NEUROMORFOLOGÍA: EL MODELO DECLARATIVO-PROCESAL25 MAR 2011 – DÍA 29Neurolingüística del español

SPAN 4270

Harry Howard

Tulane University

ORGANIZACIÓN DEL CURSO

http://www.tulane.edu/~howard/SPAN4130-Neurospan/

El curso es apto para un electivo en neurociencia.

Neurolinguistics and linguistic aphasiology está en reserva en la biblioteca.

Human Research Protection Program http://tulane.edu/asvpr/irb/index.cfm Before beginning research at Tulane University,

all research personnel must complete the CITI Training Program; this can be completed at www.citiprogram.org.

03/25/11

2

SP

AN

4130 - Harry H

oward - T

ulane University

REPASOLa prueba es el repaso

03/25/11S

PA

N 4130 - H

arry How

ard - Tulane U

niversity

3

papel > empapelar *empapel, *papelar em – papel – ar

MORFEMA DISCONTINUO

03/25/11

4

SP

AN

4130 - Harry H

oward - T

ulane University

NEUROMORFOLOGÍA

03/25/11

5

SP

AN

4130 - Harry H

oward - T

ulane University

TAXONOMY OF MEMORY

03/25/11

6

SP

AN

4130 - Harry H

oward - T

ulane University

DECLARATIVE MEMORY

comprises the learning, representation, and use of knowledge about facts (semantic knowledge) and events (episodic knowledge)

learns relations which are arbitrary learns gradually, during multiple

presentations of a stimulus and response is accessible to other mental systems (not

‘informationally encapsulated’) at least part of it can be recollected

consciously (explicit memory)

03/25/11

7

SP

AN

4130 - Harry H

oward - T

ulane University

PROCEDURAL MEMORY comprises the learning, representation and use of

sensori-motor and cognitive “habits”, “skills”, and other procedures, such as riding a bicycle and skilled game playing

learns inflexible (rule-like) relations in the context of real-time sequences, whether the sequences are serial or abstract, or sensori-motor or cognitive

learns rapidly, even from a single stimulus presentation

is not influenced by other mental systems (informationally encapsulated)

applies quickly and automatically, in that a response is triggered by its stimulus rather than being under conscious control (implicit memory)

03/25/11

8

SP

AN

4130 - Harry H

oward - T

ulane University

SUMMARY

is memory for habits & skills

learns rule-like relations in a context

learns quickly, from a single presentation

is not available to other mental modules (is informationally encapsulated)

is mostly unconscious (implicit)

is memory for facts & events

learns arbitrary relations

learns slowly, from many presentations

is available to other mental modules (not informationally encapsulated)

is mostly conscious (explicit)

Procedural memory Declarative memory

03/25/11S

PA

N 4130 - H

arry How

ard - Tulane U

niversity

9

THE NEURAL SUBSTRATE OF DECLARATIVE MEMORY

medial temporal lobe structures hippocampal region (the

dentate gyrus, the subicular complex, and the hippocampus itself)

its input/output cortices: entorhinal cortex, perirhinal cortex, and parahippocampal cortex

some subcortical structures, such as thalamus

03/25/11S

PA

N 4130 - H

arry How

ard - Tulane U

niversity

10

THE HIPPOCAMPUS

03/25/11S

PA

N 4130 - H

arry How

ard - Tulane U

niversity

11

THE NEURAL SUBSTRATE OF PROCEDURAL MEMORY, 1 the basal ganglia

a set of sub-cortical structures including the neostriatum (the putamen and the caudate nucleus), globus pallidus, sub-thalamic nucleus, and substantia nigra the putamen is particularly important for motor functions,

whereas the caudate appears to underlie aspects of cognition. Dorsal aspects of these structures play an important role in procedural memory, whereas ventral aspects may be more important in affective (emotional) memory

implicated in a number of functions, including implicit procedural learning in general, stimulus-response learning, and a long etc.

frontal cortex the main input/output region for the basal ganglia stores motor ‘sets’ or ‘programs’ and switching

between them inhibits/excites posterior brain regions

03/25/11

12

SP

AN

4130 - Harry H

oward - T

ulane University

THE NEURAL SUBSTRATE OF PROCEDURAL MEMORY, 2 cortico-basal ganglionic circuits (about 5)

the basal ganglia can disinhibit a particular motor program in frontal cortex, while inhibiting the rest

this explains the overly inhibited or disinhibited motor behaviors found in Parkinson’s, Huntington’s and other diseases affecting the basal ganglia

particular frontal areas implicated in procedural memory pre-motor regions, including supplementary motor area

(SMA) and pre-SMA, for motor sequence learning lateral pre-motor and pre-SMA regions are for timing or

rhythm Broca’s area for learning sequences which contain

hierarchical structure lots of functions: we will talk about this considerably more in

upcoming classes ‘mirror neurons’: respond not only to the execution of a particular

learned motor sequence, but also to the observation of the sequence

03/25/11

13

SP

AN

4130 - Harry H

oward - T

ulane University

THE NEURAL SUBSTRATE OF PROCEDURAL MEMORY, 3

parietal cortex projects heavily to, and reciprocally receives

projections from, frontal cortex, with specific parietal regions connecting to specific frontal regions

stores body actions, e.g. hand grips > repository of motor skills?

controls attention cerebellum

has traditionally been implicated in the coordination of skilled movement and in the control of balance, as well as in motor learning

subserves motor sequencing, especially the modification of performance of learned sequences

03/25/11

14

SP

AN

4130 - Harry H

oward - T

ulane University

THE DECLARATIVE/PROCEDURAL MODEL OF LANGUAGE

The declarative memory system subserves the lexicon

The procedural memory system subserves grammar

03/25/11

15

SP

AN

4130 - Harry H

oward - T

ulane University

DECLARATIVE MEMORY & THE LEXICON stores all arbitrary, idiosyncratic word-specific

knowledge, including word meanings, word sounds, and abstract representations such as word category

includes representations of simple (non-derivable) words such as cat, bound morphemes such as -ed, irregular morphological forms, verb complements, and idioms

also contains complex forms and abstract structures that are “regular”

supports a superpositional associative memory, which allows for generalizations across representations. For example, the memorization of phonologically similar stem-irregular past tense pairs (e.g. spring – sprang, sing – sang) may allow for memory-based generalization to new irregularizations, either from real words (bring – brang) or from novel ones (spling – splang). This ability to generalize could underlie some degree of productivity within the memory system

03/25/11

16

SP

AN

4130 - Harry H

oward - T

ulane University

PROCEDURAL MEMORY & GRAMMAR underlies the learning of new, and the

computation of already-learned, rule-based procedures that govern the regularities of language

particularly those procedures related to combining items into complex structures that have precedence (sequential) and hierarchical relations

builds rule-governed structure, i.e. the sequential and hierarchical combination – “merging” or concatenation – of forms and representations into complex structures: syntax (word order) inflectional and derivational morphology – at least for

default “regulars” but also for irregulars that appear to be affixed

phonology (the combination of sounds) compositional semantics (the meaning of the

composition of words into complex structures)

03/25/11

17

SP

AN

4130 - Harry H

oward - T

ulane University

EL PRÓXIMO DÍAP8

Más neuromorfología

03/25/11

18

SP

AN

4130 - Harry H

oward - T

ulane University