











Mky ldrs gSaA












fuHkZj gksrk gSA





dgrs gSaA








gSA


vu fdk tkrk gSA



gSaA











in izfrpu dgrs gSaA


rdquo





ldrk gSA

rdquo





----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------

rdquo









































------------------------------------------------ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------






















rdquo



rdquo




rdquo rdquo









tk ldrkA

















rdquo














tkuk pkfgA
























gSA






gksxkA



ldrk gSA






----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------

rdquo rdquo






ls feyrh tqyrh gSaA






ekuk tkrk gSA










rdquo








ekU gksrs gSaA





gSA







Press Illinois




rdquo





gSA


gSA











Lucknow

rdquo


dhftA



mYys[k dhftA



nrdquokkZbA


mik crkbA



-


12-0 mn~nsrdquo

12-1 izLrkouk


12-3 izkFkfed rF










12-9 lkjkak






srdquo
































1- izkFkfed rF

2- frhd rF



















izkFkfed lzksr

rdquo


------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------



djrs gSaA






















iFkd vFkZ gSA













fdk tkuk vfuokZ gSA




fdk tk ldrk gSamp

A








iznku dhA









tkrkA



















Ckuk ysrk gSA szlig



gSA
























--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------






















gSaA






djds fdk tkrk gSaA









lEcfUkr gSaA


1- voyksdu vuqlwph

2- lkkkRdkj vuqlwph

3- ewYkadu vuqlwph

4- izys[k vuqlwph


























qDr cukk tkrk gSaA
















tkuk lEHko gSaA


















Hkh izkIr gksrk gSA






izRu djrk gSA

(i) zrdquo








jpuk dk vu djsxsaA




















rkfydk gSA




















dleku gksrh gSA


















2- cktkj esa

3- xg dkksZa esa


5- dksbZ vU

























----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------



--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------

























djrk gSA



















amp




1- OfDrxr izys[k

2- lkoZtfud izys[k

frhd lzksr











s fyf[kr gksrs gSaA


















































gSA






ysdj dh tkrh gSA






















----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -



----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------































egRoiwkZ gSA








12-7





ldrk gSA






gSaA

nksrsquok













----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------






rdquo

rdquo

rdquo

rdquo




------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------- -----

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------- -

ardquo



ladyu fdk tkrk gSA







fy[kuk gSA


fy[kuk gSA


fy[kuk gSA


ls fy[kuk gSA






















13-0 mn~nsrdquo

13-1 izLrkouk







13-8 lkjkak






130 rdquo















gSA













































----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------- -------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------- ---------

--------------
























----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------- ----------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -----------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------ ------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

rdquo










pqds gSaA
















------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------ ------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------



---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------- --------------------

rdquo






djukA



tk ldrh gS k ughaA






gh tkuk tk ldrk gSA





















gSA







tkrh gSA


----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------






















------------------------------------------------ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------- -------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------








































esa ls fy[kuk gSA











rdquo


dhftA





dhftA




14-0 mn~nsrdquo

14-1 IkzLrkouk

14-2 o`rkUr dk vFkZ



145 lkjkak






rdquo












































----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------

---------------------
















tkrh gsA











----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------- ---------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

-------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------- -----

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

ardquo









crkrk gSA








147





148














Press

1410 rdquo



mYys[k dhftA







154 izys[k ds ykHk

155 izys[k dh leLka

156 dkkZy vfHkys[k

157 lkjkak






rdquo


























1- fofk vkSj fue


3- ldquokksk bfrgkl


5- OfDrxr izys[k

6- vfHkys[k





























izkIr gks ldrh gSA

























------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -----------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------ ------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------












fdk tkrk gSamp



djuk gSA




tkrs gSaA

























fdk tkrk gSA





esa lgkd gSaA















































































----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------













ldrs gSA







yls tkrs gSaA




[kks nsrs gSaA






































----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------













2- dkkZy vfHkys[k









fuEukafdr gSaamp









tkrs gSaA

























dh tk ldrh gSA







































NwV xh gksaA


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------























esa j[kk tkrk gSA







----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------- --------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------



















fy[kuk gSA








gSA

15-10




Lucknow





15-11







1512 rdquo



dhftA
































































vUrxZr fdk tkrk gSA






dk izkl djrs gSaA









dgk tkxkA





























vFkok foLrkj djuk]






djuk gks ldrk gSA










yxkk tk ldrk gSA



















fd x gSaA

(3) ampleample ij




(4)








ldrk gSamp




























gSA





























dkZ ekuk tkrk gSA















ugha tk ldrk gSA


















tkrk gSA


dks viukus ls gSA






















York




London



2


bdkbZ dh ijs[kk

2-0 miacutes

2-1 izLrkouk






2-7 lkjkak

2-8 kCnkoyh

2-9 vHkl izu































tkrk gSA









































































foospuk djus ls gSA































































ldrk gSA

























gSA










































































































































fdk tkrk gSA





vu Hkh dgk tkrk gSA











Kkr fdk tk ldrk gSA








fdk gSamp


















gSA




















Hkh gks ldrk gSA






tkrk gSA


fdk tk ldrk gSamp















ongoing processes)




variables)





discussions etc)








action)


LiV gks tkrs gSaA





















tkrk gSA





fdk tkrk gSA






dhftA


dhftA


LiV dhftA





Ok[k dhftA







Company New York


Heinemann London







New York


York




New York




York



Company New York











rFkk
















fdk tkrk jgk gSA
































































vLohdkj djrs gSaA





























iM+rk gSA


























































gksus nsrkA






















gS]












































gSA















































York



York











legt ikiexclxsA
























gSaA









































gksrh gSA












gksrh gSA



















pqdk gSA


















yxkk tk ldrk gSA



















(Monaghan 1993)A








































































































fdk tkuk pkfgA







dj ldrk gSA






































pkfgA
















Hkkx ysuk pkfgA




LiV gksuk pkfgA




























tkrk gSA














dhftA





York



Chicago IL



















57 चय








51



















5 2




gSAszlig







1- leLk dk dFku































































gS



mRiUu djrh gSAszlig

55





























tkrk gS A


















tk jgk gS A








- funkZu dh fofk
























laHko gksrk gS A







510








512


513




इकाई -6




































































































foyskk



7-1 izLrkouk







7-3 lkjkardquok

7-4 ldquokCnkoyh





rdquo








ldsxsaaaA




















vRfkd OofLFkr gSA

foyskk






































foyskk






vxzfyf[kr gSaamp



























foyskk




dkSuampdkSu lh gSaA






























































dh gSA





lgh xyr



zrdquo


----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------

-------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -----------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------ -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

rdquo





----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ----------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------- ---------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------------------

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------- -------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

rdquo

















fdk tk ldrk gSA















tk ldrk gSamp



































Kku fdk tk ldrk gSA








miksx gSA






























gSA























rdquo


















ldquokCnkoyh






tkrk gSA

rdquo

rdquo

1- lgh

2- lgh

3- lgh

4- xyr

5- lgh

6- lgh




lkslkbVhA










rdquo











8-2 VsDpqvy foyskk]

8-3 ehfMk foyskk












8-5 lkjkardquok

8-6 ldquokCnkoyh





rdquo



xk gSA











ldsxsaA




dj ldsxsaA


dj ldsxsaA

































































































ldsA
























izrdquou




----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------



------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

izrdquou




furdquokku yxkbsaA

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------- ------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

ifjHkkrsquokk



















rdquo




tkrk gSA




tkrk gSA


rdquo rdquo










lkekftd kVukvksa dh












tk ldsA















rdquo








vu lEHko gksrk gSA


tkrk gSA



lgh xyr





zrdquo




----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------






















foyskk rdquo















ifjofrZr djukA














fdk tkrk gSA





rdquo




furdquokku yxkbsaA

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------- ------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------

-------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -----------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------



----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------- ----------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -----------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------ ------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------





gSaA

































vUroZLrq









tkrk gSA


























lkadsrdksa dk pu









































d egRoiwkZ leLk gSA











ifjekku ds lUnHkZ



































rdquo









djrk gSA









ldquokCnkoyh






gSA






d lwph izLrqr dhA

rdquo7- lgh

8- lgh

9- lgh

10- lgh

11- lgh

12- lgh









zrdquo


























9-5 lkjkardquok

9-6 ldquokCnkoyh





mn~nsrdquo












































dh tkrh gSA



































rdquo








tkrk gSA


tkrk gSA




gS

rdquo


----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------ ------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------- --------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

lgh xyr



----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------ ------------

------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------

zrdquo




yxkbsaA

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------- --------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------- ------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------

-------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

rdquo




----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------ --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------



-------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------


----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------- ----------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------ --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------



























































fordquoksrsquokrkW

















fdk tkrk gSA



Hkh dgk tkrk gSA



rdquo













tkrk gSA





tkrk gSA

rdquo


----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -----------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------ -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------

-------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ---------------------

rdquo




----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------







pjk fuEu gSaamp











































vkkkj js[kk losZkk

lelkefd ewYkadu


Ikfjkstuk



euksofrksa dk vu

fdzk dh kstuk


ifjkstuk dk vkjEHk




vafre ewYkadu

laLrqfrka












dh tk ldrh gSA











fy[ksaxsA


Kkr fdk tksxkA





gks ldrh gSA
















gSA





gksrk gSA^^










cukukA

































































esa lQy gksrk gSA










































ls legt ikrk gSA













voxr gksrk gSA











gksrk gSA
















rdquo







xk FkkA



ldrhA





lgh xyr




--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

nksrsquok




























gSA

























































ugha gSA




















ughsa gSA

































9-5 lkjkardquok






















ldquokCnkoyh





izLrqr djuk gSA





rdquo





fdk tkrk gSA


tkrk gSA






gksrk gS

rdquo




xk FkkA



dh tk ldrhA










izsl-




y[kuAring-


fyfeVsM] yanu


pSisy fgy-














UqkdZ-




rdquo


dhftA



dhftA



MkfysA



vUrj LirsquoV dhftA






10-2 ekiu dk vFkZ

10-3 ekiu ds izdkj

10-3-1 ukeh ekiuh


10-3-3 vUrjky ekiuh




10-4-2 oSkrk






10-6-1 FkLVZu ekiuh

10-6-2 fydZV ekiuh

10-6-3 xkVeSu ekiuh


10-7 lkjkak






rdquo




















dj ldsaxsA













(nominal scale)











(sex) (number)

(Ordinal scale)















gSA





(Interval scale)







5000 0 vfkd gSA













tkrk gSA

(Ratio scale)









kjk gksrk gSA




gSaA








----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------

10-4


1- fordquooluhrk

2- oSkrk


rdquo





vFkZ fufgr gSaA











izkIr dh tkrh gSA






ldrs gSaA


ldrs gSaA















----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -----------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------






1ampLirsquoV oSkrk


3ampdlkSVh oSkrk



4ampjpuk oSkrk












ij fuHkZj djrh gSA






























ldrkA






1- vfr lger $2

2- lger $1


4- vlger amp1

5- vfr lger amp2



























































----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------





































10-6


izdkj fuEufyf[kr gS

vad iSekus


Jskh lwpd ekid


























fuEufyf[kr gSaA

1- FkLVZu iSekus

2- fydVZ iSekus


4- cksxkMZl iSekusA

amp

















tkrh gSA














----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------














leku gksus pkfgA









iwkZrk lger 5 1

lger 4 2

vfufrdquopr 3 3

vlger 2 4

iwkZrk vlger 1 5









tkrk gSA







_kkRed gksxhA

X F Fx Fx2 F Fx Fx

2

rdquo




vfkd ljy Hkh gSA




--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------------------











gSaA











lger k vlger FkkA









dgrs gSA









j[kh tkrh gSaA










izdkj FkkA



rdquo rdquo











lkku gSA


----------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------- -------
















vewrZ gksrs gSA


fd tkrs gSaA


gSA








ls fy[kuk gSA


















fucakkRed izrdquou



foospuk dhftA









11-0 mn~nsrdquo

11-1 izLrkouk












11-7 lkjkardquok






rdquo



















rdquo


















dgrs gSA





rdquo










lke gks ldsaA








1122 rdquo rdquo
































------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------









tkrh gSA




























cf) dh tk ldrh gSA

rdquo rsquok












d ljy fofk gSA









rdquo









rdquo










5- xqPN funrdquokZu


















dj fns tkrs gSa






vu fdk tkrk gSA







1

0

4

8

0

1

5

0

1

1

0

1

5

3

6

0

2

0

1

1

8

1

6

4

7

2

1

6

4

5

6

9

1

7

9

1

4

1

9

4

6

2

5

9

0

3

6

2

0

7

2

2

3

8

8

4

6

5

7

3

2

5

5

9

5

8

5

3

9

3

3

0

9

9

3

8

9

1

9

8

2

7

9

8

2

5

3

4

0

2

9

3

9

6

5

3

4

0

9

5

2

4

1

3

0

4

8

3

6

0

2

2

5

2

7

9

7

2

6

5

7

6

3

9

3

6

4

8

0

9

1

5

1

7

9

2

4

8

3

0

4

9

3

4

0

3

2

0

8

1

4

2

1

6

7

9

3

0

9

3

0

6

2

4

3

5

1

6

8

0

0

7

8

5

6

1

6

3

7

6

3

9

4

4

0

5

3

5

3

7

7

1

3

4

1

5

7

0

0

4

3

7

5

7

0

3

9

9

7

3

8

1

8

3

7

1

6

6

3

6

0

6

1

2

1

9

1

7

8

2

6

0

4

6

8

6

1

3

0

5

4

9

6

8

4

6

0

6

7

2



































gSA



rdquo
















-------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------

-------------------------------------------------------










































----------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------












jgrs gksaA

rdquo











Mky ldrs gSaA












fuHkZj gksrk gSA





dgrs gSaA








gSA


vu fdk tkrk gSA



gSaA











in izfrpu dgrs gSaA


rdquo





ldrk gSA

rdquo





----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------

rdquo









































------------------------------------------------ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------






















rdquo



rdquo




rdquo rdquo









tk ldrkA

















rdquo














tkuk pkfgA
























gSA






gksxkA



ldrk gSA






----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------

rdquo rdquo






ls feyrh tqyrh gSaA






ekuk tkrk gSA










rdquo








ekU gksrs gSaA





gSA







Press Illinois




rdquo





gSA


gSA











Lucknow

rdquo


dhftA



mYys[k dhftA



nrdquokkZbA


mik crkbA



-


12-0 mn~nsrdquo

12-1 izLrkouk


12-3 izkFkfed rF










12-9 lkjkak






srdquo
































1- izkFkfed rF

2- frhd rF



















izkFkfed lzksr

rdquo


------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------



djrs gSaA






















iFkd vFkZ gSA













fdk tkuk vfuokZ gSA




fdk tk ldrk gSamp

A








iznku dhA









tkrkA



















Ckuk ysrk gSA szlig



gSA
























--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------






















gSaA






djds fdk tkrk gSaA









lEcfUkr gSaA


1- voyksdu vuqlwph

2- lkkkRdkj vuqlwph

3- ewYkadu vuqlwph

4- izys[k vuqlwph


























qDr cukk tkrk gSaA
















tkuk lEHko gSaA


















Hkh izkIr gksrk gSA






izRu djrk gSA

(i) zrdquo








jpuk dk vu djsxsaA




















rkfydk gSA




















dleku gksrh gSA


















2- cktkj esa

3- xg dkksZa esa


5- dksbZ vU

























----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------



--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------

























djrk gSA



















amp




1- OfDrxr izys[k

2- lkoZtfud izys[k

frhd lzksr











s fyf[kr gksrs gSaA


















































gSA






ysdj dh tkrh gSA






















----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -



----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------































egRoiwkZ gSA








12-7





ldrk gSA






gSaA

nksrsquok













----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------






rdquo

rdquo

rdquo

rdquo




------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------- -----

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------- -

ardquo



ladyu fdk tkrk gSA







fy[kuk gSA


fy[kuk gSA


fy[kuk gSA


ls fy[kuk gSA






















13-0 mn~nsrdquo

13-1 izLrkouk







13-8 lkjkak






130 rdquo















gSA













































----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------- -------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------- ---------

--------------
























----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------- ----------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -----------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------ ------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

rdquo










pqds gSaA
















------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------ ------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------



---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------- --------------------

rdquo






djukA



tk ldrh gS k ughaA






gh tkuk tk ldrk gSA





















gSA







tkrh gSA


----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------






















------------------------------------------------ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------- -------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------








































esa ls fy[kuk gSA











rdquo


dhftA





dhftA




14-0 mn~nsrdquo

14-1 IkzLrkouk

14-2 o`rkUr dk vFkZ



145 lkjkak






rdquo












































----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------

---------------------
















tkrh gsA











----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------- ---------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

-------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------- -----

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

ardquo









crkrk gSA








147





148














Press

1410 rdquo



mYys[k dhftA







154 izys[k ds ykHk

155 izys[k dh leLka

156 dkkZy vfHkys[k

157 lkjkak






rdquo


























1- fofk vkSj fue


3- ldquokksk bfrgkl


5- OfDrxr izys[k

6- vfHkys[k





























izkIr gks ldrh gSA

























------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -----------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------ ------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------












fdk tkrk gSamp



djuk gSA




tkrs gSaA

























fdk tkrk gSA





esa lgkd gSaA















































































----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------













ldrs gSA







yls tkrs gSaA




[kks nsrs gSaA






































----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------













2- dkkZy vfHkys[k









fuEukafdr gSaamp









tkrs gSaA

























dh tk ldrh gSA







































NwV xh gksaA


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------























esa j[kk tkrk gSA







----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------- --------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------



















fy[kuk gSA








gSA

15-10




Lucknow





15-11







1512 rdquo



dhftA



-I MASO 503 · 2020. 11. 3. · साभाजिक अनुस॓धान ઋिઍध औय...

Documents

Transcript of -I MASO 503 · 2020. 11. 3. · साभाजिक अनुस॓धान ઋिઍध औय...