Libro branco do cooperativismo en Galicia

8/3/2019 Libro branco do cooperativismo en Galicia

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Ag`pc @pkbnc fcncctlpkvgug~oc lb Hkagngk


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Ag`pc @pkbnc fc

ncctlpkvgug~oc lb Hkagngk


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L{|gtk fl vpk`kaac

Nccpfgbkfcpl~:Nccpfgbkfcp }lpka: Mghgbgc Oc|hb @c|zb! }lplbvl fk

K~cngkngb Hkalhk fl Ncctlpkvguk~ Khpkpgk~/ KHKNK

Nccpfgbkfcpk vnbgnk: Okpk Nc|vgbmc Ugaakb|luk!

~|`fgplnvcpk }lpka fl Ncctlpkvguk~ l Lncbcok ^cngka

-Ncb~laalpk fl K~|bvc~ ^cngkg~! Lotplhc l Plakngb~

Ak`cpkg~'

Nccpfgbkfcp nglbvegnc: Okb|la Jcpfb Pcfph|lz! tpcel~cpvgv|akp fl Lncbcok Ktagnkfk l olo`pc fc Ncb~laac Nglbvegnc

fc Gb~vgv|vc fl L~v|fc~ l Fl~lbucaulolbvc fl Hkagngk

-GFLHK' fk \bgulp~gfkfl fl ^kbvgkhc fl Ncotc~vlak"

Hp|tc fl vpk`kaac: Kolagk @laocbvl L~tkfk! }lek fl @lbl~vkp cngka fc

Ncbnlaac fl C|plb~l"

Okpk Jc~ Nk`kalgpc Nk~ka! tpcel~cpk vgv|akp fl Lncbcok

Egbkbnlgpk l Ncbvk`gagfkfl fk \bgulp~gfkfl fl Ughc"

Fkbgla Elpplgpc Cvlpc! vnbgnc fk K~cngkngb Hkalhk fl

Ncctlpkvguk~ Khpkpgk~/ KHKNK

Ncb~vkbvgbc Hkhc Ncbfl! ncb~|avcp l olo`pc fk

Elflpkngb fl Lotpl~k~ Ncctlpkvguk~/^GBLP]GK"

Jl~~ Hcbzalz Uz{|lz! }lel fl ~lpugzc fl Ecolbvc

K~cngkvguc -Ncb~laalpk fl Tcavgnk Khpckagolbvkpgk lFl~lbucaulolbvc P|pka'"

Agbc Jc~ Alok @c|zk~! }lel fl ~lpugzc fl

Fl~lbucaulolbvc Tl~{|lgpc -Ncb~laalpk fl Tl~nk l

K~|bvc~ Okpvgoc~'"

Okb|la Tplz Ac~kfk! }lel fl ~lpugzc fl Ncctlpkvguk~ l

Lncbcok ^cngka -Ncb~laalpk fl K~|bvc~ ^cngkg~! Lotplhc

l Plakngb~ Ak`cpkg~'"

O fla Okp Tlpbk~ Op{|lz! }lplbvl fk \bgb fl

Ncctlpkvguk~ fl Vpk`kaac K~cngkfc/ \HKNCVK"

Ogh|la ^lbz fl Ugvlpg Elpbbflz! kuchkfc"

C|vpc~ ncak`cpkfcpl~: Ogh|la Egah|lgpk Vc|pgc! ugnltpl~gflbvl fk \bgb fl

Ncctlpkvguk~ fl Lb~gbc fl vpk`kaac K~cngkfc fl Hkagngk/\NLVKH"

Jc~ Okpk Tkpfc Ocbvlpc! tpl~gflbvl fl Nkg}k P|pka

Hkalhk

Pcnc Nkp`b |lgpc! vpk`kaakfcpk ~cngka! fgplnvcpk fl

KECPL^^"

Jl~~ Fctgnc Nk~vpc! tpcel~cp vgv|akp fl Lncbcok

Ktagnkfk! \bgulp~gfkfl fk Ncp|k"

@ca~lgpc~ fl Gbul~vghkngb: ]l~~ fc Pc fk Vcppl -GFLHK/ \bgulp~gfkfl fl ^kbvgkhc

fl Ncotc~vlak'

Ak|pk Pcfph|lz L~tk~kbfb -GFLHK/ \bgulp~gfkfl fl

^kbvgkhc fl Ncotc~vlak'

Okpk Tc~l Obflz -GFLHK/ \bgulp~gfkfl fl kbvgkhc fl

Ncotc~vlak'

Jc~ Okb|la Ukplak Elpplgpk -GFLHK/ \bgulp~gfkfl fl

^kbvgkhc fl Ncotc~vlak'

^gaugk Hcolz Ncpv~! \bgulp~gfkfl fl Ughc

^lnplvkpk vnbgnk:Okpk A|g~k Blz Pcfph|lz -Ncb~laalpk fl K~|bvc~ ^cngkg~!

Lotplhc l Plakngb~ Ak`cpkg~'"

K~l~cpkolbvc l~vkv~vgnc:J|kb Nkpac~ L~vulz Blz! tpcel~cp fl Ovcfc~

N|kbvgvkvguc~ tkpk k Lncbcok l k Lotpl~k fk \bgulp~gfkfl

fl ^kbvgkhc fl Ncotc~vlak

K~l~cpkolbvc agbh~vgnc:Okb|la @lpoflz @akbnc

Lb{|g~k fl ctgbgb kc~ ~cngc~ fk~ ncctlpkvguk~:C`pkfcgpc fl ^cngcac}k! ^"A"

L og~ fl fc|~nlbvc~ k}lbvl~ n|kagegnkfc~ l ncctlpkvguk~:

~lb c ~l| ncbn|p~c l~vl Ag`pc @pkbnc bcb ~lpk tc~`la"

Vkotc|nc ~lpk tc~`la ~lb k ncak`cpkngb l k }lblpc~gfkfl

bk nl~gb fl gbecpokngb tcp tkpvl fk l{|gtk fl vpk`kaac {|l

fl~lbucaul c tpc}lnvc T"G"N" L[\KA/L^TKFLAKFK L^/>;>: K

}l~vgb fc nko`gc bk~ ncctlpkvguk~ fl o`gvc p|pka lb Hkagngk

l c ~l| ncbvcpbc ~cngclncbognc"

Lfgvk:]|bvk fl Hkagngk

Ncb~laalpk fl K~|bvc~ ^cngkg~! Lotplhc l Plakngb~ Ak`cpkg~!

Fgplnngb ]lpka fl Plakngb~ Ak`cpkg~

Ncb~laac Hkalhc fl Ncctlpkvguk~

G^@B: =6/6/>85=/=

Flt~gvc Alhka: N/5=


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Ncb~laalpk fl K~|bvc~ ^cngkg~! Lotplhc l Plakngb~ Ak`cpkg~Ncb~laac Hkalhc fl Ncctlpkvguk~

Ag`pc @pkbnc fc

ncctlpkvgug~oc lb Hkagngk


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Vlc k ~kvg~eknngb fl tpl~lbvkp c pl~|avkfc fc gbvlb~c vpk`kaac {|l ncbvb c gbecpol pkz ~c`pl k

~gv|kngb fc ncb}|bvc fc ncctlpkvgug~oc lb Hkagngk l tlpogvgp eg}kp k~ `k~l~ fc ~l| got|a~c tkpk c

e|v|pc"

K~ og~ fgulp~k~ ncpplbvl~ fc tlb~kolbvc ~cngka! lncbognc l tcavgnc ncb~gflpkb c ncctlpkvgug~oc

ncoc gb~vp|olbvc gotcpvkbvl bk ~ca|ngb fc~ tpc`alok~ lncbognc~ l ~cngkg~! lb nkbvc {|l tcak ~k

eal}g`gagfkfl knmlhk pl~tc~vk~ fgkbvl fl blnl~gfkfl~ nko`gkbvl~ fk lncbcok l fk ~cnglfkfl"

fl }|~vgzk c plnclnlolbvc tpl~lbzk fc ncctlpkvgug~oc lb Hkagngk! nlpvkolbvl ~ghbgegnkvguk! {|l

~l tcb fl okbgel~vc! lbvpl c|vpc~ fkvc~! bc bolpc fl og~ fl =>"444 ~cngc~! c {|l ~ghbgegnk k l}g~/

vlbngk fl ncctlpkvgug~vk~ b|b fl nkfk cbnl echkpl~ hkalhc~"

Tcp c|vpk tkpvl! og~ fc 0, fc~ cn|tkfc~ hkalhc~ l~vb ugbn|akfc~ kc ncctlpkvgug~oc! n|bmk

ncbvpg`|ngb n|kagvkvguk {|l ~l pleagnvl bc okgcp bgula fl l~vk`gagfkfl! fl gh|kafkfl fl }blpc l bktpl~lbzk lb knvgugfkfl~ ugbn|akfk~ nc~ ~lnvcpl~ tpgokpgc~"

Kflokg~! c ncctlpkvgug~oc ceplnl ukacp kc ncb}|bvc fk lncbcok }k {|l c ~l| uca|ol fl eknv|pkngb

vcvka knmhk~l kc~ 0">44 ogaab~ fl l|pc~ n|b ukacp lbhkfgfc `p|vc vcvka tp}goc kc~ >50!;" Tcp plelpp/

ocbc~ kc ncctlpkvgug~oc khpkpgc! ~kaglbv`la {|l vlb tpl~lbzk lb ;04 ncbnlaac~! k okgcp tkpvl fc~ fc

olfgc p|pka! c {|l ncb~vgvl! ~lb f`gfk! |b eknvcp `lblegngc~c tkpk c k~lbvkolbvc fk tc`ckngb"

Kokg~ fg~vc! k~ ncctlpkvguk~ tlpogvlb |bmk pkngcbkagzkngb fl n|~vc~! k olaacp ncotkvg`gagzkngb fk

ugfk tpcel~gcbka l ekogagkp! k ecpokngb fc~ ~cngc~! c knnl~c k olnkbg~oc~ fl gbecpokngb l tpl~lbzk

bc~ ecpc~ fl flng~gb ~lnvcpgka {|l aal~ kelnvkb"

Tcp c|vpk tkpvl! l~vkoc~ fgkbvl f|bmk epo|ak lotpl~kpgka uagfk ncoc nka{|lpk c|vpk fk~ og~

|~|kg~! {|l lb ocgvc~ nk~c~ tpl~lbvk ukbvk}l~ ~c`pl c|vpk~ ocfkagfkfl~! flpgukfk~ fk kf~npgngb


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uca|bvkpgk! k nco|bgfkfl fl gbvlpl~l~ l k |bgfkfl lbvpl c~ ~cngc~" G~vc nkppl}k |b bgula fl ncotpcog~c

nck lotpl~k ecpvl lb ncotkpkngb ncb c|vpc vgtc fl ~cnglfkfl~" K~! c ncctlpkvgug~oc knplfgvk |bmk

gotcpvkbvl nktkngfkfl fl pl~g~vlbngk ~ npg~l~! ncb ncotcpvkolbvc~ kbvgnnagnc~ l fl okbvlolbvc fc

lotplhc lb ngpn|b~vkbngk~ kfulp~k~"

Lb flegbgvguk! c ncctlpkvgug~oc hkalhc gbvhpk~l! tkpk vcfc~ c~ lelnvc~! tc~gvgukolbvl bc ~l|

ncbvcpbc bkv|pka l ceplnl gbea|lbngk~ `lblegngc~k~ lb eknvcpl~ ncoc plbfk~ l lotplhc! fl~lbucaul/olbvc acnka! tlpokblbngk fc~ tpc}lnvc~! ecpokngb! lf|nkngb l `lbl~vkp"

Tcp nkbvc kbvlnlfl l tcac {|l fl okblgpk bgfgk ~l gflbvgegnk bl~vl ag`pc! l~vk epo|ak fl lncbcok

olplnlbvl fl tc~vk lb ukacp l fl ktcgc"

C hc`lpbc {|l ol mcbpc lb tpl~gfgp ukg ncb~gflpkp k~ agk~ {|l okpnk l~vl Ag`pc ncoc |b plelplbvl

fl knv|kngb9 ulak c nkogc fk~ ncctlpkvguk~ hkalhk~9 ulak c e|v|pc fl ocgvc~ hkalhc~ l hkalhk~! fl

Hkagngk"

Okb|la Epkhk Gpg`kpbl

Tpl~gflbvl fk ]|bvk fl Hkagngk


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Tpl~lbvkngb

K k~|bngb fk ncotlvlbngk l}na|~guk lb okvlpgk fl ncctlpkvguk~ l k tpco|ahkngb fk tpgolgpk Algfl ncctlpkvguk~ fl Hkagngk! ncb~vgv|pcb elgvc~ fl ~gbh|akp gotcpvkbngk tkpk c oculolbvc ncctlpkvguc

hkalhc" C fl~lbucaulolbvc fc okpnc bcpokvguc tpctgc l! og~ lb ncbnplvc! k tc~vk lb okpnmk fc

Ncb~laac Hkalhc fl Ncctlpkvguk~ ncoc o}goc phkbc fl tpcocngb l fge|~gb fc ncctlpkvgug~oc bk

nco|bgfkfl k|vbcok l ncoc phkbc ncb~|avguc l k~l~cp fk~ kfogbg~vpkngb~ t`agnk~ hkalhk~! ~|t|}c

n|aogbkp |bmk lvktk fcvkbfc fl okpnc~ gb~vgv|ngcbkg~ tpctgc~ k |b ncb~vkbvl ak`cp fl ktcgc k l~vk

epo|ak lotpl~kpgka! plkagzkfk lb ~gbvcbk nck~ ~k~ k~cngkngb~ pltpl~lbvkvguk~"

K`pg|~l fl~fl lbvb |bmk bcuk lvktk {|l lbvpcbnk nc~ tpgbngtgc~ }lpkg~ {|l k bc~k alg flegbl ncoc

cpglbvkfcpl~ fk knv|kngb fk ]|bvk fl Hkagngk" Fl~vl }lgvc! ncb~gfpk~l talbkolbvl ug}lbvl c plncl/

nlolbvc fc gbvlpl~l ~cngka {|l vlb k tpcocngb l c fl~lbucaulolbvc fk~ ~cnglfkfl~ ncctlpkvguk~ l

notpl~l c okbfkvc fl plkagzkp |bmk tcavgnk fl ecolbvc {|l aal~ tlpogvk knkfkp c~ ~l|~ c`}lnvguc~lncbognc~ l ~cngkg~"

Ncb l~vk tplog~k c Ncb~laac Hkalhc fl Ncctlpkvguk~ k`cpfc| k blnl~gfkfl fl ncbvkp ncb elppk/

olbvk~ fl got|a~c l tpcocngb fc ncctlpkvgug~oc" K tpgolgpk flak~ |b l~v|fc fl fgkhb~vgnc fc ncctl/

pkvgug~oc hkalhc! fkfc {|l! olvcfcac}gnkolbvl! k vnbgnk fl takbgegnkngb l~vpkv}gnk gotagnk k tplugk

kbag~l fk plkagfkfl! fkbfc tkpvgngtkngb kc~ ncalnvguc~ l tlp~ck~ og~ n|kagegnkfc~ fc ncbvcpbc! nck

egbkagfkfl fl {|l k fgkhbc~l pl~|avl ncbvl}v|kagzkfk l ncmlplbvl"

K lalnngb fk olvcfcac}k bcb pl~|avc| gbfgelplbvl! tpgoc|~l k tkpvgngtkngb b|b ~g~vlok fl vpk`kaac

ncctlpkvguc {|l tlpogvg~l gbvlhpkp k~ fg~vgbvk~ ~lb~g`gagfkfl~! ncbecpokbfc |b hp|tc fl l}tlpvc~tpcnlflbvl~ fc ncctlpkvgug~oc! fk |bgulp~gfkfl l fk tpctgk kfogbg~vpkngb" Ncbvc|~l! kflokg~! nc

k~l~cpkolbvc f|b kotac hp|tc fl l}tlpvc~ tpcnlflbvl~ fc~ og~ fgulp~c~ ~lnvcpl~! kpvgn|abfc~l


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|bmk og~ kotak tkpvgngtkngb fc ncb}|bvc fc ~lnvcp b|b vlpnlgpc bgula! k vpku~ fk nlal`pkngb fc GGG

Ncbhpl~c Hkalhc fl Ncctlpkvguk~! {|l }gpc| `kg}c l~vk vlovgnk lb l}na|~guk"

C pl~|avkfc pleanvl~l bl~vl AG@PC @PKBNC bc {|l ~l ~gbvlvgzkb k~ plkagfkfl~ fc ncctlpkvgug~oc

hkalhc l ~l tpc}lnvkb k~ ~k~ tcvlbngkagfkfl~" Kubzkb~l vlbflbngk~ l cepnlb~l kbag~l~ {|l bc

e|v|pc og~ tp}goc ncbvl}v|kagzkpb! }|bvc nck~ ncbna|~gb~ knmlhkfk~ bc tpctgc GGG Ncbhpl~c! k

takbgegnkngb l fl~lbucaulolbvc fk~ knv|kngb~ fk ]|bvk fl Hkagngk l fc Ncb~laac Hkalhc fl Ncctlpk/vguk~ bl~vl lgfc! ~gbh|akpolbvl bk plk fl ecolbvc" Kc ol~oc vlotc tcflp ~lpugp ncoc lalolbvc

cpglbvkfcp fk~ fg~vgbvk~ knv|kngb~ {|l tcgfk plkagzkp k kfogbg~vpkngb acnka! bc o`gvc fk~ ~k~ ncotl/

vlbngk~! k~ ncoc c|vpk~ lbvgfkfl~ t`agnk~ c| tpgukfk~"

Notpl! tcp avgoc! khpkflnlp c l~ecpzc plkagzkfc tcac l{|gtc fl vpk`kaac! k~ ncoc k ncak`cpkngb

fl vcfk~ k~ tlp~ck~ l gb~vgv|ngb~ {|l c eg}lpcb tc~`la" Bcpk`ck k vcfc~! bcb ~ tcac pl~|avkfc {|l

vloc~ ug~vk! ~lbb vkob! l ocg l~tlngkaolbvl! tcp vlac plkagzkfc ncctlpkvgukolbvl"

Okpk Jc~ Ngokflugak Nlk

Tpl~gflbvk fc Ncb~laac Hkalhc fl Ncctlpkvguk~


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bfgnl


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TKPVL TPGOLGPK: GBVPCF\NGB" TPL^LBZK HAC@KA FC NCCTLPKVGUG^OC LB HKAGNGK

Nktv|ac G: C`}lnvguc~ l Olvcfcac}k

;"/ C`}lnvguc~"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 0;

0"/ Olvcfcac}k"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 06

Nktv|ac GG: K tpl~lbzk hac`ka fc ncctlpkvgug~oc lb Hkagngk

;"/ Pknl~! ug~gb~ l egvc~ bk luca|ngb fc oculolbvc ncctlpkvguc lb Hkagngk"""""""""""""""""""""""" >80"/ Oknpcokhbgv|fl~ fc ncctlpkvgug~oc hkalhc" K fgbognk plnlbvl"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" >7

>"/ K gotcpvkbngk ~cngka fc ncctlpkvgug~oc lb Hkagngk """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 65

6"/ K gotcpvkbngk lncbognk fc ncctlpkvgug~oc lb Hkagngk" K~ ncctlpkvguk~

bk lncbcok fl Hkagngk"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" "/ C~ ~cngc~"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 746"/ K cphkbgzkngb ~cnglvkpgk """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 75

"/ C~ ~cngc~ """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 004

6"/ Cphkbgzkngb ~cnglvkpgk """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 00>


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Nktv|ac UG: Ncctlpkvguk~ fl lb~gbc

;"/ Tkbcpognk }lpka """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 0>7

6"/ K cphkbgzkngb ~cnglvkpgk """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 06;

;"/ Tkbcpognk }lpka """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 07>

0"/ Knvgugfkfl~ lncbognk~ lb plakngb nc ncbvcpbc """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 076

>"/ C~ ~cngc~ """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 0740

0"/ Knvgugfkfl~ lncbognk~ l vlbflbngk~ fl e|v|pc """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" >4>


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>"/ C~ ~cngc~ """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" >46

6"/ Cphkbgzkngb ~cnglvkpgk """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" >4480"/ Okpnc alhka """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" >48

>"/ Plnlb~gb mg~vpgnk"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" >4=

6"/ Ocolbvc tpl~lbvl """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" >;4

;>

TKPVL VLPNLGPK: GBVLHPKNGB L K^CNGKNGCBG^OC

Nktv|ac G]: K gbvlhpkngb lotpl~kpgka

;"/ Tkbcpognk }lpka fk ncbnlbvpkngb l gbvlhpkngb lotpl~kpgka """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" >;70"/ K gbvlpncctlpkngb lb Hkagngk"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" >00

>"/ C hpkc fl gbvlhpkngb lotpl~kpgka bc oculolbvc ncctlpkvguc lb Hkagngk """""""""""""""""""""""" >08

6"/ C~ pl~|avkfc~ fk ncbnlbvpkngb lotpl~kpgka """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" >07

Nktv|ac ]: C k~cngkngcbg~oc

;"/ Tkbcpognk hac`ka fc k~cngkbg~oc ncctlpkvguc """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" >>6;

TKPVL N\KPVK: UKACPL^ L TCVLBNGKAGFKFL^

Nktv|ac ]G: K fgolb~gb lotpl~kpgka fc ncctlpkvgug~oc hkalhc

;"/ C`}lnvguc~ l ncbfgngb~ fl ugk`gagfkfl fc tpc}lnvc lotpl~kpgka ncctlpkvguc """""""""""""""""" >67

0"/ ^cnglfkfl~ ncctlpkvguk~ l pkngcbkagzkngb l legnglbngk bk~ l~vp|v|pk~

l tpcnl~c~ tpcf|vguc~ """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" >"/ K~ ~cnglfkfl~ ncctlpkvguk~ ncoc ulmn|ac~ fl ncotlvlbngk lb olpnkfc~ k`lpvc~ """""""" >56

6"/ C ukacp fk~ ncctlpkvguk~ ncoc lotpl~k~ fl tkpvgngtkngb """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" >8>

Nktv|ac ]GG: K~ ~cnglfkfl~ ncctlpkvguk~ l c lotplhc

;"/ C lotplhc bk~ ncctlpkvguk~ hkalhk~ """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" >=;

0"/ C k|vclotplhc """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" >=5

>"/ Nkpknvlp~vgnk~ ~gbh|akpl~ fk tpl~vkngb fl vpk`kaac lb p}gol ncctlpkvguc """""""""""""""""""" >70

6"/ K~kakpgkfc~ """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" >7>


17/623

5"/ Fl~lbucaulolbvc fk~ nktkngfkfl~ ak`cpkg~ l lotpl~kpgkg~ """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" >75

8"/ K nplkngb fl lotplhc bc ncbvcpbc acnka """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" >77

="/ Ncalnvguc~ ncb fgegn|avkfl~ fl knnl~c kc olpnkfc fl vpk`kaac"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 644

7"/ K plh|akpgzkngb fk lncbcok gbecpoka """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 644

;4"/ Bcuc~ }knlolbvc~ fl lotplhc """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 640

Nktv|ac ]GGG: K ulpvlbvl og~ ~cngka fc ncctlpkvgug~oc;"/ C~ ukacpl~ ncctlpkvguc~ """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 648

0"/ Lf|nkngb l ecpokngb gbvlhpka """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 6;7

>"/ Ncctlpkvguk~ l `lbl~vkp ~cngka """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 600

Nktv|ac ]GU: Bcuc~ lgfc~ l ctcpv|bgfkfl~

K"/ Bcuc~ lgfc~ tkpk c ncctlpkvgug~oc ecpl~vka """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 6>;

;"/ C ocbvl hkalhc"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 6>;

0"/ K~ kavlpbkvguk~ ecpl~vkg~ bc lgfc ncctlpkvguc """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 6>5

>"/ Fgulp~gegnkngb fl knvgugfkfl~ bc ocbvl hkalhc l ncbvpg`|ngb fk~ ncctlpkvguk~ """""""""""" 66;

6"/ K~ nco|bgfkfl~ fl ocbvl~ l k~ ncctlpkvguk~ """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 66>

5"/ C tktla fk~ kfogbg~vpkngb~ t`agnk~ """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 65"/ ^cnglfkfl~ ncctlpkvguk~ l fl~lbucaulolbvc p|pka """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 6=4


18/623

6"/ Ncctlpkvguk~ l ~|~vlbvk`gagfkfl" Ncctlpkvguk~ l ~lh|pgfkfl kagolbvkpgk"""""""""""""""""""""""""" 6=;> {|l vpkvk fl fl~lbucaulp c tpc}lnvc L[\KA/L^TKFLAKFK: K }l~vgb fc nko`gc bk~

ncctlpkvguk~ fc o`gvc p|pka fl Hkagngk l c ~l| ncbvcpbc ~cngclncbognc! ncb}|bvkolbvl lbvpl k Ncb~laalpk fl K~|bvc~ ^cngkg~!Lotplhc l Plakngb~ Ak`cpkg~ -Fgplnngb ]lpka fl Plakngb~ Ak`cpkg~'! Ncb~laalpk fl Gbbcukngb! Gbf|~vpgk l Ncolpngc -Fgplnngb]lpka fl Ncolpngc l Ncb~|oc'! \bgb fl Ncctlpkvguk~ K~cngkngb Hkalhk fl Ncctlpkvguk~ Khpkpgk~ -KHKNK'! \bgb Hkalhk flNcctlpkvguk~ fl Vpk`kaac K~cngkfc -\HKNCVK'! ^cnglfkfl Hkalhk fl Tplulbngb fl Pg~nc~ Ak`cpkg~ -^HTPA' l E|bfkngb Gb~vgv|vcVlnbca}gnc fl Hkagngk -GVH'"


27/623


28/623

Y05_ Ag`pc @pkbnc fc ncctlpkvgug~oc lb Hkagngk

fkngb" L}na|fk~ k~ ncctlpkvguk~ lb ag{|gfkngb! l tcp ~|tc~vc k~ l}vgbh|gfk~! plokvc|~l c `kalgpkfc

fc~ fkvc~ ncbvgfc~ bc~ ag`pc~ fl gb~npgngb l gbncptcpc|~l |b bcuc npgvlpgc fl ncb~vkvkngb fl knvgugfkfl

bc o`gvc pl}g~vpka! ncb~g~vlbvl bk gbncptcpkngb ncoc knvguk~ fk{|lak~ ncctlpkvguk~ {|l alhkagzk~lb

ag`pc~ c| fltc~gvk~lb k~ ncbvk~ kb|kg~ fl~fl k lbvpkfk lb ughcp fl~vk c`pghk bc Pl}g~vpc fl Ncctlpk/

vguk~ fl Hkagngk -Flnplvc 6>4#044;! fl ;= fl flnlo`pc! tcac {|l ~l ktpc`k c Plh|akolbvc fc P"N"H"'"

Plokvkfk k flt|pkngb bc o`gvc pl}g~vpka! tpcnlfl|~l k gflbvgegnkp nkal~ fk~ ncctlpkvguk~gb~npgvk~ flbfl k t|`agnkngb fk avgok knv|kagzkngb fc fgplnvcpgc ncbvk`kb ncb knvgugfkfl! tcac ol~oc

tpcnlflolbvc {|l c |vgagzkfc bc ngvkfc kbl}c l ukagfkbfc c~ fkvc~ c`vgfc~ bla fkfk k ~k plnlbvl t|`ag/

nkngb" Fl~vl }lgvc ncbvc|~l n|bmk `k~l fl fkvc~ gbgngka fc OKTK {|l khp|tk`k ncoc knvguk~ k{|lak~

ncctlpkvguk~ gflbvgegnkfk~ bc~ tpcnl~c~ fl flt|pkngb bc o`gvc fc~ pl}g~vpc~ l k{|lak~ gflbvgegnkfk~

olfgkbvl c vpk`kaac fl nkotc fc kbl}c fc fgplnvcpgc ncotalolbvkfc nc~ c`vgfc~ tkpk c tlpcfc og~

knv|ka tcak l{|gtk fl vpk`kaac ~lh|gbfc c ol~oc ovcfc"

C OKTK tpcug~cpgc ecg c`}lnvc fl fc|~ bcuc~ egavpc~! c tpgolgpc flal~ bc o`gvc gbvlpbc fk kfog/

bg~vpkngb k vpku~ fc~ lbnkphkfc~ fc Pl}g~vpc l c ~lh|bfc k vpku~ fk~ k~cngkngb~ fl ncctlpkvguk~"

L~vl~ egavpc~ vgkb ncoc c`}lnvguc gflbvgegnkp k ncbncpfkbngk fc~ fkvc~ c`vgfc~ nck ~gv|kngb plka fk~

ncctlpkvguk~ gbncptcpkfk~ bk `k~l fl fkvc~ b|b fc`pl ~lbvgfc! tcp |bmk tkpvl gflbvgegnkp k{|lak~ lbvg/

fkfl~ {|l egh|pkbfc bc OKTK l}g~vk ncb~vkbngk fk ~k gbknvgugfkfl l tcac vkbvc! |bmk ulz ncotpc`kfc!

fl`kb fl~nkpvkp~l! l tcak c|vpk k gbncptcpkngb fk{|lak~ {|l olfgkbvl c tpcnlflolbvc |vgagzkfc bcb

egh|pk~lb gbna|fk~ k tl~kp fl vlp knvgugfkfl! ~lotpl l nkbfc ~l ncotpc`k~l l~vl avgoc l}vploc"

Nck ktagnkngb fc~ egavpc~ ukagfpcb~l c~ pl~|avkfc~ c`vgfc~ l tlnmc|~l k fkvk 04 fl okpzc fl 044>

c OKTK" @lb lbvlbfgfc {|l l~vk elppkolbvk bcb vlb nkpnvlp l~vvgnc" Tcak ncbvpk! c fgbkog~oc fc~

NKFPC ;: Egnmk pl~|oc fc OKTK fl Ncctlpkvguk~ Knvguk~ lb Hkagngk"

Flbcogbkngb fk ncctlpkvguk:Lbflplzc:

Ncbnlaac:

Tpcugbngk:

Nfghc Tc~vka:

Nak~l:

N"B"K"L":

Nktgvka ~cngka obgoc:

Bolpc gbgngka fl ~cngc~:

Pl}g~vpc bc {|l egh|pk gb~npgvk:

Bolpc fl pl}g~vpc:Fkvk tpgolgpk gb~npgngb:

^gv|kngb:

C`~lpukngb~:


29/623

K tpl~lbzk hac`ka fc ncctlpkvgug~oc lb Hkagngk Y08_

tpc}lnvc~ lotpl~kpgkg~ ncctlpkvguc~ c`pghk k okbvlac knv|kagzkfc tlpokblbvlolbvl ~c tlbk fk ~k

c`~cal~nlbngk! l bl~l k~tlnvc l~vk~l k vpk`kaakp knv|kaolbvl bc okpnc fc ngvkfc tpc}lnvc L{|ka"

C pl~|avkfc l c OKTK fc Ncctlpkvgug~oc knvguc lb Hkagngk! |b l~ecpzc fl flt|pkngb l fl l~vk`al/

nlolbvc fk `k~l nlb~ka! {|l kegkbzk k~ knv|kagzkngb~ e|v|pk~ l {|l ncb~vgvl |b plelplbvl ~agfc tkpk

nka{|lpk kbag~l" Ncbvb! tkpk nkfk ncctlpkvguk! c~ fkvc~ ~gbh|akpl~ fl plnclnlolbvc! kah|bmk~

ngpn|b~vkbngk~ fk ~k lvktk ncb~vgv|bvl l k gflbvgegnkngb fk ~k nak~l l knvgugfkfl" -NKFPC ;'"

0"0"/ K flegbgngb fk oc~vpk fl ncctlpkvguk~

K tkpvgp fk gbecpokvgzkngb fc~ fkvc~ nlb~kg~ `~gnc~ fc Oktk tpcnlfl|~l nak~gegnkngb fc

|bgulp~c ncctlpkvguc lb e|bngb fl ukpg`lg~ nkpfgbkg~ lbvpl k~ {|l ~l gbna|pcb: nak~l! vkokc -kvlb/

flbfc kc b|olpc fl ~cngc~ e|bfkfcpl~'! acnkagzkngb bc vlppgvcpgc -kvlbflbfc bk~ nak~l~ lb {|l tpcnlfk

vkbvc k fg~vpg`|ngb tpcugbngka ncoc k acnkagzkngb bc o`gvc |p`kbc! fkah|bmk fk~ ~lvl ngfkfl~! c|

p|pka' l c`}lnvc fl knvgugfkfl -bk{|lak~ nak~l~ khpkpgk~ l ncctlpkvguk~ fl vpk`kaac k~cngkfc fl ecpvl

tl~c bc ncb}|bvc'" Vka khp|tkngb eg}c tc~`la flegbgp |bmk oc~vpk fl ;40 ncctlpkvguk~ pltpl~lbvkvguk

fk hac`kagfkfl fc oculolbvc {|l fl`l tlpogvgp {|l k~ ncbna|~gb~ kankbzkfk~ ~l}kb l}vpktca`lg~ kc

ncb}|bvc tc`ckngcbka" -NKFPC 0'"

NKFPC 0: Oc~vpk fl ncctlpkvguk~ lotplhkfk"

K Ncp|k A|hc C|plb~l Tcbvlulfpk Hkagngk

B fl ncctlpkvguk~ >7 ;8 04 05 ;40

N" Vpk`kaac k~cngkfc ;5 5 ;> ;6 67

> ~cngc~ > > 6 > ;>

61?;4 ;4 > = 8 0=

2;4 > ; 6 =

N" Khpkpgk~ ;; ;; < > >416< ~cngc~ ; ; 0 ; ; 6

;0;/>44 ; 5 0 ; ;4

2>44 5 > ; ; ;;

Ugulbfk 6 / / > 8

Lb~gbc 0 / ; 0

^lpugzc~ ; / / ; 0

Ncb~|oc ; / / ; 0

NLN ; / ; / 0Okp ; / / ; 0

Bcvk: Ncctlpkvguk~ fl l}tacvkngb lb ncob fk vlppk -NLN'"

Ecbvl: Lak`cpkngb tpctgk"


30/623

Y0=_ Ag`pc @pkbnc fc ncctlpkvgug~oc lb Hkagngk

K oc~vpk }lpkfk ~|tb |b lppc oc~vpka fc 8!=;, tkpk |b bgula fl ncbegkbzk fc 74, l tkpk c nk~c

og~ fl~ekucp`la fl t?{?4!

cpzkolbvkg~ {|l ncbncpplpcb l kvtk~l flbvpc fc~ agogvl~ knltv`lg~ bl~vl vgtc fl l~v|fc~" Tcp c|vpk

`kbfk! vka l ncoc ~l flpguk fk ncotkpkbzk lbvpl k fg~vpg`|ngb oc~vpka l k fg~vpg`|ngb fk tc`ckngb!

pl~|avk ~ghbgegnkvgukolbvl pltpl~lbvkvguk fk tc`ckngb c`}lnvc fl kbag~l! ~l `lb fgogbl lb tkpvgn|akp

tkpk kah|bmk~ nak~l~ -~lpugzc~! okp! l}tacvkngb lb ncob fk vlppk' {|l fkfc c ~l| nkvguc tl~c bc

ncb}|bvc l c ~l| plf|ngfc bolpc k`~ca|vc pl{|gpgpkb |b gbnplolbvc l}nl~guc fk oc~vpk egbka! {|lfl~`cpfkpk k~ tc~g`gagfkfl~ fc l~v|fc" Tcp g~c k~ ~k~ kbag~l~! lb nkbvc ~l ktcglb lb fkvc~ oc~vpkg~!

fl`lb vcokp~l! og~ {|l bc ~l| l~vpgvc ~ghbgegnkfc n|kbvgvkvguc! bk ~k fgolb~gb n|kagvkvguk! ncoc gbfg/

nkfcpl~ fl vlbflbngk~" -NKFPC >'"

0">"/ C hp|tc fl k}lbvl~ n|kagegnkfc~

Tkpkalakolbvl tpcnlfl|~l ncb~vgv|ngb fc hp|tc k~l~cp fl k}lbvl~ n|kagegnkfc~" Ncbecpokfc

~lh|gbfc npgvlpgc~ fl nktkngvkngb! pltpl~lbvkvgugfkfl! l bcb l}na|~gb! gbugvc|~l k knmlhkp k~ ~k~

ctgbgb~ k fl~vknkfc~ k}lbvl~ fk~ fgulp~k~ gb~vkbngk~ plakngcbkfk~ nc o|bfc ncctlpkvguc" Ncbecp/

okpcb c hp|tc gbgngka ;4= tlp~ck~ fc~ fg~vgbvc~ bgulg~ vnbgnc~ l tcavgnc~ fk Kfogbg~vpkngb ncb

ncotlvlbngk~ bk ugfk fk~ ncctlpkvguk~! fc o|bfc nglbvegnc/|bgulp~gvkpgc ncb gbul~vghkngb~ plkagzkfk~

bk okvlpgk! fk~ fgelplbvl~ k~cngkngb~ ncctlpkvguk~! fc ncalnvguc fl k~l~cpl~ l tpcel~gcbkg~ gbfltlb/

flbvl~ gotagnkfc~! k~ ncoc fl~vknkfc~ aflpl~ tpl~gflbvl~! c|vpc~ olo`pc~ fc~ ncb~laac~ plgvcpl~!

}lplbvl~ fl ~gbkakfk~ l}tlpglbngk~ ncctlpkvguk~" Gbncptcppcb~l vkob k~ ctgbgb~ fk~ gb~vgv|ngb~

pltpl~lbvkvguk~ fc~ k}lbvl~ lncbognc~ l ~cngkg~ k~cngkngb~ lotpl~kpgkg~ l ~gbfgnkg~ l fk{|lak~

epo|ak~ k~cngkvguk~ gbvlhpkfk~ bc |bgulp~c fk lncbcok ~cngka ncb knvgugfkfl~ tp}gok~ k~ fc ncctl/

pkvgug~oc" Tcp avgoc! kflokg~ fl plncaalp }|zc~ pl~tlnvc fl vcfk~ k~ nak~l~ fl ncctlpkvguk~ vlb~l

tpl~vkfc l~tlngka kvlbngb k plncaagfk fl ctgbgb~ bk{|lal~ ~lnvcpl~ {|l tcflb ~ghbgegnkp bcuc~ lgfc~

fl knv|kngb fk~ ncctlpkvguk~" -KBL]C ;'"

NKFPC >: Egnmk Vnbgnk pl~|oc" Oc~vpk fl ncctlpkvguk~"

\bgulp~c tc`ckngb Ncctlpkvguk~ fl Hkagngk

o`gvc Nco|bgfkfl K|vbcok fl Hkagngk

Ovcfc plncaagfk fl gbecpokngb Lbvplug~vk tpl~lbngka

\bgfkfl oc~vpka Pl~tcb~`la fl nkfk ncctlpkvguk

Nlb~c tc`ckngcbka ;"446 ncctlpkvguk~

Vkokc oc~vpka ;40 ncctlpkvguk~

Lppc oc~vpka 8!=;,

Bgula fl ncbegkbzk 74,

Tpcnlflolbvc fl oc~vpk}l Lbvplug~vk Tpl~lbngka

Fkvk vpk`kaac fl nkotc ;4/]|c # 04 ]|aac 044>

Fkvk vpk`kaac fl nkotc l~tkflakfk C|v|`pc 0440 # K`pga 044>



31/623


0"6"/ K flegbgngb fk oc~vpk fl ~cngc~

K ~lalnngb fc~ og~ fl 744 ~cngc~ fk~ ncctlpkvguk~ tkpk lbvplug~vkp l~vguc cpglbvkfk tcp fc|~

npgvlpgc~: k pltpl~lbvkvgugfkfl! {|l ~l hkpkbvl tcac tpcnlflolbvc oc~vpka lag}gfc9 l k `|~nk fl gbecp/

okngb~ plulakfcpk~ fc l~vkfc fl ctgbgb fc ncob fk `k~l ~cngka fk~ ncctlpkvguk~" L~vl ~lh|bfc

npgvlpgc kncb~laak`k l}na|p fk oc~vpk! cbfl ecpk tc~`la! kc~ tpl~gflbvl~ c| tlp~ck~ pl~tcb~`lg~! lb

vkbvc {|l }k ~l l}tpl~kpkb bk lbvplug~vk k~ ncctlpkvguk~9 o|vkvg~ o|vkbfg~ ktagnc|~l c ol~oc npgvlpgctkpk l}na|p c~ olo`pc~ fc~ Ncb~laac~ Plgvcpl~0" Kfgngcbkaolbvl vka ~g~vlok lugvk plgvlpkngb~ l

tlpogvl |vgagzkp k~ ctgbgb~ fc~ ~cngc~ ncoc ncbvpk~vl#plelplbfc fk~ ctgbgb~ fc~ fgpg}lbvl~" Fl k

vkob {|l k tc`ckngb fl plelplbngk l~vlk ncb~vgv|fk tcac~ ~cngc~ fk~ ;40 ncctlpkvguk~ lbvplug~vkfk~

tplugkolbvl"

Lb nka{|lpk nk~c! k oc~vpk fl~lc|~l tpcn|pkbfc |bmk keg}kngb ncbulbngcbka {|l nco`gbk~l! k

og~ fk{|lal~ ~gbkakfc~! |bmk ~|ok fl npgvlpgc~: fgelplbzkp k~ ncctlpkvguk~ khpkpgk~ fk~ fl vpk`kaac

k~cngkfc l fk~ c|vpk~ nak~l~9 kfln|kp c kbvlpgcp k |b vkokc oc~vpka hac`ka flvlpogbkfc fl 744

|bgfkfl~9 fcvkp oc~vpk fl tpctcpngcbkagfkfl gbvlpbk tcp ~l}c9 pl~vpgb}gak kc~ ~cngc~ gbfgugf|kg~ cpfg/

bkpgc~! tpl~ngbfgbfc tcg~ fl tlp~ck~ }|pfgnk~ l fl ~cngc~ l}nlflbvl~! k tpc`k! lvn"! ncoc ocfkagfkfl~

fl ugbn|akngb olbc~ epln|lbvl~9 k~ ncoc k`cpfkp k vcfk~ k~ ncctlpkvguk~ {|l flegblb c |bgulp~c

ncbulbngcbka! n|b tl~c tpctcpngcbka kc fc~ ~l|~ k~cngkfc~ lb nkfk l~vpkvc fl nak~l! bk olfgfk fc

tc~`la! tlpc tpcn|pkbfc lugvkp k ~kv|pkngb ~|`oc~vpka lb nkfk |bmk"

Tkpvgbfc fc kbvlpgcp! k plakngb lbvpl c |bgulp~c l k oc~vpk! hac`kaolbvl l bc~ vpl~ ~lholbvc~ {|l

~l ka|fgpcb! ncb l}tpl~gb fc~ bgulg~ fl lppc l~vkv~vgnc pl~|avkbvl~! k {|l ncb~ghbk k v`ck kf}|bvk"

Lb plakngb nc~ fkvc~ flak notpl ~gbkakp {|l pleagnvlb |b~ nan|ac~ fc lppc lb oc~vpk}l kalkvcpgk

~gotal! tkpk |bmk ukpg`la fl tpctcpngb~! bk mgtvl~l f|bmk ukpgk`gagfkfl o}gok t?{?4!

0 K l}nltngb ~cb k~ Ncctlpkvguk~ fl Vpk`kaac K~cngkfc! n|bmk olfgk fl ~cngc~ ocg tl{|lbk l cbfl! tcp vkbvc! mkg tc|nk~ ukpgkngb~lbvpl c ncb}|bvc fl ~cngc~ l c Ncb~laac Plgvcp"

NKFPC 6: \bgulp~c l oc~vpk fl ~cngc~ tcp nak~l khplhkfk fl ncctlpkvguk"Ukacpl~ k`~ca|vc~ l lppc l~vkv~vgnc l~vgokfc

Nak~l \bgulp~c Oc~vpk l? ,

Khpkpgk~ 7"45> >47

Vpk`kaac k~cngkfc 6;= 076 >!0

C|vpk~ 0"5;6 078

Vcvka ;0"47< 744 >!0



32/623

Y>4_ Ag`pc @pkbnc fc ncctlpkvgug~oc lb Hkagngk

Tkpk fkpaal ctlpkvgugfkfl oc~vpk}l! flokbfc|~l k nkfk ncctlpkvguk |b bolpc fl plelplb/

ngk~ vlalebgnk~! fg~vpg`|fk~ lb pkzb fc ~l}c fc~ ~cngc~! ncppl~tcbflbvl kc vpgtal fl |bgfkfl~

~|`oc~vpkg~ got|vkfk~ ol~ok! tkpk tcflp tpknvgnkp k~ lulbv|kg~ pltc~gngb~ tcp k|~lbngk!

gacnkagzkngb! blhkvguk! lvn" Fc okpnc fl oc~vpk k~ ncb~vgv|fc! l}vpkpcb~l kalkvcpgkolbvl! flbvpc

fl nkfk ncctlpkvguk l pl~tlnvkbfc k tpctcpngcbkagfkfl tcp ~l}c! ~ |bgfkfl~ {|l ncbecpokb k

oc~vpk" Fl vcfk~ k~ ecpok~! k egnmk vnbgnk {|l ~l ceplnl pl~|ol k~ tpgbngtkg~ nkpknvlp~vgnk~ fk

lb{|g~k"

0"


33/623

K tpl~lbzk hac`ka fc ncctlpkvgug~oc lb Hkagngk Y>;_

c|vpk~ nak~l~ -{|l gbnal ~lpugzc~! vpkb~tcpvl! ncb~|ogfcpl~ l |~|kpgc~ l okp'! l l}tacvkngb lb ncob

fk vlppk" Tcp c|vpk `kbfk! bk ecpo|akngb fk~ n|l~vgb~ vlbfl|~l c`vlbngb fl gbecpokngb c`}lnvguk

l tpcnl~`la! k vpku~ fl tplh|bvk~ tplecpokfk~ c| tlnmkfk~! ~lb flvpgolbvc fl gbna|p c|vpc vgtc fl

n|l~vgb~! ~logl~vp|v|pkfk~ l k`lpvk~! tkpk plncaalp k{|lal~ k~tlnvc~ og~ ukacpkvguc~ l fl ctgbgb"

-KBL]C 0'"

Bc {|l kvgb}l kc~ n|l~vgcbkpgc~ fgpg}gfc~ kc~ k}lbvl~ n|kagegnkfc~ vgkb ncoc c`}lnvguc nclnlp kctgbgb ~c`pl c tpl~lbvl! k plkagfkfl knv|ka! l c e|v|pc fc ncctlpkvgug~oc: c tc~`la ncb~gflpkbfc k~

fl`gagfkfl~! kolkzk~! ecpvkalzk~ l ctcpv|bgfkfl~ l c fl~l}`la! ncb~gflpkbfc vkob k~ kavlpbkvguk~

fl olaacpk" Gbvlpl~k`k k`cpfkp c o}goc fl vlok~ vtgnc~! tlpc kc ol~oc vlotc lugvkbfc |bmk

lbvplug~vk lb l}nl~c fgpg}gfk {|l c`pghkpk kc lbvplug~vkfc k fkp oavgtal~ pl~tc~vk~ ncbnplvk~ l

`plul~ lb flvpgolbvc fk l}tpl~gb fk~ ~k~ ctgbgb~ lb k~tlnvc~ bcb ncbvlotakfc~" K ctngb l~nc/

aagfk tplvlbfl| pl~|ogp c~ tpgbngtkg~ vtgnc~ l ncbngagkp k blnl~gfkfl fl agogvkp lb bolpc k~

tplh|bvk~ tkpk hkpkbvgp |bmk pl~tc~vk vkb ~|egnglbvlolbvl kotak ncoc fl~l}kpk c lbvplug~vkfc tlpc!

kc ol~oc vlotc! vlbvkbfc ncbng`gp |b bolpc obgoc fl n|l~vgb~ c ~|egnglbvlolbvl lucnkfcpk~

ncoc tkpk alukp kc lbvplug~vkfc k vpkvkp c~ vlok~ k tpgcpgncb~gflpkfc~ gotcpvkbvl~! c {|l mk`k

fl tlpogvgp |bmk lbvplug~vk og~ cpflbkfk l tc~g`gagvkp k c`vlbngb fl pl~tc~vk~ fl og~ enga mcoc/

}lblgzkngb k tc~vlpgcpg" Bc ~l| ecpokvc ~cb tplh|bvk~ k`lpvk~! okg~ gbfgnkfk~ tkpk c vgtc fl gbecp/

okngb `|~nkfk" Kflokg~! k blnl~gfkfl fl plncaalp c~ }|zc~ l~tlnegnc~ ~c`pl nkfk nak~l! gbna|fc~

c~ ~lnvcpl~ lolp}lbvl~! ~lb flvpgolbvc fk~ ncb~gflpkngb~ og~ }lpkg~ ncob~ kc ncb}|bvc fc ncctl/

pkvgug~oc! flvlpogbc| k lak`cpkngb f|b n|l~vgcbkpgc }lpka l ~lg~ n|l~vgcbkpgc~ l~tlnegnc~ -ncctlpk/

vguk~ khpkpgk~! vpk`kaac k~cngkfc! ~lpugzc~/ncb~|oc/vpkb~tcpvl! okp! ecpl~vkg~! ~lpugzc~ ~cngkg~ l gbvl/

hpkngb ~cngka'" -KBL]C >'"

Bc {|l pl~tlnvk kc n|l~vgcbkpgc fgpg}gfc kc~ ~cngc~ k fgolb~gb fk oc~vpk lag}gfk ncbfgngcbk c ~l|

ncbvgfc: c`pghk ecpo|akngb fl tplh|bvk~ tlnmkfk~ l agogvk c bolpc fl tplh|bvk~ {|l ~l plkagzkb!

tcp ocp fl ncbulpvlp lb gpplkagz`la c tc~vlpgcp vpkvkolbvc l kbag~l fc~ fkvc~ c`vgfc~" Bl~k vl~gv|pk

k ~lalnngb fk~ agogvkfk~ n|l~vgb~ ~c`pl k~ {|l gbvlppchkp fl`kb nlbvpkp~l bc~ tpgbngtkg~ k~tlnvc~{|l flegblb k tlpnltngb fc ~cngc knlpnk fk ncctlpkvguk: k~ ~k~ ocvgukngb~ gbgngkg~! c ~l| bgula l hpkc

fl ncotpcog~c! k ~k ukacpkngb ~c`pl k ugfk ncctlpkvguk lb okvlpgk~ l~lbngkg~ lotpl~kpgkg~ l tkpvg/

ngtkvguk~! k ~k gflbvgegnkngb fl fl`gagfkfl~ l ecpvkalzk~! k~ tlp~tlnvguk~ fl e|v|pc c| c ~l| hpkc fl

~kvg~eknngb hac`ka" -KBL]C 6'"

0"5"/ C vpk`kaac fl nkotc

C vpk`kaac fl nkotc tkpk k plkagzkngb fk~ lbvplug~vk~ ~ ncctlpkvguk~ plkagzc|~l! tplugc ncbvknvc

vlalebgnc tkpk ~lalnngcbkp c pl~tcb~`la cphkbgzkvguc ncb okgcp hpkc fl nclnlolbvc l knnl~c kc~

fkvc~! bc~ ol~l~ fl }|c l }|aac fl 044>! olfgkbvl lbvplug~vk~ tpl~lbngkg~ bc fcogngagc fk ncctlpk/

vguk" K ncak`cpkngb fk~ k~cngkngb~ l gb~vgv|ngb~ pltpl~lbvkfk~ bk l{|gtk fl vpk`kaac tkpk k plkagzk/

ngb fc~ ncbvknvc~ tlpogvg| kankbzkp |bmk vk}k fl pl~tc~vk~ fc ;44, fk~ tplvlbfgfk~! n|b kavc bgula fl


34/623

Y>0_ Ag`pc @pkbnc fc ncctlpkvgug~oc lb Hkagngk

pl~tc~vk kc~ fgelplbvl~ vlo~ fc n|l~vgcbkpgc! c {|l tc~g`gagvc| k ukagflz fl vcfc~ c~ n|l~vgcbkpgc~ tkpk

c~ lelnvc~ fk kbag~l fl fkvc~">

K plkagzkngb fl lbvplug~vk~ kc~ k}lbvl~ n|kagegnkfc~ plkagzc|~l vkob! tplugc ncbvknvc vlalebgnc l

lbuc fc~ n|l~vgcbkpgc~! bc~ ol~l~ fl }|c l }|aac fc 044> l! ~kauc l}nltngb~6! olfgkbvl lbvplug~vk~

tpl~lbngkg~ bc fcogngagc fc lbvplug~vkfc" Fc~ ;4= ~lalnngcbkfc~ n|`pgpcb k lbvplug~vk 7

|b bgula fl pl~tc~vk~ ocg ~kvg~eknvcpgc"

K plkagzkngb fl lbvplug~vk~ kc~ ~cngc~ tkpk k lb{|g~k ncppl~tcbflbvl ulpgegnc|~l tcp tpcnlfl/

olbvc vlalebgnc" E}c~l lbvpl c ;6 l c 00 fl c|v|`pc9 ncb plgvlpkngb fl kvk vpl~ gbvlbvc~! lb fk~ l

mcpk~ fgelplbvl~! tkpk nkfk ek~l fk k`cpfk}l fl nkfk |bgfkfl! g~vc : vpl~ fl ncbvknvc vlalebgnc nc

fcogngagc! vpl~ fl nco|bgnkngb fgplnvk nc tcvlbngka gbecpokbvl! vpl~ ngvk~ lb ktpkzkolbvc! kbvl~ fl

fl~nkpvkp |bmk |bgfkfl" Fl`l vlp~l lb ncbvk {|l! bc okpnc f|bmk ncctlpkngb kavkolbvl ~kvg~eknvcpgk

tcp tkpvl fk~ ncctlpkvguk~! mcpk fl ekngagvkp c okpnc fl oc~vpk! l fc~ ~cngc~ tkpk pl~tcbflp! k~ gbng/

flbngk~ knklngfk~ bcb ogbh|kb lb k`~ca|vc k ukagflz l pltpl~lbvkvgugfkfl fc~ fkvc~ c`vgfc~" \bmk plak/

vguk l}nltngb k g~vc ncb~vgvlk! lb ~lbvgfc blhkvguc! c ~lholbvc ncppl~tcbflbvl k ncctlpkvguk~ fl

ugulbfk! c {|l pltlpn|vg| bc l~vpkvc {|l ~l flbcogbc| c|vpk~" L~vk~ fgegn|avkfl~ cnk~gcbpcb~l tcac

pl}lgvkolbvc fl nkvpc fc~ ~lvl lbvl~ ncb~gflpkfc~ k ekngagvkp c plelpgfc okpnc"

0"8"/ K gbecpokngb lncbognc/egbkbnlgpk

Tkpk alukp k nk`c k kbag~l lncbognk egbkbnlgpk |vgazk~l k gbecpokngb ncbv`la t`agnk! plakvguk

kc `kakbnl l ncbvk fl pl~|avkfc~ fc l}lpngngc 044;! fk~ ~cnglfkfl~ ncctlpkvguk~" L~vk gbecpokngb

okbvb k l~vp|v|pk }lpka fk~ ncbvk~ kb|kg~ tkpk nka{|lpk lotpl~k l! tcac vkbvc! bcb fg~tb fl fkvc~

l~tlnegnc~ plakvguc~ k l~vk~ lotpl~k~"

K oc~vpk lotplhkfk bl~vl nk~c bcb ncgbngfl nck fc pl~vc fc l~v|fc! kbfk {|l k`pkbh|l k |bmk

hpkbfl tkpvl fk~ ncctlpkvguk~ {|l k ncotclb! kh~ bc nk~c fk~ ~cnglfkfl~ ncctlpkvguk~ khpkpgk~!fk~ {|l ~g ~l fg~tb fk gbecpokngb fl vcfk~ lak~" Fl~vl }lgvc! k oc~vpk plfnl~l k 8< lotpl~k~! fk~

{|l >4 ~cb ~cnglfkfl~ ncctlpkvguk~ khpkpgk~! >4 ~cnglfkfl~ ncctlpkvguk~ fl vpk`kaac k~cngkfc! < ~cngl/

fkfl~ ncctlpkvguk~ fl lb~gbc! > ~cnglfkfl~ ncctlpkvguk~ fl ugulbfk! ; ~cnglfkfl ncctlpkvguk fl l}tac/

vkngb nco|bgvkpgk! ; ~cnglfkfl ncctlpkvguk fl okp l < fc|vpk~ nak~l~"

K olvcfcac}k lotplhkfk ncb~g~vl bk lak`cpkngb fk~ ncbvk~ kb|kg~ khplhkfk~! vkbvc tcp nak~l fl

~cnglfkfl ncctlpkvguk ncok tcp ~lnvcp fl knvgugfkfl! nkbfc g~vc tc~`la" Plb|bngc|~l kc vpk`kaac ncb

ukacpl~ olfgc~ }lpkg~ kc l}g~vgplb gotcpvkbvl~ tpc`alok~ fl gbncmlplbngk kc tk~kp fl ukacpl~ gbfgug/

f|kg~ k olfgc~ l }lpkg~! vpk~ vpk`kaakp ncb gbecpokngb plakvguk l bcb k`~ca|vk! c {|l ncbf|nk l}g~/

> K~ agogvkngcb~ fl vlotc l k l}tlpglbngk tplugk fl plkagzkngb fl lbvplug~vk~ ncb n|l~vgcbkpgc~ ~gogakpl~ tlpogvgpcb tpl~ngbfgp fllb{|g~k~ tgacvc"

6 ^lg~ lbvplug~vkfc~ ctvkpcb tcp fkp pl~tc~vk k vpku~ fc ncpplc lalnvpcbgnc"


35/623

K tpl~lbzk hac`ka fc ncctlpkvgug~oc lb Hkagngk Y>>_

vlbngk fl tpcàlok~ fl gbvlptplvkngb fc~ pl~|avkfc~ knkfkfc~" Vlbfc lb ncbvk {|l nka{|lpk ovcfc

lotplhkfc fl ecpok gaakfk ceplnl |bmk gbecpokngb bl~hkfk! plnppl~l l}tagnkngb fl fkvc~ tkpngkg~

nkbfc k gbecpokngb tpl~lbvkfk bcb ~l}k pltpl~lbvkvguk fc~ fkvc~ gbfgugf|kg~"

Kflokg~! c~ fkvc~ l}vpkfc~ fl`lb gbvlptplvkp~l nck nk|vlak tplng~k! vlbfc lb ncbvk {|l |bgnk/

olbvl ~l l~v k lotplhkp k gbecpokngb ncppl~tcbflbvl kc l}lpngngc lncbognc 044;"

Bc l~v|fc fk~ fgelplbvl~ nak~l~! c~ npgvlpgc~ lotplhkfc~ tkpk k ~|`nak~gegnkngb! plkazkb~l vlbfc

lb ncbvk k knvgugfkfl! l l~vb flvkaakfc~ bk gbvpcf|ngb ncppl~tcbflbvl k nkfk |bmk flak~"

0"="/ C fl`kvl l k plfknngb fc Ag`pc @pkbnc

Vpk~ c tpcnl~kolbvc! ncfgegnkngb l vpkvkolbvc fl fkvc~ l lb ncb~cbkbngk nc nkpnvlp tkpvgngtkvguc

{|l cpglbvk k lak`cpkngb fc Ag`pc @pkbnc c l~ecpzc fc hp|tc fl vpk`kaac fgpg}g|~l cphkbgzkngb fk~

]cpbkfk~ fl fg~n|~gb nc~ k}lbvl~ n|kagegnkfc~" Ncbng`gfk~ ncoc |b gb~vp|olbvc fl tc~vk lb ncob fk~

ctgbgb~ fc ncalnvguc! pl{|gpgpcb fk tplugk ~bvl~l l cpflbkngb fk~ ukacpkngb~ logvgfk~ bk~ lbvplug~vk~

gbfgugf|kg~ tkpk c~ lelnvc~ fl ekngagvkp c fl~lbucaulolbvc fk~ fg~n|~gb~" L~vp|v|pkfk~ lb fgulp~k~

~l~gb~ vlovgnk~ tkpk nkfk nak~l fl ncctlpkvguk~! nlal`ppcb~l lb ^kbvgkhc fl Ncotc~vlak bc~ fk~

;6 l ;5 fl c|v|`pc fc 044>! ncb k~g~vlbngk fk hpkb okgcpk fc~ lbvplug~vkfc~ bk ek~l tplugk" Cùgk/

olbvl k~ ~k~ ncbna|~gb~ gb~tgpkb `ck tkpvl fk~ pleal}gb~ ncbvgfk~ bc Ag`pc"

Fk kbag~l fc~ fkvc~ l k tkpvgp fc vpk`kaac lb l{|gtk tkpk k ~k fg~n|~gb! flpguc| k plfknngb f|bmk

tpgolgpk tpctc~vk fl Ag`pc @pkbnc" Fk vcok lb ncb~gflpkngb l fk flag`lpkngb ~c`pl k ol~ok bc GGG

Ncbhpl~c Hkalhc fl Ncctlpkvguk~! nlal`pkfc lb ^kbvgkhc fl Ncotc~vlak bc~ fk~ ;> l ;6 fl flnlo`pc

fc 044> }cpfl c vl}vc {|l khcpk ~l tpl~lbvk! |b tpcf|vc k|vbcoc! |b gbecpol fl `k~l ~c`pl k ~gv|k/

ngb l k tpcàlovgnk fc ncctlpkvgug~oc lb Hkagngk! tlpc vkob |bmk okvlpgk tpgok! bk olfgfk lb {|l

c~ ~l|~ pl~|avkfc~! fl`gfkolbvl cpflbkfc~! tcflb ncb~vgv|p |b ~ctcpvl `~gnc tkpk c blnl~kpgc l c`pg/

hkfc vpk`kaac ncb~ln|lbvl: c fk ek~l takbgegnkfcpk"


36/623


37/623

K tpl~lbzkhac`ka fcncctlpkvgug~oclb Hkagngk

Nktv|ac GG:


38/623


39/623

K tpl~lbzk hac`ka fc ncctlpkvgug~oc lb Hkagngk Y>8_

;"/ Pknl~! ug~gb~ l egvc~ bk luca|ngb fc oculolbvcncctlpkvguc lb Hkagngk

Ocg fgulp~k~ ncpplbvl~ fc tlb~kolbvc ~cngka! lncbognc l tcavgnc ncb~gflpkb c ncctlpkvgug~oc ncoc

gb~vp|olbvc gotcpvkbvl bk ~ca|ngb fc~ tpc`alok~ lncbognc ~cngkg~" Lbvpl lak~ ocgvk~ n|}k mlpfkbzk

ncbegh|pk flng~gukolbvl `k~vkbvl~ k~tlnvc~ fc bc~c tlb~kolbvc knv|ka" Kc vlotc k~ l}tlpglbngk~

ncbnplvk~ ecpcb flg}kbfc! l ~lh|lb k flg}kp! ecpvl~ tlhkfk~ bk mg~vcpgk fc bc~c fl~lbucaulolbvc:

K~! bk Hkagngk lbvpl fc|~ ~n|ac~! c~ tpln|p~cpl~: Fkz fl P`khc! lb Ncotc~vlak l flbfl k Plka

^cnglfkfl Lncbognk fl Koghc~ fla Tk~! {|l gbvpcf|nl l fg~n|vl k~ ncpplbvl~ ncctlpkvguk~ bk{|la

vlotc" C npfgvc ncctlpkvguc! Pkgeelg~lb! k fc|vpgbk ~cngka nkvagnk! c ncctlpkvgug~oc ~cngkag~vk! k~ l}tl/

pglbngk~ tplncctlpkvguk~ {|l pltpl~lbvkb k~ ncbepkpk~ bc o|bfc fc okp" Lbv|~gk~vk! bkfk l~nktk kc

~l| gbvlpl~l" Flvp~! Kaeplfc @pkk~! {|l kalbvk l tpcachk kc ~l| koghc -Fkz fl Pk`khc! J"! ;=77'"

Ullb fl~tcg~ c~ ~gbfgnkvc~ khpkpgc~ fl ncolzc~ fc ~n|ac ]]! okpnkfc~ tcak gotpcbvk fc nkvcag/

ng~oc l k`lgpc~ fk~ tpgolgpk~ l}tlpglbngk~ ncctlpkvguk~ bc o|bfc khpkpgc tpcvkhcbgzkfk~ tcac~

ak`plhc~ ncb nglbngk! tplcn|tkfc~ tcak plflbngb ecpka! okg~ vkob tcp k`pgp k khpgn|av|pk kc~ bcuc~

o|bfc~ -Elpbbflz Tpglvc! A"! ;770'";

Vkob k~ tgcblgpk~ gbgngkvguk~ bc o|bfc c`plgpc l |p`kbc! Ughc l K Ncp|k! ncctlpkvguk~! kvlblc~

l k~cngkngb~ c`plgpk~ kvk c~ kbc~ 04" L}tlpglbngk~ cbfl ~l kvctkb lnc~ fl ucnl~ np|zkfk~: fc|vpk ucavk

k fc|vpgbk ~cngka fk Ghpl}k9 c |vctg~oc fl Cxlb l Ec|pglp9 c tanlv ncb ncbfgngb~ fl Okp} k tpcoc/

ngb fl l}tlpglbngk~ ncctlpkvguk~ tcp tkpvl fk Tpgolgpk Gbvlpbkngcbka -Ncal! H"F"M"! ;786'" K ncb~vp|/

; \b nkvcagng~oc {|l okpnkp tc~vlpgcpolbvl k ktkpgngb fk Ncbelflpkngb Bkngcbka Nkvagnk Khpkpgk! tpcocvcpk fl k`|bfkbvl~tpnvgnk~ ncctlpkvguk~" C Ncctlpkvgug~oc ukg ecpokp tkpvl ~|`~vkbngka fk fc|vpgbk ~cngka fk Ghpl}k Nkvagnk! ncb plelplbngk~ l}ta/ngvk~ bk Plp|o Bcukp|o fl Alb ]GGG l bk Okvlp lv Okhg~vpk fl ]cb ]]GGG"


40/623

Y>=_ Ag`pc @pkbnc fc ncctlpkvgug~oc lb Hkagngk

ngb ncctlpkvguk fk ngfkfl/}kpfb fk Ncp|k! ;70;! l}tlpglbngk kavlpbkvguk ngfkfl ncb}l~vgcbkfk

-^cpka|nl @acbf! J"P"! ;777'"

K~ tpctc~vk~ tpchpkovgnk~ fc~ Ncbhpl~c~ fl Lncbcok Hkalhk fl~l~ kbc~! lbvpl k~ {|l k~ ncctl/

pkvguk~ }chkb fl~vknkfc tktla" K plgugbfgnkngb fc ncctlpkvgug~oc ncoc ~ca|ngb lb Tlk Bcuc! Pce

Ncfgbk! Nk~vlakc -Hcbzalz @lpkolbfg!]"! ;7=8'" Kvk ncbea|p b|b lg}l `~gnc fc gflkpgc hkalh|g~vk k

tkpvgp fk ktkpgngb fc~ t|bvc~ tpchpkovgnc~ fc Tkpvgfc Hkalh|g~vk {|l ncb~khpkb k gflk Hkagngk nco|/bgfkfl ncctlpkvguk -K Bc~k Vlppk! ;7>;! b;'"

Fl~tcg~ fk H|lppk Nguga! k Alg fl ncctlpkvguk~ fl ;760 l c ~l| Plh|akolbvc fl ;76>! nkpknvlpgzkfc~!

ak`cpl~ fl ncbvpca fl alhkagfkfl okp}l! tcak gbvlhpkngb c`pghkvcpgk bk Cphkbgzkngb ^gbfgnka l k

gb}lplbngk fk Kfogbg~vpkngb lb k~|bvc~ gbvlpbc~ fk~ ncctlpkvguk~ -tcflp fl ulvc ~c`pl c~ bcolk/

olbvc~ fl olo`pc~ fk ]|bvk Plgvcpk c| c flplgvc fl k~g~vlbngk ~ pl|bgb~ fk ]|bvk Plgvcpk l fk ]|bvk

]lpka! ncb ucz l ucvc lb nk~c fl l~vgokplb gotpcnlflbvl~ c~ kncpfc~ kfctvkfc~'0" Kbc~ fl plea|}c bc

oculolbvc! agogvkfc nplkngb fkah|bmk~ ncctlpkvguk~ khpkpgk~! tc|nk~ l ncb tc|nk knvgugfkfl tkpk

|b vlotc lb {|l k khpgn|av|pk plvpcnlfl k bgulg~ lalukfc~ fl tpcf|ngb tkpk c k|vcncb~|oc! ncb l~nk~c

hpkc fl olpnkbvgagzkngb l n|b~ olpnkfc~ tcac flokg~! lb `ck tkpvl fc tlpcfc! ecpvlolbvl gbvlpugfc~"

c vlotc! tkpk k~ ncctlpkvguk~ khpkpgk~! fk gbvlhpkngb! vkob c`pghkvcpgk! bk~ pl~tlnvguk~

\bgcbl~ Vlppgvcpgkal~ fl Ncctlpkvguk~ fla Nkotc -\VLNC'" Fl~lbuaulb~l k~ \VLNC tpcugbngkg~ k

tkpvgp f|bmk tc~gngb gbvlpolfgkpgk l plakvgukolbvl tpgugal}gkfk bc k`k~vlnlolbvc fl gbt|v~! ~lotpl

tpc`alovgnc b|bmk L~tkk k|vp{|gnk"

Kbc~ ~l~lbvk l tpgolgpc~ ~lvlbvk! plakvguk ktlpv|pk fk lncbcok! og~ ag`lpkagzkngb fc~ olpnkfc~!

takb~ fl fl~lbucaulolbvc! ecpvl nplnlolbvc" Tlpolk`gagzkngb k bcuk~ gflk~! bgoc vpkb~ecpokfcp"

L}tkb~gb ncctlpkvguk: k ugukngfkfl ncbvpcakfk fc~ fl`kvl~ l tpctc~vk~ k~ ncctlpkvguk~ a|hkp ncob

fc~ Ncb~laac~ Lncbognc ^cngkg~#^gbfgnkg~ fl Hkagngk#Bcpcl~vl -NL^HK9NL^GBC'9 k Plug~vk fl Lncbcok

fl Hkagngk {|l plvcok l okbvb knnl~c kc eknmc fc hkalh|g~oc: Fgbkokpnk ncctlpkvguk ncoc l}lotac-Plug~vk fl Lncbcok fl Hkagngk! ;7


41/623

K tpl~lbzk hac`ka fc ncctlpkvgug~oc lb Hkagngk Y>7_

^lvlbvk l tpgolgpc~ fc~ cgvlbvk" Plecpok tcavgnk l bcpokagfkfl gb~vgv|ngcbka! Alg fl ncctlpkvguk~ fl

;786! Plh|akolbvc fl ;78=" Og~ k|vcbcok tkpk k~ ncctlpkvguk~ l l~vo|ac fc bcuc okpnc fl ag`lp/

fkfl k~cngkvguk" Knlbv|kngb fc~ nko`gc~ bc o|bfc p|pka l ncolzc fk okpnmk nkpk okf|plz bc

ncctlpkvgug~oc khpkpgc: fl~lbucaulolbvc fk~ ncctlpkvguk~ fl `k~l! l}vlb~gb fl knvgugfkfl~ l

~lpugzc~" K npg~l lncbognk! k pll~vp|v|pkngb gbf|~vpgka l k~ blnl~gfkfl~ fl okbvlolbvc fc lotplhc:

k~ l~tcbvblk~ gbgngkvguk~ fl vpk`kaac k~cngkfc! k|vc}l~vgb tkpk ncb~lpukp c vpk`kaac lb lotpl~k~ lb

npg~l" C ncctlpkvgug~oc vpkb~ecpokbfc k blnl~gfkfl lb ugpv|fl l k~ ~gv|kngb~ ncctlpkvguk~ fl elgvckfgkbvbfc~l l got|a~kbfc c ~l| plnclnlolbvc alhka"

Gbvlhpkngb lb L|pctk! ktlpv|pk fk lncbcok! ncotlvlbngk bk hac`kagzkngb" Alg fl ncctlpkvguk~ fl

;7=8! ncb~cagfkngb fc L~vkfc fk~ K|vcbcok~ nck vpkb~elplbngk fl ncotlvlbngk~! Alg hkalhk fl ncctl/

pkvguk~ fl ;77=" K`kbfcbc~! ncbnlbvpkngb! fgulp~gegnkngb l nko`gc~ bk~ l}tacvkngb~ khpkpgk~: k~

ncctlpkvguk~ ncoc plelplbvl tkpk c okbvlolbvc fk knvgugfkfl! k nplkngb fl ukacp l k ocflpbgzkngb!

kvlbvk~ k bcuc~ ~lnvcpl~ mcpvk! eacp l gbncptcpkbfc bcuk~ l~vpkvl}gk~ fl kfktvkngb kc~ l~nlbkpgc~

fl fl~lbucaulolbvc bc l~tkngc p|pka {|l tplegh|pk k plecpok fk TKN -nkagfkfl kagolbvkpgk! ~|~vlbvk/

`gagfkfl olfgcko`glbvka l knvgugfkfl~ fl fgulp~gegnkngb fl tpcf|ngb~ ol~oc bcb khpkpgk~ lb

l~tkzc~ p|pkg~'" L}vlpbkagzkngb l ~|`ncbvpkvkngb: k~ ncctlpkvguk~ fl vpk`kaac k~cngkfc ncoc ncotal/

olbvkpgk~ fk~ hpkbfl~ lotpl~k~ l k eal}g`gagfkfl ncoc ukacp lb olpnkfc~ }gal~ l nko`gkbvl~" K

lncbcok vlpngkpgzkfk! ncolpngc! vlnbcac}k! ecpokngb! vpkb~tcpvl~ l nco|bgnkngb~! l k~ bcuk~

flokbfk~ ~cngkg~ bcb l}na|~gb! ~lpugzc~ ~cngkg~! ugulbfk! alnlp bk ngfkfkbk fc ~n|ac ]]G: c ncctl/

pkvgug~oc l k~ ~k~ tcvlbngkagfkfl~ bc lotplhc fl o|aalpl~ l oczc~! c vpk`kaac k~cngkfc bk tpl~vkngb

fl ~lpugzc~ n|kagegnkfc~! k~ ncctlpkvguk~ fl ~lpugzc~ ~cngkg~ fl `lbl~vkp! k~ fl gbvlhpkngb! fl ncb~|/

ogfcpl~! fl vpkb~tcpvg~vk~! fl ugulbfk bk~ ngfkfl~! lvn"

c ncctlpkvgug~oc hkalhc" L~n|plngfc |bmk~ ulnl~! ncb `pgaac c|vpk~! fl~nclngfc ncb epln|lbngk!

ugzc~c c| o|pnmc! tlpc ~lotpl tpl~lbvl! nktkz fl kbcukp~l ncb bcuk~ ecpok~! knv|kbfc l vlbvkbfc

knmlhkp k~ ~k~ pl~tc~vk~ fgkbvl fl blnl~gfkfl~ nko`gkbvl~ fk lncbcok l fk ~cnglfkfl hkalhk!

~lotpl tpl~lbvl fl tkp fk~ blnl~gfkfl~ l gbgngkvguk~ fl fl~lbucaulolbvc fl Hkagngk"

0"/ Oknpcokhbgv|fl~ fc ncctlpkvgug~oc hkalhc" K fgbognk plnlbvl

Fc plncbvc fk~ ncctlpkvguk~ ecpokaolbvl ncb~vgv|fk~ {|l egh|pkb bc Pl}g~vpc Hkalhc fl Ncctlpk/

vguk~ gbnal~l k gbecpokngb vpkb~elpgfk tcac~ cphkbg~oc~ fk kfogbg~vpkngb nlbvpka ncb ncotlvlbngk~

bc ~l| fk bl~vk okvlpgk c`vlb~l |bmk ngepk fl >"


42/623


Pltpl~lbvkb c 6!;, fk~ ncctlpkvguk~ fc ncb}|bvc fc L~vkfc! |bmk tpctcpngb gbelpgcp vkbvc k tkpvg/

ngtkngb hkalhk bc TG@ fc ncb}|bvc -c TG@ hkalhc bc 044; ecg c , fc l~tkca' ncoc kc tl~c plakvguc

bk tc`ckngb -{|l ~lh|bfc c avgoc Nlb~c kankbzk`k c 5!5,'" Bc ncb}|bvc fk~ ;= nco|bgfkfl~ k|v/

bcok~ Hkagngk cn|tk c cgvkuc a|hkp lb bolpc fl ncctlpkvguk~6" ]k {|l achc! ncb gbfltlbflbngk fl

kbag~l~ og~ okvgzkfk~ vlbfc lb ncbvk k gotcpvkbngk lb bolpc fl ~cngc~ {|l plkagzkploc~ tc~vl/

pgcpolbvl! k gbvlb~gfkfl fl ncctlpkvguk~ lb Hkagngk olfgk/`kg}k lb vlpoc~ ncotkpkfc~" -NKFPC ;'"

6 Fl tcbflpkpoc~ c bolpc fl ncctlpkvguk~ lb plakngb nck tc`ckngb k tc~gngb plakvguk fl~nlbfl kvk c a|hkp ;>"

K fg~vpg`|ngb bc vlppgvcpgc fl~gh|ka: k~ tpcugbngk~ kvabvgnk~! K Ncp|k l Tcbvlulfpk! k~ fl okgcp

fgbkog~oc lncbognc l flochpegnc! {|l ncbnlbvpkb c 86, fk tc`ckngb l c 8>, fk plbfk hkalhk

-GBL! 044>'! ~cb k~ {|l kncaalb nk~l fc|~ vlpzc~ fc vcvka fk~ ncctlpkvguk~ knvguk~ lb Hkagngk9 olbvpl~

{|l A|hc l C|plb~l! ncb ngepk~ ~gogakpl~! vllb |b tl~c plakvguc bk vcvkagfkfl fl ncctlpkvguk~ ~|tlpgcp

kc {|l tcp fgbkog~oc lncbognc l flochpegnc aal~ ncppl~tcbflpk" -NKFPC 0'"

\bmk kbag~l og~ tcac ogfc fk fg~vpg`|ngb l~tkngka -OKTK ;' plulak nlpvk~ tkpvgn|akpgfkfl~:

NKFPC ;:Ncctlpkvguk~ Knvguk~ lb Hkagngk"

Nco|bgfkfl K|vbcok Ncctlpkvguk~ Knvguk~ k >4#45#044>

Kbfka|nk =7

Nk~vlak l Alb ;">55

Nkvka|k 5";85, fk tc`ckngb kncaalb |bmk tpctcp/

ngb ~gogakp fl ncctlpkvguk~! |b vlpzc fk~ vcvkg~: k okgcp tkpvl -75 ncctlpkvguk~' pkfgnkb bk

ngfkfl fl Ughc9 n|bmk gotcpvkbvl ncbnlbvpkngb bc bnalc |p`kbc fl C|plb~l -50'9 l! k ncbvgb|k/

ngb! l tcp l~vk cpfl! k~ pl~vkbvl~: ^kbvgkhc -5'! A|hc -07' l! tcp

avgoc! Tcbvlulfpk ncb vkb ~ bcul ncctlpkvguk~" Lb vlpoc~ ncotkpkfc~! k tpl~lbzk plakvguk fl

ncctlpkvguk~ bk~ ngfkfl~ fl Ughc! C|plb~l! ^kbvgkhc l Elppca ag}lgpkolbvl ~|tlpgcp kc tl~c fk

~k tc`ckngb bk~ pl~tlnvguk~ tpcugbngk~ l! tcak ncbvpk! nakpkolbvl gbelpgcp kc {|l ncppl~tcb/

flpk tcp tl~c flochpegnc bk Ncp|k! A|hc l Tcbvlulfpk"

`' Tcp ncb~lh|gbvl n|b npgvlpgc fl flagogvkngb l~vpgvc {|l ncb~gflpl p|pka vcfc c l~tkngc hkalhc bcb

gbna|fc bc vlppgvcpgc o|bgngtka fk~ ~lvl ngfkfl~! c ncctlpkvgug~oc hkalhc acnkagzkpk~l okgcpgvk/

pgkolbvl 55!8>, fk~ ncctlpkvguk~ bc olfgc p|pka"

n' Bcb c`~vkbvl fl ncb~gflpkpoc~ k~ plk~ olvpctcagvkbk~ fk~ hpkbfl~ ngfkfl~! gbna|bfc tcp vkbvc

c~ ncbnlaac~ agovpcel~! k ncbna|~gb kbvlpgcp fl`l okvgzkp~l: k tpctcpngb fl ncctlpkvguk~ bc

ncb}|bvc fl~k~ plk~ pltpl~lbvk c 65; >!>5, 64!5!05,

C|plb~l ;8< ;8!6>, ;;!54, ;0!>!


44/623


Bc {|l kvgb}l fgbognk fk luca|ngb fc ncctlpkvgug~oc lb Hkagngk bk tcnk plnlbvl vloc~ kbkag/

zkfc c~ fkvc~ pl}g~vpkg~ {|l plncaalb k fkvk fl ncb~vgv|ngb fk~ >"


45/623

K tpl~lbzk hac`ka fc ncctlpkvgug~oc lb Hkagngk Y6>_

AKAGB

A\HC

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;/>

B ncctlpkvguk~ tcp ncbnlaac

4

6/8

=/;4

>;/


46/623


n' K vlbflbngk k~nlbflbvl ncb~cafk~l nck ag`lpfkfl fl k~cngkngb l c bcuc okpnc gb~vgv|ngcbka9

plepzk~l bc~ kbc~ fl npg~l lncbognk {|l got|a~kb k nplkngb fl bcuk~ ~ca|ngb~ ncctlpkvguk~9

l tcvbngk~l nck blnl~gfkfl! fl~tcg~ fk lbvpkfk bk \bgb L|pctlk fl knlbv|kp c tpcnl~c fl

nko`gc khpkpgc" K g~vc bcb ecg kaalk k k~|bngb fl ncotlvlbngk~ tcak k|vcbcok"

HPEGNC 0: Nplkngb fl ncctlpkvguk~ bc~ avgoc~ kbc~ -;774/0440'"


4

04

64

54

=4

;44

;04

;774 ;77; ;770 ;77> ;776 ;77< ;775 ;778 ;77= ;777 0444 044; 0440

Tlpcfc

Bflncc

tlpkvguk~ncb~vgv|gfk~

HPEGNC ;: Nplkngb fl ncctlpkvguk~ tcp tlpcfc~"

Ecbvl: OKTK fl ncctlpkvguk~ fl Hkagngk! lak`cpkngb tpctgk"

64

55!>

=5!6

8=!0

4

;4

04

>4

64


47/623

K tpl~lbzk hac`ka fc ncctlpkvgug~oc lb Hkagngk Y6 {|l gbfgnk k l}g~vlbngk f|b 64, fl ncctlpkvguk~ knvguk~ ncb og~ fl flz kbc~ fl

e|bngcbkolbvc bcpokagzkfc l {|l! tcp vkbvc! vllb ~|tlpkfk l~k lvktk npgvgnk {|l! tcp kbkac}k nck

vlpogbcac}k flochpegnk! ~l tcfl n|kagegnkp fl kavk ocpvkafkfl bc~ tpgolgpc~ kbc~ fl ugfk fk~ncctlpkvguk~" F`l~l fl~vknkp! k~ ol~oc! |b 64, fl ncctlpkvguk~ fl plnlbvl nplkngb! vkbvc og~

lb nkbvc {|l k fkvk fl ncolzc fk knvgugfkfl plka -nck plkagzkngb fc~ gbul~vgolbvc~ blnl~kpgc~ l k

fcvkngb ncotalvk fl eknvcpl~ blnl~kpgc~' tcfl kfgkp~l pl~tlnvc fk fkvk fl ncb~vgv|ngb tkpk c~

lelnvc~ pl}g~vpkg~"

K fg~vpg`|ngb tcp nak~l~ plncaagfk bc Hpegnc 6 plulak {|l og~ fl nkvpc fl nkfk ngbnc ncctlpkvguk~

~cb fl vpk`kaac k~cngkfc c| fl ncolpngkagzkngb! k`k~vlnlolbvc l#c| ~lpugzc~ khpkpgc~9 l c tl~c b|o/

pgnc fk~ tpgolgpk~ -: Fg~vpg`|ngb fk~ ncctlpkvguk~ tcp kbvghgfkfl"

Bcvk: Bcb ncb~vk kbc fl ncb~vgv|ngb lb 80 ncctlpkvguk~ knvguk~" Ecbvl: Lak`cpkngb tpctgk"

1 > kbc~

> k < kbc~

5 k ;4 kbc~

2 ;4 kbc~

;8;

0;;

;8=

>80


48/623


lb Hkagngk fl ncctlpkvguk~ fcogngagkfk~ bc|vpc~ vlppgvcpgc~! plulakfcpk k tkpnk tpl~lbzk fc ncctlpk/

vgug~oc fl ncb~|oc lb fg~cbkbngk nc hpkc fl vlpngkpgzkngcb fk ~cnglfkfl"

Ncbvpk~vk vkob nck~ ~k~ tcvlbngkagfkfl~ l nck gotcpvkbngk fc ~lnvcp bc ncb}|bvc fk lncbcok

hkalhk c tl{|lbc bolpc fl ncctlpkvguk~ fc okp"

Tcak ~k tkpvl c~ fkvc~ fc ncctlpkvgug~oc fl ~lh|bfc hpkc okpnkb c~ fl~kec~ bc~ tpcnl~c~ fl gbvl/

hpkngb ncctlpkvguk: vllb nlpvc nkogc kbfkfc! {|l fl`lp ncotalvkp~l! bc lgfc khpkpgc! {|l ncbnlbvpk

k tpnvgnk vcvkagfkfl fk~ l}tlpglbngk~! l fl`lpb plng`gp |b ecpvl got|a~c lbvpl k~ c|vpk~ nak~l~"

Lb vlpoc~ ncotkpkfc~! pl~tlnvc fk ~gv|kngb bc ncb}|bvc fc L~vkfc! bc oculolbvc ncctlpkvguc

hkalhc vllb tpctcpngcbkaolbvl og~ tl~c k~ ncctlpkvguk~ khpkpgk~ -tkpk c ncb}|bvc fc L~vkfc pltpl/

~lbvkb c ;5!8, fc vcvka' l olbc~ gotcpvkbngk k~ ncctlpkvguk~ fl vpk`kaac k~cngkfc -{|l lb L~tkk

~ghbgegnkb c 5>, fk~ ncctlpkvguk~' l k~ ncctlpkvguk~ fl ugulbfk -c ;6, fc vcvka lb L~tkk'" C tl~c fc

pl~vc fk~ nak~l~ ! bc~ fc|~ o`gvc~! ocg plf|ngfc l! tcp vkbvc! lb vlpoc~ plakvguc~ tc|nc ~ghbgegnkvguc"

-NGPGLN! 0440'"

>"/ K gotcpvkbngk ~cngka fc ncctlpkvgug~oc lb Hkagngk

Bcb fg~tcloc~! tkpk k vcvkagfkfl fk~ ncctlpkvguk~! fl fkvc~ knv|kagzkfc~ knlpnk fk ~k ncotc~g/

ngb ~cngka" Lb vpc{|l~ vloc~ pl|bgfc k~ ngepk~ fl ~cngc~ e|bfkfcpl~ fk vcvkagfkfl flak~! k~ ncoc c~

fkvc~ plkg~ ~c`pl c b|olpc fl ~cngc~ knv|kg~ fc ncb}|bvc fl ncctlpkvguk~ pltpl~lbvkvguk~ {|l gbvlhpkb

HPEGNC 6: Fg~vpg`|ngb fk~ ncctlpkvguk~ tcp nak~l~"

Bcvk: LN: L}tacvkngb nco|bgvkpgk fk vlppk9 ^H: ^lh|bfc Hpkc9 V: Vpkb~tcpvl~9 NK: Khpkpgk~9 VK: Vpk kaac K~cngkfc -gbna|fk~ k~ flvpkb~tcpvl~! ~lpugzc~ ~cngkg~ l gbvlhpkngb ~cngka fl vpk`kaac k~cngkfc l l}na|fk~ k~ ncctlpkvguk~ fl lb~gbc fl vpk`kaac k~cngkfc'9U:Ugulbfk~9 ^: ^lpugzc~9 N\: Ncb~|ogfcpl~ l \~|kpgc~9 O: Okp9 L: Lb~gbc"Ecbvl: OKTK fl ncctlpkvguk~ fl Hkagngk" Lak`cpkngb tpctgk"

0> ;6 0=

6=6

;> 04

44

644


49/623


k bc~k oc~vpk {|l! alo`pkoc~! ~ghbgegnk c ;4, fc vcvka c {|l! }|bvc nc~ fkvc~ knmlhkfc~ tcak~

fgulp~k~ k~cngkngb~ fl ncctlpkvguk~! tlpogvl l~vgokp k ngepk hac`ka

kankbzkb c ;!0, fc vcvka"

< K l~vgokngcb plkazk~l nck mgtvl~l fl {|l c ncotcpvkolbvc fc ncb}|bvc fl ncctlpkvguk~ bc {|l ~l plegpl kc hpkc fl ukpgk`gagfkflbc bolpc fl ~cngc~ -c~ ~cngc~ knv|kg~ pl~tlnvc fc~ ~cngc~ gbgngkg~' l ~gogakp kc ncotcpvkolbvc fk~ ncctlpkvguk~ fk oc~vpk"Kflokg~ gbvpcf|ngoc~! ncoc lalolbvc~ fl nan|ac ncotalolvkpgc! c~ fkvc~ tpcnlflbvl~ fk~ fgulp~k~ k~cngkngb~"

5 Fl`l vlp~l lb ncbvk c bl~hc {|l gbvpcf|nlb c~ fkvc~ fk bgnk ncctlpkvguk fl npfgvc l}g~vlbvl lb Hkagngk! {|l khp|tk k og~ fl

;0"444 ~cngc~! c ;6!>;, fc vcvka"8 Tkpk c ncb}|bvc fl L~tkk c~ ~cngc~ fk~ ncctlpkvguk~ khpkpgk~ ~ pltpl~lbvkb c 04, fc~ ~cngc~ vcvkg~ -NGPGLN!0440'"= Lb L~tkk k~ tpgolgpk~ khp|tkb k og~ fc 00, fc~ ~cngc~ fl ncctlpkvguk~" G`gf"7 ^ghbgegnkb c 0!0, fc vcvka"G gf"

;4 5;!8 ~l l}na|oc~ fc not|vc k bgnk ncctlpkvguk fl npfgvc"Nep": bcvk 5"

C vkokc ~cngka olfgc fl =>!68 ~cngc~;4! ncb bcv`lg~ hpkc~ fl fl~ugkngb {|l plulakb k kavk mlvl/

pc}lblgfkfl fc ncalnvguc" B|b l}vploc ogbge|bfgc ncctlpkvguc: og~ fk olvkfl fk~ ncctlpkvguk~ ncb

olbc~ fl 04 ~cngc~ l og~ f|b vlpzc ncb olbc~ fl ~lvl ~cngc~! lbvpl k~ {|l og~ fk olvkfl {|lfkb

bc obgoc alhka9 ~lb f`gfk! tkpk `ck tkpvl fl~k~ ncctlpkvguk~! c plfgolb~gcbkolbvc! k ncbnlbvpkngb

NKFPC 6: ^cngc~ fk~ ncctlpkvguk~ l tc`ckngb fl Hkagngk"

^cngc~! tc`ckngb l echkpl~

K/ ^cngc~ fk~ ncctlpkvguk~ lb Hkagngk =>"=;0

@/ Tc`ckngb fl Hkagngk 0"57!;,,

K#N 7!4


50/623


c| k gbvlhpkngb ncctlpkvguk! vlpb bc e|v|pc |b gotcpvkbvl tktla {|l n|otpgp tkpk k ncb~ln|ngb fl

tkpvl fc~ c`}lnvguc~ `|~nkfc~ nck k~cngkngb: c ktpculgvkolbvc fk~ lncbcok~ fl l~nkak bc~ n|~vc~!

bk ncolpngkagzkngb! bc k`k~vlnlolbvc c| bk tpl~vkngb fl ~lpugzc~" Bc c|vpc l}vploc! |b >;, ncb

og~ fl nlb ~cngc~! bk~ {|l! k tpgcpg! ~l ncbnlbvpkb og~ tc~g`gagfkfl~! tcp vkokc obgoc/npvgnc! fl

kncolvlp knvgugfkfl~ fl vpkb~ecpokngb }lpkfcpk~ fl og~ ukacp"

HPEGNC 5: Fg~vpg`|ngb fk~ ncctlpkvguk~ tcp bolpc fl ~cngc~"


;>,

5,

;=,

0;,5,

~cngc~

6 ~cngc~


51/623


K~ ncbna|~gb~ kbvlpgcpl~ tcflb okvgzkp~l ncbepcbvkbfc! -HPEGNC 8'! c vkokc ~cngka olfgc bk~

fg~vgbvk~ nak~l~: k hpkb tkpvl fk~ ncctlpkvguk~ fl tl{|lbc vkokc ncbnbvpkb~l lb vpk`kaac k~cngkfc

-|bmk olfgk fl 8 ~cngc~! ngepk bcb ocg fg~vkbvl fk olfgk l~tkcak fl =!0 ~cngc~' b|b ncalnvguc {|l

l}nlfl c ;55 ~cngc~ l k~ fl ugulbfk 6;7" G`gf"


52/623

Y


53/623

K tpl~lbzk hac`ka fc ncctlpkvgug~oc lb Hkagngk Y>;! l~vb tpl~lbvl~ lb og~ fc


54/623

Y


55/623

K tpl~lbzk hac`ka fc ncctlpkvgug~oc lb Hkagngk Y_

Bc plakvguc kc c`}lnvc fk~ knvgugfkfl~ fc ncctlpkvgug~oc hkalhc -NKFPC


56/623

Y!4=, 40 ^gaugn|av|pk! l}tacvkngb ecpl~vka l knvgugfkfl~fc~ ~lpugzc~ plakngcbkfc~ ncb lak~

08 0!57, =!>;, 4< Tl~nk kn|gn|av|pk l knvgugfkfl~ fc~ ~lpugzc~

plakngcbkfc~ ncb lak~

> 4!>4, ;!>0, ;0/;6 L}vpknngb fl ogblpkg~

06 0!>7, ;4!4 ;0!7!4=, 06/05 >!< Ek`pgnkngb fl tpcf|vc~ olvagnc~! ok{|gbkpgk

l l{|gtc! olnbgnc! lanvpgnc l c|vpc~

;;8 ;;!5 0!07, 5!7,

knvgugfkfl~ lotpl~kpgkg~

60 6!;=, ;0!5;, =< Knvgugfkfl~ ~kbgvkpgk~ l ulvlpgbkpgk~! ~lpugzc~

~cngkg~

;8 ;!57,

fltcpvguk~

;; ;!;4, >!>4, 7> Knvgugfkfl~ fgulp~k~ fl ~lpugzc~ tlp~ckg~

5 4!54, >8/74/7


57/623

K tpl~lbzk hac`ka fc ncctlpkvgug~oc lb Hkagngk Y'"


58/623

Y4,

;0,

4,

L^TKK 044> HKAGNGK 044> , HKAGNGK

-GG Vpgol~vpl' -GGG Vpgol~vpl' #L^TKK

Vpk`kaakfcpl~ 07!


59/623

K tpl~lbzk hac`ka fc ncctlpkvgug~oc lb Hkagngk Y' fl~vknk k a}gnk gotcp/

vkbngk fk~ ncctlpkvguk~ fl vpk`kaac k~cngkfc! tcak ~k bkv|plzk fgplnvkolbvl ncbng`gfk~ l cpg}gbkfk~

tkpk k nplkngb c| okbvlolbvc fc lotplhc! l pl~kavk c gotcpvkbvl tl~c plakvguc fc lotplhc bk~

ncctlpkvguk~ khpkpgk~! fl`gfc {|gzkg~! ncoc ulploc~ ncb kotagv|fl bc~ nktv|ac~ ncppl~tcbflbvl~! kc

okgcp vkokc olfgc fl~vk~ avgok~ l gbea|lbngk flbvpc fl~vl hp|tc fkah|bmk~ hpkbfl~ ncctlpkvguk~

ocg plalukbvl~ flbvpc fk gbf|~vpgk khpckagolbvkpgk"

Tcp avgoc bk fg~vpg`|ngb tcp ~l}c~ fc lotplhc bk~ ncctlpkvguk~ -HPEGNC ;6' ktpngk~l |bmk

tpl~lbzk fk o|aalp |b tc|nc og~ `kg}k {|l k {|l ~l ncppl~tcbflpk tcac ~l| tl~c bk ncotc~gngb~cngka: pltpl~lbvkb c 6>, fc~ vpk`kaakfcpl~ l c 65, fc~ ~cngc~! |bmk tpl~lbzk ~gogakp kc tl~c fc~

knvguc~ elogbgbc~ bc ncb}|bvc fk tc`ckngb knvguk hkalhk! cbfl ~ghbgegnkb! ncoc vloc~ ug~vc! c 60!5, fc~

knvguc~ vcvkg~" -LTK! 044>'" Ncb gbfltlbflbngk! ncoc ulploc~ bc nktv|ac ncppl~tcbflbvl! fc gotcpvkbvl

tl~c fc vpk`kaac elogbgbc bk~ ncctlpkvguk~ og~ }lpkfcpk~ fl lotplhc! k~ fl vpk`kaac k~cngkfc"

C uca|ol fl eknv|pkngb! ncoc gbfgnkfcp fc vkokc lncbognc fk~ ncctlpkvguk~! ecgbc~ tpctcpngc/

bkfc tcac =>, fk~ lotpl~k~ lbvplug~vkfk~! |b bolpc nlpvkolbvl ~ghbgegnkvguc l {|l tlpogvl plkagzkp

l~vgokngb~ tkpk c ncb}|bvc -HPEGNC ;


60/623

Y6 ogaab~ fl l|pc~" Gh|kaolbvl! fl plkagzkpoc~ c ol~oc tpcnlflolbvc tkpk

l~vgokp c uca|ol fl eknv|pkngb vcvka fc ncctlpkvgug~oc hkalhc c`vlb~l fc|~ ukacpl~ l}vploc~: og~

fl 5"


61/623

K tpl~lbzk hac`ka fc ncctlpkvgug~oc lb Hkagngk Y50!; ogaab~ fl l|pc~ c ukacp lbhkfgfc `p|vc vcvka fk~

ncctlpkvguk~ hkalhk~! c {|l ~ghbgegnk c ;!;, fc~ >0"064 ogaab~ fl l|pc~ fc ukacp lbhkfgfc `p|vc

hkalhc! |bmk ngepk ~|tlpgcp tpctcpngb fl cn|tkfc~ bk~ ncctlpkvguk~ ~c`pl c vcvka hkalhc {|l fl

4!75,"-GHL! 0440'"

Lb vlpoc~ ncotkpkfc~ c ncctlpkvgug~oc hkalhc knmlhk c 6!


62/623


HPEGNC ;8: Tl~c fk~ fg~vgbvk~ nak~l~ fl ncctlpkvguk~ bc UL@ vcvka" Kbc 044;"

Nakul:NK: Khpkpgk~9 VK: Vpk`kaac K~cngkfc9U: Ugulbfk~9 L: Lb~gbc9 ^)V: ^lpugzc~ l Vpkb~tcpvl9" N\: Ncb~|ogfcpl~ l \~|kpgc~9 LN:L}tacvkngb nco|bgvkpgk fk vlppk"Ecbvl: Lak`cpkngb tpctgk"

5>,

04,

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VK

L

Lb vlpoc~ fl fg~vpg`|ngb fk~ ncctlpkvguk~ tcp uca|ol fl ukacp lbhkfgfc }lpkfc -HPEGNC ;5' c~

fkvc~ pleagnvlb! |bmk ulz og~! k fgulp~gfkfl fl lotpl~k~ l}g~vlbvl~ bc oculolbvc: nlpvk ncbnlbvpk/

ngb bc~ gbvlpukac~ fl vkokc gbvlpolfgc! c 64, ncb ukacp lbhkfgfc lbvpl ;44"444 l >44"444 l|pc~! l

tpctcpngb~ ~ghbgegnkvguk~! lb vcpbc kc 04,! vkbvc bk~ og~ hpkbfl~! ncb og~ fl >44"444! ncoc bk~

og~ tl{|lbk~! n|b ukacp lbhkfgfc flz ulnl~ gbelpgcp ~ kbvlpgcpl~"

HPEGNC ;5: , fl ncctlpkvguk~ tcp gbvlpukac~ fl UL@" Kbc 044;"


;7,

6,

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63/623

K tpl~lbzk hac`ka fc ncctlpkvgug~oc lb Hkagngk Y5;_

Tcp avgoc! pl~tlnvc kc tl~c fk~ fg~vgbvk~ nak~l~ bc UL@ vcvka fk~ ncctlpkvguk~ -HPEGNC ;8'

fl~vknkb c~ fc|~ vgtc~ fl ncctlpkvguk~ og~ b|olpc~k~: lb tpgolgpc vlpoc k~ ncctlpkvguk~ khpkpgk~!

{|l og~ {|l vpgtagnkb c UL@ fk~ ncctlpkvguk~ fl vpk`kaac k~cngkfc! k~ ~lh|bfk~ lb gotcpvkbngk! k tl~kp

fl {|l! ncoc vloc~ ug~vc! b|olpgnkolbvl k{|lak~ pltpl~lbvkb k olvkfl fl~vk~" C fkvc vkob

ncbvpk~vk nc~ l}g~vlbvl~ tkpk c ncb}|bvc l~tkca! cbfl k~ ncctlpkvguk~ khpkpgk~ pltpl~lbvkb! bc kbc

0444! |bgnkolbvl c ;6, fc ukacp lbhkfgfc ncctlpkvguc! olbvpl~ {|l k~ ncctlpkvguk~ fl vpk`kaac

k~cngkfc ~ghbgegnkb c 5>, fc vcvka -NGPGLN! 0440'"


64/623


65/623

Kbag~l fk~fg~vgbvk~nak~l~ flncctlpkvguk~

Tkpvl ~lh|bfk


66/623


67/623

Ncctlpkvguk~khpkpgk~

Nktv|ac GGG:


68/623


69/623

Kbag~l fk~ fg~vgbvk~ nak~l~ fl ncctlpkvguk~ Y58_

;"/ Tkbcpognk }lpka

;";"/ Cpg}l l luca|ngb fc ncctlpkvgug~oc khpkpgc

Bc olfgc p|pka hkalhc mkg o|avgv|fl fl knvgugfkfl~ khpkpgk~ vpkfgngcbkg~ cbfl c~ vpk`kaac~ ~l fl~lb/

ucaulb olfgkbvl |bmk knv|kngb ncalnvguk fk nco|bgfkfl p|pka tcac ~g~vlok fl k}|fk o|v|k" Mc}l! bc~

gbgngc~ fc ~n|ac ]]G! l cbvl! flbfl plocvc~ vlotc~ tk~kfc~! }cpfl k pl~tc~vk ncctlpkvguk! ncalnvguk l

nco|bgvkpgk ~ fgegn|avkfl~ fk knvgugfkfl l fk ugfk bc olfgc p|pka"

K Alg fl k~cngkngb fl ;==8 tpcucnk k ecpokngb fk~ tpgolgpk~ ~cnglfkfl~ khpkpgk~ lb Hkagngk" K~

gbea|lbngk~ ocflpbgzkfcpk~ l|pctlk~! k~ gbea|lbngk~ fc~ loghpkbvl~ l k gbea|lbngk fk Alg fl ~gbfgnkvc~

khpkpgc~ fl ;745 gb~tgpkfk bk Fc|vpgbk ^cngka fk Ghpl}k ecpcb c }lpol f|b gbngtglbvl oculolbvc ncctl/

pkvguc bc olfgc p|pka fl Hkagngk! l ecg c Okvkfcgpc Ncctlpkvguc fl Tcppgc |bmk fk~ ~k~ hpkbfl~ knngb~

got|a~cpk~"

Lb ;7>; t|ànk~l k tpgolgpk alg fl ncctlpkvguk~ ncgbngfgbfc nc tlpcfc flocnpvgnc fk GG Pltàgnk"

K H|lppk Nguga ~|t|}c |bmk tkpkagzkngb l |b eplc tkpk c oculolbvc ncctlpkvguc" ]k bc p}gol fc

}lblpka Epkbnc t|àgnc|~l lb ;760 k Alg fl ncctlpkvguk~ {|l ncb~khpk`k k v|vlak fc~ phkbc~ plgvcpl~

tcp fgelplbvl~ phkbc~ tcavgnc~ fcOcugoglbvc Bkngcbka " L~vk bcpok ecg fl~lbucaugfk tcac Plh|akolbvc

fl ;78; {|l plf|nl k v|vlak tcavgnk fk~ ncctlpkvguk~ tcac L~vkfc" ^lh|bfc fkvc~ fc Pl}g~vpc fl Ncctl/

pkvguk~ fk ]|bvk fl Hkagngk! kbfk ~|`~g~vlb `k~vkbvl~ ncctlpkvguk~ khpkpgk~ ncb~vgv|fk~ f|pkbvl l~vl

tlpcfc tcavgnc fl L~tkk"

Lbvpl ;764/;7


70/623


bg~vpkngb ecpvlolbvl gbvlpulbngcbg~vk bk knvgugfkfl lncbognk l! lb tkpvgn|akp! bk knvgugfkfl khpkpgk"

K okgcpk vllb |bmk fgolb~gb tkppc{|gka! ~lpulb tkpk k`k~vlnlolbvc~ fk~ l}tacvkngb fc~ khpgn|a/

vcpl~ ~cngc~! l k nktkngfkfl fl }l~vgb lotpl~kpgka obgok"

Vpk~ c l~ocplnlolbvc l tlpfk fl knvgugfkfl fk okgcpk fl~vk~ ~cnglfkfl~ nplkfk~ bk~ fnkfk~

fc~ ncplbvk! ngbn|lbvk l ~l~lbvk l fgkbvl fc~ bcuc~ fl~kec~ {|l ~|tb c knlalpkfc tpcnl~c fl gbvl/

hpkngb olpnkbvga fk~ l}tacvkngb~ khpkpgk~ l k ktlpv|pk ncotlvlbngk {|l gotagnk k gbncptcpkngb \bgb L|pctlk! }cpfl k bcuk pl~tc~vk f|b~ khpgn|avcpl~ {|l ~lbvlb k blnl~gfkfl fl khp|tplb~l lb

ncctlpkvguk~ }k flngfgfkolbvl cpglbvkfk~ nkpk kc~ olpnkfc~"

C~ kbc~ ~lvlbvk! cgvlbvk l bculbvk ~cb kbc~ lb {|l! lb ncotkpkbzk nc~ c|vpc~ tk~l~ fc bcpvl fk

\bgb L|pctlk;! c pgvoc fl nplkngb fl ncctlpkvguk~ khpkpgk~ l}tlpgolbvk |b ecpvl gbnplolbvc" ^cb

vkob c~ vlotc~ bc~ {|l k blnl~gfkfl fl ncbnlbvpkngb fl ncctlpkvguk~ khpkpgk~ ~l tak~ok bc gbnpl/

olbvc fl ncctlpkvguk~ fl ~lh|bfc hpkc: c o|bfc khpkpgc ncbnlbvpk! n|bmk bgnk l}nltngb! vcfk~ k~

l}g~vlbvl~ lb Hkagngk" Tcp avgoc bc~ kbc~ og~ plnlbvl~ k vlbflbngk fl nplkngb fl ncctlpkvguk~ fk!

kbfk! |b bcuc ~kavc -HPEGNC ;'"

K ncb~vgv|ngb fk~ bcuk~ ncctlpkvguk~ l~v l~vplgvkolbvl plakngcbkfk ncb gotcpvkbvl~ egvc~ fc bc~c

khpc" K }lgvc fl pl~|oc! tcfloc~ kegpokp {|l k~ ncctlpkvguk~ nplkfk~ bc tlpcfc ;764/;78< l~vb ocg

ugbn|akfk~ ~ Gpokbfkfl~ fl Ak`pkfcpl~! l nck ~kaugfkfl fk~ \bgb~ Vlppgvcpgkg~ fl Ncctlpkvguk~ fc

HPEGNC ;: Nplkngb fl ncctlpkvguk~ khpkpgk~ tcp tlpcfc~ G"


Tlpcfc fl ncb~vgv|ngb

,

ncctlpkvguk~ncb~vgv|fk~

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; Cbfl c tpcnl~c! bl~l vlotc! fl ncbnlbvpkngb fk~ ncctlpkvguk~ nplkfk~ kc~ gbgngc~ fc ~n|ac ugbvl"


71/623


Nkotc -\VLNC~' {|l }cpflb bl~vk tcnk! vllb |bmk fgolb~gb ocg tl{|lbk l nkpnvlp tkppc{|gka ! ncb

knvgugfkfl~ plakngcbkfk~ nc~ k`k~vlnlolbvc~ fl ~lolbvl~ l elpvgagzkbvl~ tkpk c~ khpgn|avcpl~"

Tcak ~k `kbfk k~ \VLNC~ plkagzk`kb |bmk vkplek tcavgnk l pltpl~lbvkvguk c ol~oc vlotc {|l

nlbvpkagzk`kb k~ ncotpk~ fk~ tl{|lbk~ ncctlpkvguk~ tkppc{|gkg~" K egbkg~ fc~ kbc~ ~l~lbvk l tpgbngtgc~

fc~ ~lvlbvk! }cpflb k~ tpgolgpk~ nlbvpkg~ algvlgpk~ fl nkpnvlp ncctlpkvguc0 l tlb~l lb okpnmk k~

kflhk~ ncctlpkvguk~ lb Hkagngk" Bl~vk tcnk! NCPLB gbfltlbfzk~l fk o|avgbkngcbka bcpvlkolpgnkbknck {|l t|}lpk> lb okpnmk k~ tpgolgpk~ hpkb}k~ kuncak~ lb C|plb~l"

K tkpvgp fl ;78< l kvk c~ kbc~ ;7=4! mkg |b hpkbfl got|a~c fc ncctlpkvgug~oc lot|ppkfc tcak~ bcuk~

flokbfk~ tkpk k tpcf|ngb fl algvl l kbgokfc tcac ^lpugzc fl L}vlb~gb Khpkpgk! lb ocgvc~ nk~c~ olfgkbvl

c~ nmkokfc~ takbvlal~" Bl~vl tlpcfc k tpgbngtka tplcn|tkngb lpk k ~|`ogbg~vpkngb fl kagolbvc~ tkpk

c hkbfc fk~ l}tacvkngb~! c {|l kbgok nplkngb fl ocgvk~ fk~ knv|kg~ ncctlpkvguk~ tkpk k ek`pgnkngb fl

tlb~c~" Vkob! nck ktkpgngb fk~ tpgolgpk~ npg~l~ bk ncolpngkagzkngb fl algvl! l got|a~kfk~ tcp ~knlp/

fcvl~! k}lbvl~ fl l}vlb~gb khpkpgk l ol~vpl~ fc olfgc p|pka! }cpflb o|avgv|fl fl ncctlpkvguk~ l k~cngk/

ngb~ hkbflgpk~ tkpk ktpculgvkp k~ ukbvk}l~ fk blhcngkngb lb ncob fc~ tplzc~ tknvkfc~ nck gbf|~vpgk

algvlgpk" Tcp c|vpk `kbfk! nc ktpculgvkolbvc ncolpngka fk |uk ka`kpgk l nck nplkngb fk Flbcogbkngb fl

Cpg}l Pk~ @kg}k~! }cpflb bc~ cgvlbvk k~ kflhk~ ncctlpkvguk~ og~ bcuk~ fl Hkagngk! olbvpl~ {|l bl~vl~

kbc~ NCPLB gotakbvk bcuk~ knvgugfkfl~ l tpcf|ngb~ lbvpl c~ ~l|~ ~cngc~: tcpngbc! nclaac~! nl`c fl }kvc~!"""

Nk~l k egbkg~ fc~ kbc~ cgvlbvk! ncolzkb k fl~lbucaulp~l bcuk~ knvgugfkfl~ fl gbvlpl~l lncbognc tkpk

c~ khpgn|avcpl~! }cpflb k~ k~ ncctlpkvguk~ fl mcpvk! fl eacp! fl ola!""" K~ ol~oc k egbkg~ fc~ cgvlbvk l

tpgbngtgc~ fc~ bculbvk k tplcn|tkngb tcp knkfkp og~ fgolb~gb l okgcp vkokc tkpk fkp pl~tc~vk ~

l~g}lbngk~ fc~ olpnkfc~ flvlpogbk {|l ocgvk~ fk~ tl{|lbk~ k~cngkngb~ fl hkbflgpc~ vlbfkb k gbvlhp/

plb~l lb ncctlpkvguk~ fl algvl c|! k~ og~ hpkbfl~! k vpkb~ecpoplb~l lb ncctlpkvguk~ algvlgpk~9 bknlb

ukpgk~ |bgb~ fl ncctlpkvguk~ fl nkpnvlp pltpl~lbvkvguc n|b gotcpvkbvl tktla fgbkogzkfcp9 k~ ncctlpk/

vguk~ fl ugc plkagzkb hpkbfl~ l~ecpzc~ fl gbul~vgolbvc lb ocflpbgzkngb fk~ kflhk~ l lb tpcocngb

ncolpngka! l ncb~cafk~l k l}tkb~gb fl NCPLB bc olpnkfc tlbgb~|akp l bc|vpc~ olpnkfc~ gbvlpbkngcbkg~"

K gbgngc~ fc~ bculbvk! k~ ncctlpkvguk~ fl algvl! k~|olb k }l~vgb lotpl~kpgka fc algvl l nk~l lb

vcfc~ c~ ~lnvcpl~ gbngkb~l tpcnl~c~ fl ncbnlbvpkngb lotpl~kpgka olfgkbvl k nplkngb fl ncctlpkvguk~

fl ~lh|bfc hpkc" Nc t|ac fk Gbfgnkngb ]lchpegnk Tpcvl}gfk -G]T' Vlpblpk Hkaalhk! k olfgkfc~ fc~

bculbvk npkb~l ncctlpkvguk~ fl uknb fl nkpbl tkpk ncolpngkagzkp pl~l~ fl hkbflgpc~ gbfgugf|kg~" Tcp

c|vpk `kbfk! }cpflb og~ ncctlpkvguk~ fl mcpvk bc~ ukal~ og~ tpcf|vguc~ fl Hkagngk! l kah|bmk~ ncctl/

pkvguk~ fl~vl ~lnvcp ncolzkb k knkfkp nlpvk gotcpvkbngk lncbognk l ~cngka"

K~ npg~l~ fc ~lnvcp algvlgpc tcak~ agogvkngb~ fl ncvk~! k plf|ngb fl khpgn|avcpl~ knvguc~! kbfk {|l

bcb fl ~cngc~! }|bvc nck ~kfk fk~ ncctlpkvguk~ fc Hp|tc Anvlc Hkalhc! tpcucnk |bmk plknngb ekuc/

0 ELGPKNC! nc got|a~c fl F" Jl~~ Hkpnk Nkauc! ALWOK! NCPLB"> ^lbfc tpl~gflbvl F" L|ac}gc Holz Epkb{|lgpk"


72/623


p`la k e|~gb~ fl ncctlpkvguk~ {|l bc~ gbgngc~ fc bcuc ~n|ac ukb nkogc fl ncb~cagfplb~l ncok |b

tpcnl~c blnl~kpgc tkpk ncotlvgp bc~ olpnkfc~ og~ k`lpvc~ l hac`kg~"

;"0"/ gv|kngb knv|ka

^lh|bfc fkvc~ fc Oktk fl ncctlpkvguk~! Hkagngk ncbvk ncb 080 ncctlpkvguk~ khpkpgk~ knvguk~! c {|l

~|tb c 5!=, fc ncb}|bvc fk~ tlpvc fl 6444 ncctlpkvguk~ khpkpgk~ fc L~vkfc ncbvk`gagzkfk~ tcak Ncbel/flpkngb fl Ncctlpkvguk~ Khpkpgk~ fl L~tkk" ^lh|bfc l~vgokngb~ fc ^lpugzc fl Ecolbvc K~cngkvguc

fk Ncb~laalpk fl Tcavgnk Khpckagolbvkpgk l Fl~lbucaulolbvc P|pka l fk \bgb fl Ncctlpkvguk~ K~cngk/

ngb Hkalhk fl Ncctlpkvguk~ Khpkpgk~ KHKNK! l~vk~ 080 ncctlpkvguk~ eknv|pkb oga fc|~nlbvc~ flzkcgvc

ogaab~ fl l|pc~ l! ncoc ugoc~ bc nktv|ac kbvlpgcp! vllb 6


73/623

Kbag~l fk~ fg~vgbvk~ nak~l~ fl ncctlpkvguk~ Y8;_

Lb vlpoc~ fl fg~vpg`|ngb tpcugbngka fl~vknkb k~ tpcugbngk~ fl A|hc l K Ncp|k! {|l ncbnlbvpkb

og~ fc~ 0#> fk~ ncctlpkvguk~ knvguk~! n|bmk okgcp tpl~lbzk b|opgnk bk tpgolgpk: c >

epcbvl kc >;, fl K Ncp|k" C|plb~l l Tcbvlulfpk kncaalb! pl~tlnvgukolbvl c ;

-HPEGNC >'"

^l kukagkoc~ k tpl~lbzk fk~ ncctlpkvguk~ khpkpgk~ hkalhk~ fl~fl |bmk tlp~tlnvguk ncokpnka

-OKTK ;' c~ fkvc~ ~cb ncbna|lbvl~: c okgcp bolpc fl ~cnglfkfl~ knvguk~ ~gvk~l bk{|lak~ ncokpnk~

bk~ {|l k khpgn|av|pk l k hkbflpk vllb |b tl~c gotcpvkbvl bk lncbcok acnka" L}lotac fg~vc ~cb c

bolpc fl ncctlpkvguk~ knvguk~ bk~ ncokpnk~ fl Vlppk Nm c| fc Flzk" Kbfk {|l vkob l}g~vlb

ncokpnk~ khpkpgk~ ncb l~nk~c bolpc fl ncctlpkvguk~ knvguk~ {|l! tcak ncbvpk! fl`l tcbflpkp~l lb

e|bngb fc ~l| kokc l fk ~k fgolb~gb lotpl~kpgka! }k {|l bk okgcpk fc~ nk~c~ vpvk~l fl ncctl/pkvguk~ ncb lalukfc bolpc fl ~cngc~"6

Bc vcnkbvl tpl~lbzk bc~ ncbnlaac~ lugfbngk~l k gotcpvkbngk fk~ ncctlpkvguk~ lb nkbvc plfl~

cphkbgzkvguk~ fl ocg ~ghbgegnkvguc ukacp ~cngka: mkg ncctlpkvguk~ fcogngagkfk~ lb ;04 ncbnlaac~! tpknvgnk/

olbvl lb vcfc~ c~ ncbnlaac~ fc olfgc p|pka fl Hkagngk" Fl~vknk c lalukfc bolpc fl ncctlpkvguk~ fc

ncbnlaac fl Akab -;;' l nk~l c ol~oc bolpc bc ncbnlaac fl ^gaalfk -;4'! c {|l bc~ f |bmk gflk fk

hpkb epkholbvkngb lotpl~kpgka fk~ ncctlpkvguk~ lb flvlpogbkfk~ ncokpnk~! fkfc {|l bcb ~l nclnlb

uca|ol~ fl eknv|pkngb fl~vkn`lg~ fl~vk~ ol~ok~ ncctlpkvguk~" Tcak ncbvpk! c kavc bolpc fl ncctl/

pkvguk~ ncb ~lfl lb C|plb~l l~v l~vplgvkolbvl plakngcbkfc nc Hp|tc NCPLB fl lalukfk fgolb~gb

lotpl~kpgka l ~cngka -OKTK 0'"

HPEGNC >: Bolpc fl ncctlpkvguk~ khpkpgk~ knvguk~ tcp tpcugbngk~"


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6, fk~ ncctlpkvguk~ ~cb k tpgolgpk lotpl~k bc ncbnlaac cbfl l~vb ~gv|kfk~! l c 68, ~cb ktpgolgpk c| k ~lh|bfk -KHKNK! 044>'! c {|l floc~vpk k hpkbfl gotcpvkbngk lotpl~kpgka fk~ ncctlpk/

vguk~ khpkpgk~ bc olfgc p|pka"

0"/ Knvgugfkfl~ lncbognk~ lb plakngb nc ncbvcpbc

C ncctlpkvgug~oc khpkpgc ecg l ~lh|l ~lbfc |b eknvcp e|bfkolbvka bk ulpvl`pkngb fc ~lnvcp

khpckagolbvkpgc l fc fl~lbucaulolbvc p|pka! vkbvc bc o`gvc vlppgvcpgka! ncoc bc ~cngka l lncb/

ognc" K ~k ecpvkalzk pl~gfl bk ~k nktkngfkfl tkpk ncbulpvlp~l lb ulnvcp fl ncml~gb ~cngka l

lncbognk knv|kbfc lb `lblegngc fc~ ~l|~ ~cngc~ -khpgn|avcpl~ l hkbflgpc~' l gbfgplnvkolbvl fc~

~l|~ lotplhkfc~! }lpkbfc lotplhc fl nkagfkfl fgplnvc l gbfgplnvc! l olaacpkbfc k nkagfkfl fl ugfk

fk tc`ckngb l lb pl~cpvl fl flelb~k l kfktvkngb kc~ nko`gc~ bc ~lnvcp khpkpgc l bc ncbvcpbc

}lpka"


77/623

Kbag~l fk~ fg~vgbvk~ nak~l~ fl ncctlpkvguk~ Y8


78/623


k' bc fk tpcf|ngb! nck olaacpk l k`kpkvkolbvc fk~ ncbfgngb~ fl tpcf|ngb tkpk c~ ~l|~

k~cngkfc~ k vpku~ fk }l~vgb lb ncob fl eknvcpl~ fl tpcf|ngb! fk gbncptcpkngb fl kukbnl~

vnbgnc~9 nck fgulp~gegnkngb fk~ tpcf|ngb~ l nck gbvpcf|ngb fl l~vbfkpl~ fl nkagfkfl l

bcpokagzkngb


79/623


Bcb c`~vkbvl! lb plakngb vpkb~ecpokngb l ncolpngkagzkngb fc algvl c tl~c fk~ ncctlpkvguk~

vpkb~ecpokfcpk~ fl~nlbfl kvk |bmk l~vgokngb fc ;0,=! ~lbfc Elgpknc k bgnk nlbvpka algvlgpk ncctl/

pkvguk fl nlpvc tl~c bc ~lnvcp" L}g~vlb ukpgk~ ncctlpkvguk~ {|l l~vb k vpkb~ecpokp algvl lb {|lg}c {|l

ukb nkogc fl knkfkp `c~ bgulg~ fl vpkb~ecpokngb7"

Tlpc kflokg~ fc ~l| tktla gbvlpolfgkpgc bk ulbfk fl algvl! k hpkb okgcpk fk~ ncctlpkvguk~ fc

~lnvcp tpl~vk ~lpugzc~ l okbvb |b lalukfc bolpc fl knvgugfkfl~ nc~ hkbflgpc~ ~cngc~! fl hpkb vpkb~/

nlbflbngk tkpk k ugk`gagfkfl e|v|pk fk~ l}tacvkngb~ tpcel~gcbkg~ bc ~lnvcp" L k~! fc~ fkvc~ fk oc~vpkfl~tpbfl~l {|l c ;44, fk~ lbvgfkfl~ fg~tclb f|bmk vlbfk khpkpgk k vpku~ fk nka tclb fg~tc~g/

ngb fc~ ~cngc~ |bmk kotak hkok fl tpcf|vc~: kf|`c~! ~lolbvl~! egvc~kbgvkpgc~! zcc~kbgvkpgc~! lvn"9 c

;44, ncbvkb ncb fgulp~c~ ~lpugzc~ ulvlpgbkpgc~: ~kbgfkfl kbgoka! pltpcf|ngb! nabgnk! gb~logbkngb!

ngp|p}k! tcfcac}k! lvn";49 tplvc fc 50, lak`cpkb l tpcf|nlb c~ tlb~c~ l ol~v|pk~ lotplhkfc~ bk

kagolbvkngb fc hkbfc fk~ l}tacvkngb~! tclbfc kflokg~ ~k fg~tc~gngb |b ~lpugzc vnbgnc fl

kagolbvkngb fc hkbfc9 |b 0;, tpl~vkb ~lpugzc~ fl ok{|gbkpgk l ~|`~vgv|ngb! ncbvpg`|bfc ncb g~vc

olaacpk fk plbfk l fk nkagfkfl fl ugfk fc~ ~l|~ ~cngc~9 l! tcp avgoc! c ;6, fl~lbucaulb vcfk~ k~ knvg/

ugfkfl~ l ~lpugzc~ lb|olpkfc~"

Bcb ~l fg~tb fl fkvc~ l}knvc~ ~c`pl c uca|ol fl algvl {|l blhcngkb nck~ gbf|~vpgk~ vpkb~ecpok/

fcpk~ k~ ncctlpkvguk~ bcb tpgolgpc ncotpkfcpk~ -l~vok~l |b uca|ol kc plfcp fc 04,8'" Lb vpc{|l~!

tkpk k~ ncctlpkvguk~ tpgolgpc ncotpkfcpk~! vlb~l l~vgokfc {|l k~cngkb c ;7, fc~ hkbflgpc~ hkalhc~!

c {|l ~|tb c >7, fk ncvk fl algvl fl Hkagngk" Lb ncb}|bvc k~ ncctlpkvguk~ ncbvpcakb c '"

8 G`gf"= G`gf"7 Tpgbngtkaolbvl Ak Kpz|kbk! Mc}l l Kp{|lhk"

NKFPC ;: Fg~vpg`|ngb ~lnvcpgka fk~ ncctlpkvguk~ khpkpgk~

^LNVCP B NCCT"

Algvl ;60

K`k~vlnlolbvc~ l ~lpugzc~

^lpugzc fl ok{|gbkpgk 00

Mcpvk! eacp l epcgvc~ 04

Uknb fl nkpbl! cugbc l nktpgbc ;5

Tpcf|ngb~ gbvlb~guk~ ;80 ih! {|l tpcf|nlb lb ;"86: Luca|ngb fc ~lpugzc fl ~|`~vgv|ngb bc tlpcfc 0444/044>

^lpugzc fl ~|`~vgv|ngb 0444 044; 0440 044>

Ncctlpkvguk~ khpkpgk~ 0 8 7 ;


87/623

Kbag~l fk~ fg~vgbvk~ nak~l~ fl ncctlpkvguk~ Y= okbvb |bmk vlbflbngk nplnlbvl l nkfk ulz l~v og~ ncb~cag/

fkfc" Knv|kaolbvl }k ~cb ;< k~ ncctlpkvguk~ khpkpgk~ {|l tpl~vkb c ~lpugzc fl ~|`~vgv|ngb kc~ ~cngc~

gbvlpl~kfc~! ncb 00 tc~vc~ fl vpk`kaac nplkfc~ -NKFPC >'"

Tcp vlpoc olfgc! |b k}lbvl fl ~|`~vgv|ngb kvlbfl bc ncb}|bvc fc kbc k~ l}tacvkngb~ fl ;0/;=

~cngc~! kbfk {|l k nkphk fl vpk`kaac ukpk kc acbhc fc kbc" E|bfkolbvkaolbvl nc`plb tlpcfc~ fluknkngb~! egb~ fl ~lokbk l vkob `kg}k~ tcp lbelpogfkfl" K~ l}tacvkngb~ {|l og~ flokbfkb l~vl

~lpugzc ~cb k~ hkbflgpk~! ~c`pl vcfc k~ fl uknb fl algvl" e|bfkolbvka {|l k~ ncctlpkvguk~! nkfk ulz

og~! tkpvgngtlb bk }l~vgb l bk nccpfgbkngb fk ncbvpkvkngb fl okb fl c`pk {|l blnl~gvkb c~ khpgn|a/

vcpl~" Bl~vl vlpplc! k~ ncctlpkvguk~ tcflb fkp hpkbfl~ ~lpugzc~ kc ~lnvcp"

0";"="/ Tpcf|ngb gbvlb~guk

Khp|tkoc~ bl~vl ~lnvcp ~ ncctlpkvguk~ {|l bcb blnl~gvkb fl ocgvk ~|tlpegngl fl vlppk tkpk fl~lb/

ucaulp k knvgugfkfl! }k {|l ~l plkagzk lb gb~vkakngb~ tlnmkfk~" ^cb ;< k~ ncctlpkvguk~ {|l vllb l~vk

knvgugfkfl ncoc tpgbngtka kbfk {|l vcfk~ vllb knvgugfkfl~ plakngcbkfk~ nc~ k`k~vlnlolbvc~ l

~lpugzc~" ^cb tpcf|ngb~ ocg ugbn|akfk~ nc ~lnvcp npbgnc! lbvpl k~ og~ fl~vkn`lg~ c tcpngbc! tcac~!

tkuc~! nclaac~! cuc~! nl`c fl }kvc~! l c|vpk~ fl olbcp gotcpvkbngk0;" Bl~vl ~|`~lnvcp ncolpngkagzkb k

okgcpk fk~ tpcf|ngb~ olfgkbvl okvkfcgpc~ tpctgc~ ncb kah|bmk~ vlbfk~ fl fg~vpg`|ngb tpctgk~" Fl

kncpfc ncb l~vgokngb~ fl KHKNK! bl~vl ~lnvcp k tpl~lbzk fk~ ncctlpkvguk~ bk ncolpngkagzkngb ocg

gotcpvkbvl: ~ghbgegnk c >>, fk ncolpngkagzkngb fc tcpngbc fl Hkagngk9 c =


88/623

Y=5_ Ag`pc @pkbnc fc ncctlpkvgug~oc lb Hkagngk

K tpcf|ngb lnca}gnk fl nkpbl0> l~vk~l k cphkbgzkp lb vcpbc ~ ncctlpkvguk~! l bc fk fl mc}l ~cb

l~vk~ nk~l k~ bgnk~ lbvgfkfl~ {|l tcflb ceplnlp l~vl tpcf|vc kc olpnkfc"

Fl`loc~ fl~vknkp c gotcpvkbv~goc tktla {|l vllb tkpk c~ khpgn|avcpl~ ~cngc~ k~ ncctlpkvguk~ {|l

fg~tclb fl ~lnngb~ fl npfgvc! cbfl fl~vknkb ukpgk~ fk ncokpnk fl Elppcavlppk" Lb flegbgvguk! lb vcfc~

c~ ~lnvcpl~ bcuc~ l~vb tpl~lbvl~ k~ ncctlpkvguk~ ncoc nccpfgbkfcpk~ fk gbecpokngb! kpvgn|akbfc k

cphkbgzkngb lncbognk fc ~lnvcp! l ecolbvkbfc k~ uk~ fl ecpokngb fc~ khpgn|avcpl~ l hkbflgpc~"

0";";4"/ K~ ~cnglfkfl~ khpkpgk~ fl vpkb~ecpokngb -^KV~'

0";";4";"/ Okpnc }|pfgnc l nkpknvlp~vgnk~

K~ ~cnglfkfl~ khpkpgk~ fl vpkb~ecpokngb ~cb ~cnglfkfl~ ngu~ fl egbkagfkfl lncbognc/~cngka! lb

cpfl tpcf|ngb! vpkb~ecpokngb l ncolpngkagzkngb fl tpcf|vc~ khpncak~! hkbflgpc~ l ecpl~vkg~!

plkagzkngb fl olaacpk~ bc olfgc p|pka! tpcocngb l fl~lbucaulolbvc khpkpgc l tpl~vkngb fl

~lpugzc~ ncob~ ncb l~vl~ egb~"

Knv|kaolbvl! bk Nco|bgfkfl K|vbcok fl Hkagngk! c okpnc }|pfgnc `~gnc {|l aal kelnvk c Plka

flnplvc ;885#;7=;! fc > fl khc~vc! -@CL b ;76! fc ;6#4=#=;'! fc Ogbg~vlpgc fl Khpgn|av|pk! Tl~nk l

Kagolbvkngb! tcac {|l ~l ktpc`k c l~vkv|vc {|l plh|ak k~ ~cnglfkfl~ khpkpgk~ fl vpkb~ecpokngb9 k

Cpfl fk Ncb~laalpk fl Khpgn|av|pk! fc 07 fl k`pga fl ;7==! -FCH b =8! fc 47#4 ~cngc~! {|l ~l}kb vgv|akpl~ fl l}tac/

vkngb~ c| `lb~ khpkpgc~! c| vpk`kaakfcpl~ fc ~lnvcp! ~lotpl {|l bgbhb flal~ vlk og~ f|b vlpzc

fc nktgvka ~cngka"

C~ phkbc~ fl hc`lpbc ~cb k k~lo`alk }lpka! k }|bvk plgvcpk l c tpl~gflbvl" ^kauc tkpk n|l~vgb~

l~tlnegnk~ {|l ~l plncaakb bc~ l~vkv|vc~! c~ kncpfc~ vokb~l tcp okgcpk ~gotal! vlbfc nkfk ~cngc |b

ucvc" Tcp ||vpk `kbfk c~ `lblegngc~ pltpvlb~l lbvpl c~ ~cngc~ lb tpctcpngb kc nktgvka ~cngka fl nkfk

|b flal~" K fcn|olbvkngb ~cngka! f|pkngb! pl~tcb~k`gagfkfl! c`}lnvc ~cngka! o`gvc }lchpegnc! flplgvc~

l c`pghk~ fc~ ~cngc~! nktgvka ~cngka! vcok fl kncpfc~! fg~ca|ngb! ag{|gfkngb! nkbnlakngb l flokg~ n|l~/

vgb~ ecpokg~ {|l kelnvkb ~ ^KV plhakb~l bc~ ~l|~ l~vkv|vc~! fl kncpfc nck bcpokvguk ug}lbvl"

0> @GCNCCT |bmk fk~ plelplbngk~"


89/623

Kbag~l fk~ fg~vgbvk~ nak~l~ fl ncctlpkvguk~ Y=8_

0";";4"0"/ C`}lnvguc~ l egbkagfkfl~ fk~ ^KV

K okgcpk fk~ ^KV l}g~vlbvl~ lb Hkagngk vllb ncoc c`}lnvguc tpgbngtka k l}tacvkngb lb ncob fl

vlppk~ l hkbfc" Tcac vkbvc! k ~k cpglbvkngb logblbvlolbvl tpcf|vguk! kbfk {|l tkpvl flak~ vkob

vpkb~ecpokb l ncolpngkagzkb c~ ~l|~ tpcf|vc~" Bc|vpc~ nk~c~! c~ ocvguc~ tcac~ {|l ~l ncb~vgvlb ~cb

n|l~vgb~ fl o`gvc ekogagkp plakngcbkfk~ nc gbvlpl~l tcp okbvlp |bgfk k l}tacvkngb! nc {|l ~l lugvk k

~k tkpvgngb lbvpl c~ mlpflgpc~ hkpkbvgbfc k ~k ncbvgb|gfkfl" Vkob ~l ukacpkb tc~gvgukolbvl nlpvk~ukbvk}l~! vkbvc fl nkpnvlp eg~nka ncoc mcpk fl kncaalp~l k flvlpogbkfc~ takb~ l agk~ fl k}|fk l~vk/

`alngfc~ tcak Kfogbg~vpkngb lb plakngb nc ~lnvcp khpkpgc"

Egbkaolbvl! mkg {|l pl~kavkp {|l tcflb vlp c|vpk~ egbkagfkfl~! ncoc k tpl~vkngb fl ~lpugzc~ ~

l}tacvkngb~ khpkpgk~! k ncotpk fl ok{|gbkpgk tkpk c ~l| |~c lb ncob! k plkagzkngb fl c`pk~ tkpk c

fl~lbucaulolbvc l olaacpk fc olfgc p|pka c| k l}tacvkngb ecpl~vka"

Lb pl~|oc! c~ tpgbngtkg~ c`}lnvguc~ fk~ ^KV ~cb: l}tacvkp lb ncob c~ olfgc~ fl tpcf|ngb9

tpcf|ngp l ncolpngkagzkp tpcf|vc~ khpkpgc~9 ncb~lpukp k |bgfkfl fk l}tacvkngb ekogagkp9 plkagzkp

knngb~ fl fl~lbucaulolbvc p|pka9 l tpl~vkp ~lpugzc~ fl nkpnvlp khpkpgc"

0";";4">"/ ^gv|kngb knv|ka

Knv|kaolbvl mkg lb Hkagngk ;"0;7 ^KV ncb~vgv|fk~" L~vok~l {|l |b >4, flak~ ktlbk~ vllb knvgug/

fkfl" K~ ~cagngv|fl~ fl ncb~vgv|ngb nplnlpcb bc~ avgoc~ kbc~" Bc tlpcfc 0444/044> gb~npg`pcb~l bc

Pl}g~vpc fl ^KV fl Hkagngk ;70 bcuk~ lbvgfkfl~! k pkzb f|bmk olfgk tp}gok ~ ! mkg l{|gag`pgc lbvpl A|hc -6;,' l K Ncp|k ->7,'! tpcugbngk~ {|l fl~vknkb nakpkolbvl ncbpl~tlnvc k Tcbvlulfpk -;;,' l C|plb~l -7,'" Pl~tlnvc kc ncb}|bvc fl L~tkk! K Ncp|k cn|tk c

vlpnlgpc a|hkp lb bolpc fl ^KV! fl~tcg~ fl Ukalbngk l Bkukppk"

Bc {|l kvgb}l ~k fg~vpg`|ngb tcp knvgugfkfl~ tpcf|vguk~ |b 86, vllb ncoc knvgugfkfl~ tpgbng/

tkg~ k~ tpcf|ngb~ hkbflgpk~! ~c`pl vcfc k tpcf|ngb fl algvl ncb nk

Libro branco do cooperativismo en Galicia

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